identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6A7F87DFFF84FF8EE7E9FC7652D4FB77.text	6A7F87DFFF84FF8EE7E9FC7652D4FB77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nerineoidea Zittel 1873	<div><p>Superfamily NERINEOIDEA Zittel, 1873</p> <p>Nerineoidea Zittel, 1873: 328.</p> <p>SUPERFAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells turriculate to oviform, of medium size to large. Whorls concave to moderately convex. Growth lines adapically reflected. Aperture with expanded inductura, narrow subsutural notch and siphonal notch or canal; plaits, if present, most prominent before the final 1½ whorls, decreasing in size towards aperture.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF84FF8EE7E9FC7652D4FB77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF84FF88E78AFACB5717FD6C.text	6A7F87DFFF84FF88E78AFACB5717FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudonerineidae Pchelintsev 1965	<div><p>Family PSEUDONERINEIDAE Pchelintsev, 1965 (Fig. 2A)</p> <p>Pseudonerineidae Pchelintsev, 1965: 14 (pars).</p> <p>Tubiferidae Cossmann, 1896: 12 (pars).</p> <p>Eparcy (Aisne, France), MNHN.F; I, Fibuloptyxis undans, Bathonian,Eparcy (Aisne, France), MNHN.F. A50556; J, Fibuloptyxis elegans convexa Fischer, 1960, Bathonian, Eparcy (Aisne, France), holotype MNHN.F. A24494; K, L, Aphanoptyxis munieri (Rigaux &amp; Sauvage,1868), Bathonian, Bucilly (Aisne, France), MNHN.F. A49001; M, Aphanoptyxis munieri, base of specimen figured by Fischer 1969, Bathonien, Bucilly (Ardennes, France), MNHN.F. R00255. Scale bars: 10 mm.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Pseudonerinea de Loriol, 1890 (1890:81).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — P. blauensis de Loriol, 1890 (1890: 11).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shell narrow turriculate. Whorls flat to moderately convex. Aperture drop-shaped, basal excavation of aperture broad but shallow. Columella straight, without internal plaits.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The broadly excavated base of Pseudonerinea clytia (d’Orbigny, 1851) (Fig. 2A) is typical for Pseudonerineidae, whereas the Ceritellidae possess a deep basal notch. Because of these differences, which suggest different life habits, the two groups are considered as separate families in contrast to earlier taxonomic subdivisions.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF84FF88E78AFACB5717FD6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF82FF8BE5F0FD345234F960.text	6A7F87DFFF82FF8BE5F0FD345234F960.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceritellidae Wenz 1940	<div><p>Family CERITELLIDAE Wenz, 1940 (Fig. 2 B-M)</p> <p>Ceritellidae Wenz, 1940: 817. — Pchelintsev 1965: 9. (pars).</p> <p>Tubiferidae Cossmann, 1896: 12 (pars).</p> <p>Diptyxisidae Pchelintsev, 1965: 79</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Ceritella Morris &amp; Lycett, 1854 [1854: 37].</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — C.acuta Morris &amp; Lycett,1854 [1854:37]).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells medium size to large, broad turriculate or high oviform. Whorls convex, smooth or with collabral or spiral sculpture (in Proceritella Fischer, 1961). Periphery of last whorl rounded to angular, narrow umbilicate or anomphalous. Aperture semicircular, with siphonal notch, forming a siphonal aureole in umbilicate taxa and a beak in others. Small columellar plait disappearing towards aperture, restricted to the aperture in Fibuloptyxis bucillyensis Fischer, 1959. Strong palatal plait or parietal plait.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Cossmann (1895a) considered Ceritella as synonymous with Tubifer Piette, 1856. In the latter, the aperture is higher and a distinct subsutural ramp is developed. It therefore represents a different genus (see Gründel &amp; Nützel 2012).</p> <p>Figure 2 B-I demonstrates the high diversity of this family. It comprises taxa with more or less broad turriculate shells (Fibuloptyxis Cossmann, 1898; Proceritella Fischer, 1961) or with strongly inflated final whorls (Pseudotrochalia Cox, 1954).</p> <p>Diptyxis Oppenheim, 1889 is allocated to the Ceritellidae because of its siphonal notch and the internal plication with its large parietal plait and a small columellar plait. The periphery is rounded angular to angular. The genus was established by Oppenheim (1889), who figured a fragment from the island of Capri under Nerinea (? Diptyxis) biplicata (the question mark is part of the original identification). Oppenheim neither discussed the new subgenus nor did he comment on the question mark. Actually, Oppenheim’s species is a younger synonym of Nerinea bidentata Gemmelaro, 1865. There is no reason to retain the family Diptyxidae Pchelintsev, 1965 (described as “Diptyxisidae” by that author) with Nerinea csaklyana Herbich, 1886 as type species.</p> <p>Extreme by its size is the type species of Cossmannea Pchelintsev, 1931, C. desvoidy (d’Orbigny, 1851) (Fig. 2B, C; see also Wieczorek 1979). Originally assigned to Nerinea Deshayes, 1827, Cossmannea possesses a rounded angular whorl periphery, a broad palatal plait and lacks a siphonal canal. It must therefore be allocated to the Ceritellidae. Most of the taxa allocated in the literature to Cossmannea, however, remain within the Eunerineidae n. fam. Despite its trochiform shell, which made Cossmann (1898) doubt its systematic position in the Nerineoidea, the aperture identifies Aphanoptyxis Cossmann, 1896 (synonymous: Endiatrachelus Cossmann, 1898, see Fischer 1969) as a genuine Ceritellidae taxon. In the type species, A. pellati Cossmann, 1898, the aperture is incomplete and the base appears to be rounded. Complete specimens show the basal notch (Fig. 2 K-M).</p> <p>(Austria),NHMW 2013/0266/0001; I, Ptygmatis bruntrutana (Thurmann, 1832),enlarged whorl section showing cross sections through the duct system, Kimmeridgian, Alenquer (Portugal); NHMW 1869-X-30. Scale bars: A, D, H, 5 mm; B, C, E-G, I, 10 mm.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF82FF8BE5F0FD345234F960	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5ABFF1E5751FD22.text	6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5ABFF1E5751FD22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptygmatididae Pchelintsev 1960	<div><p>Family PTYGMATIDIDAE Pchelintsev, 1960 (Fig. 3 A-I)</p> <p>Ptygmatisidae Pchelintsev, 1960: 51.</p> <p>Ptygmatisinae Pchelintsev, 1960: 51.</p> <p>INCLUDED SUBFAMILIES. — Ptygmatidinae Pchelintsev, 1960, Umboneinae Lyssenko &amp; Aliev, 1987 and Cryptoplocinae Pchelintsev, 1960 (see Kollmann &amp; Peza 1997 a).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Whorls rhombic to triangular in cross section with siphonal notch. Columella hollow to solid. Two columellar plaits extending to detached columellar inductura. Parietal and palatal plait developing inside last whorl, thin and protruding strongly into the whorl interior. External end of plaits inflated, truncated or bifurcate in earlier whorls, incisions between columellar plaits deep and bent.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5ABFF1E5751FD22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5B5FCF455FCFE2D.text	6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5B5FCF455FCFE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptygmatidinae Pchelintsev 1960	<div><p>Subfamily PTYGMATIDINAE Pchelintsev, 1960 (Fig. 3A, B, I)</p> <p>Ptygmatidinae Pchelintsev, 1960: 51.</p> <p>Bactroptyxisidae Pchelintsev, 1965: 96.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Ptygmatis Sharpe, 1850 (1850: 104).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Pt. bruntruntana Thurmann, 1832 (1832: 17).</p> <p>SUBFAMILY CHARACTERS. — Broad umbilicate to anomphalous. Whorls flat to moderately concave, rhombic in cross section.Two columellar plaits extending to detached columellar inductura. Parietal and palatal plait thin in the last whorl. External end of plaits inflated, truncated or bifurcate in earlier whorls, incisions between columellar plaits deep and bent.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The internal plaits are delicate in the final whorl but may become increasingly complex by the deposition of additional shell material in earlier whorls (Fig. 3F, I). According to Wieczorek (1998) all transitions are visible, even on the species level. Hudlestone (1889) records Ptygmatidinae taxa from the Inferior Oolite (Middle Jurassic) ranging in outline between slender and moderately broad. The increase of the apical angle accompanies a broadening of the columella cavity. The transitions are fluent and there is no reason to distinguish the Bactroptyxisidae Pchelintsev, 1965 upon species with solid columellas.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE5B5FCF455FCFE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE619FDF255E4FAE5.text	6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE619FDF255E4FAE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Umboneinae	<div><p>Subfamily UMBONEINAE Lyssenko &amp; Aliev, 1987</p> <p>(Fig. 3G)</p> <p>Umboneidae Lyssenko &amp; Aliev, 1987: 117</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Umbonea Pchelintsev, 1965 (1965: 85).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Nerinea dilatata d’Orbigny, 1852 (1852: 146).</p> <p>SUBFAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells with hollow columella; whorls almost triangular in outline, siphonal notch located on acute extension of aperture. The columellar, parietal and palatal plaits are small. The umbilicus may be covered by a thin lamella.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>This group is assigned to the Ptygmatididae because of the typical siphonal portion which protrudes at about 60° into the umbilicus. It has been named Diozoptyxisidae by Pchelintsev (1965). Diozoptyxis Cossmann, 1907 belongs, in fact, to the Campaniloidea (see Kollmann &amp; Peza 1997 a; Kollmann 2005). Ptygmatididae species originally assigned to this family are allocated to the Umboneinae Lyssenko &amp; Aliev, 1987.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF80FF8AE619FDF255E4FAE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF80FF84E781FAAA546EFC8E.text	6A7F87DFFF80FF84E781FAAA546EFC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptoplocinae Pchelintsev 1960	<div><p>Subfamily CRYPTOPLOCINAE Pchelintsev, 1960 (Fig. 3 C-E, H)</p> <p>Cryptoplocusidae Pchelintsev, 1965: 69.</p> <p>nella arduensis (Buvignier,1852), Middle Bathonian,Martigny,La-Fosse-aux-Conains (Aisne, France), MNHN.F. R00036; I, J, Eunerinea piettei (Fischer,1969), Bathonian, Rumigny (Ardennes, France), holotype MNHN.F. R00289; K, Eunerinea bathonica (Rigaux &amp; Sauvage, 1869),Bathonian,Rumigny (Ardennes, France), MNHN.F. A49003; L, Eunerinea baillei (Maire,1913),Oxfordian, La Mouille (Haute-Saône, France), MNHN.F. A26139; M, Eunerinea defrancei (Deshayes, 1833), figure from d’Orbigny 1850, Oxfordian, Chatel-Censoir (Yonne, France), MNHN.F. B12681. Scale bars: A, E, F, 5 mm; D, 2,5 mm; B, C, G-M, 10 mm.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Cryptoplocus Pictet &amp; Campiche, 1861 (1861: 257).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Nerinea depressa Voltz, 1836 (1836:540).</p> <p>SUBFAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells broad coniform to turriculate. Whorls moderately high, flat to strongly concave, broadly rhombic or quadrangular in cross section, columellar and basal lip describing right angle. Periphery of last whorl rounded, base moderately convex, broadly umbilicate. Umbilicus surrounded by a siphonal fasciole. One parietal plait extends diagonally into the whorl interior in Cryptoplocus Pictet &amp; Campiche, 1861 and the synonymous Conoplocus Pchelintsev, 1965. Wieczorek (1979) mentions an additional columellar plait in early whorls, and a columellar and a palatal plait in Trochalia Sharpe, 1850.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>This diverse group is allocated to the Ptygmatididae because of its siphonal aureole around the umbilicus. Besides the dominant parietal plait, columellar plaits in variable numbers may occur.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF80FF84E781FAAA546EFC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF8EFF84E590FC5755DDFC09.text	6A7F87DFFF8EFF84E590FC5755DDFC09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nerinellidae Pchelintsev 1960	<div><p>Family NERINELLIDAE Pchelintsev, 1960 (Fig. 4 A-H)</p> <p>Nerinellidae Pchelintsev in Pchelintsev &amp; Korobkov, 1960: 124.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Nerinella Sharpe, 1850 (1850: 107).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — N. dupiniana d’Orbigny, 1842 (1842: 81).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells of medium size, narrow turriculate. Whorls high, moderately convex to deeply concave, with sculpture of spiral ribs or nodes. Aperture with basal siphonal notch. Columella solid, with small plait abapically. One parietal and one palatal plait. Parietal plait merging with external margin of the inductura.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Nerineoidea with relatively small and narrow shells and high whorls have generally been assigned to the Nerinellidae. According to Cossmann (1898), Nerinella differs from Eunerinea Cox, 1949 by its suture, which is positioned above the sutural bulge, whereas it is located on top of the bulge or between bulges in the Eunerineidae n. fam. This distinction is unsatisfactory (see Fig.4D). Even in the type species, Nerinella dupiniana (d’Orbigny, 1842), two weak bulges are visible (Kollmann 2005). Sharpe (1850) distinguishes Nerinella by its high, narrow whorls from Eunerinea. Although this morphological character is common to most members of Nerinella, it is not specific by itself.Most significant is the siphonal notch, a narrow sinus of the basal lip near the abapical end of the columella, which served in protruding the inhalant siphon. In contrast, the aperture of the Eunerineidae n. fam. extends into a twisted siphonal canal.</p> <p>The Early Jurassic Nerinella grossouvrei Cossmann,1896 is the earliest representative of this genus. It differs from typical Nerinellidae taxa by the obscurely angular periphery of the last whorl (Fig. 4 A-C). The whorls are slightly concave to slightly convex. A columellar, a parietal and a palatal plait is present (Fig. 4B).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF8EFF84E590FC5755DDFC09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF8EFF86E63FFBC9579EF966.text	6A7F87DFFF8EFF86E63FFBC9579EF966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunerineidae Kollmann 2014	<div><p>Family EUNERINEIDAE n. fam.</p> <p>(Fig. 4 I-M)</p> <p>Nerineidae Zittel, 1873: 328 (pars). — Pchelintsev 1965: 20.</p> <p>Diptyxinae Bouchet&amp; Rocroi, 2005: 258 (non Pchelintsev, 1965 = Ceritellidae Wenz, 1940).</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Eunerinea Cox, 1949 (1949: 248).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Nerinea castor d’Orbigny 1852 (1852: 109).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells large to very large, broad to narrow turriculate. Whorls of medium height, concave to flat. Bulges along the sutures may bear coarse tubercles.</p> <p>Grande Quadrangle (Puerto Rico), NHMW 20130267/000; K, Simploptyxis nobilis (Münster, 1844), Late Santonian, Dreistätten (Austria), NHMW 1853/III/30. Scale bars: 10 mm.</p> <p>Whorl periphery explicitly angular, base rather low. Aperture rhombic in outline, with narrow, twisted siphonal canal. Columella generally solid with large abapical plait delimiting siphonal canal and occasionally a small one adapically. Parietal plait prominent inside shell, decreasing in strength towards aperture and merging with external margin of the inductura. Palatal plait decreasing in size towards aperture.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The internal plaits are largest before the penultimate whorl (Wieczorek 1979; Barker 1990). In the aperture, the columellar plait delimits the siphonal canal against a thick inductura (Figs 4I, J; 7A). The parietal plait flattens towards the aperture and circumscribes the inductura (Fig. 7A). Equally, the palatal plait disappears almost completely towards the margin of the labrum (Wieczorek 1979). In Neoptyxis Pchelintsev, 1934 an additional small plait is developed in the adapical portion of the columella.</p> <p>THE NEW FAMILY NAME EUNERINEIDAE N. FAM.</p> <p>Cox (1949) underlines that the genus Nerinea – as conceived by d’Orbigny (1842), Zittel (1873), Cossmann (1896), Dietrich (1925), Wenz (1940) and consequently all other researchers – cannot be upheld for three reasons:</p> <p>1) following d’Orbigny (1842), all monographs refer to Nerinea tuberculosa Defrance, 1825 as type species. Originally, Defrance had characterized a specimen as “Neriné tuberculeuse”. This vernacular name was latinized to Nerinea tuberculosa Defrance, which therefore is invalid from a nomenclatural standpoint; 2) the genus Nerinea was formally established by Deshayes (1827) upon Nerinea mosae Deshayes, 1827. Cossmann (1898) assigned this species to Ptygmatis Sharpe, 1850 but it actually belongs to the genus Phaneroptyxis Cossmann, 1896, which therefore is synonymous with Nerinea. Cox (1949) therefore renamed Nerinea, as it was commonly used, into Eunerinea with Nerinea castor d’Orbigny, 1850 as type species.</p> <p>3) Bouchet &amp; Rocroi (2005) replaced the family name by Diptyxidae Pchelintsev, 1965. Diptyxis Oppenheim, 1889 belongs to the Ceritellidae (see above) and cannot typify the present family. It is therefore renamed into Eunerineidae n. fam. with Eunerinea Cox, 1947 as type genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF8EFF86E63FFBC9579EF966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF8CFF81E7DDFBC95208F966.text	6A7F87DFFF8CFF81E7DDFBC95208F966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Itieriidae Cossmann 1896	<div><p>Family ITIERIIDAE Cossmann, 1896 (Fig. 6 A-F)</p> <p>Itieriidae Cossmann, 1896: 16.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Itieria Matheron, 1842 (1842: 493).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Itieria cabanetiana d’Orbigny, 1841 (1841: 318).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shell oval to coniform, with high, narrow whorls. Spire short, irregularily coiled, depressed or convolute. Base umbilicate, with siphonal fasciole or short siphonal canal. Columella low, with one plait in Jurassic taxa, up to three in Cretaceous ones. Palatal wall with broad but low plait or pouch.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The whorls are high and narrow in cross section and reminiscent of the Acteonelloidea but possess a central cavity and a siphonal fasciole. In some cases only the internal mould of the cenrtral cavity is preserved (Fig. 6C). The Early Cretaceous Eotrochactaeon Akopjan, 1976 possesses a broad oviform shell with a short spire and 3 columellar plaits and is externally homologous with the Acteonelloidea genus Trochactaeon Meek, 1863 (Fig. 6F).A siphonal fasciole recognizable in axial sections of the columella distinguishes Eotrochactaeon from this genus (see Kollmann 1982; Sohl &amp; Kollmann 1985).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF8CFF81E7DDFBC95208F966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF8CFF86E7EFFF1E52D5FC08.text	6A7F87DFFF8CFF86E7EFFF1E52D5FC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nerineidae Zittel 1873	<div><p>Family NERINEIDAE Zittel, 1873 (pars) (Fig. 5 A-K)</p> <p>Phaneroptyxidae Pchelintsev, 1965: 126.</p> <p>TYPE GENUS. — Nerinea Deshayes, 1827 (1827: 535).</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Nerineamosae Deshayes, 1821(1821:535).</p> <p>FAMILY CHARACTERS. — Shells of this variable group of medium size to very large, high oviform to broad turriculate, broadly umbilicate to anomphalous.Whorls high, cylindrical to convex, smooth to strongly sculptured. Last whorl high, periphery evenly rounded to bluntly angular. Prominent siphonal fasciole, bent outwards. Aperture narrow, abapical of 1-3 collumellar plaits extending into aperture and delimiting siphonal notch (siphonal plait). 1 parietal and 1 palatal plait hardly elevated in aperture.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Figure 5 illustrates the high diversity of this family. Cossmann (1896) allocated members of this family to Ptygmatis but they differ by their siphonal canal. Cossmann (1896, 1898) positioned Phaneroptyxis (recte Nerinea) within the Itieriidae. Both possess a siphonal fasciole.In the Itieriidae the whorls are narrow and embrace the preceding ones almost completely.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF8CFF86E7EFFF1E52D5FC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49.text	6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nerineoidea Zittel 1873	<div><p>NERINEOIDEA AND ACTEONELLOIDEA</p> <p>THE PHYLOGENY OF THE NERINEOIDEA</p> <p>The earliest recorded Nerineoidea are Ceritella welschi Cossmann, 1902 and Nerinella grossouvrei Cossmann, 1902 from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) of the Vendeé (France).From the same period, Böhm (1884) described fragments of turriculate gastropods with strongly rebounding growth lines from northern Italy as Chemnitzia canossae Böhm, 1884. Although the aperture is incomplete, Dietrich (1925) probably correctly assigned this species to Pseudonerinea. Well-preserved specimens of the Late Jurassic Pseudonerinea clytia (d’Orbigny, 1851) show a comparable external morphology (Fig. 2A).</p> <p>In the Middle Jurassic, more or less broadly umbilicate taxa with siphonal aureoles evolved within the Ceritellidae (Fischer 1959, 1961). Of these, Pseudotrochalia Cox, 1954 possesses a strongly convex final whorl, an acute siphonal aureole and a palatal plait (see Fischer 1959). The other morphological features agree with those of the turriform Fibuloptyxis Cossmann, 1898.</p> <p>Equally in the Middle Jurassic, the coniform Cryptoplocinae Pchelintsev, 1960, which are the earliest Ptygmatididae, appear.The Ptygmatididae are often large and possess the most sophisticated plait structure among the Nerineoidea. Their umbilicus is surrounded by a moderately acute siphonal aureole. The Ptygmatididae became extinct in the Early Cretaceous. Pictet &amp; Campiche (1862) describe a number of internal moulds which indicate a range up the Aptian/Albian boundary.</p> <p>The external morphology of Nerinella grossouvrei is almost the same as in the early Ceritellidae but differs by an obscurely angular periphery of the last whorl and three internal plaits. In stratigraphically later genera, the whorl periphery becomes distinctly angular. The Nerinellidae range stratigraphically into the Late Cretaceous (Campanian). In the Middle Jurassic they gave rise to the Eunerineidae n.fam.. Like the Ptygmatididae, the Eunerineidae n. fam. range stratigraphically into the Late Cenomanian.</p> <p>The Nerineidae evolved from the Eunerineidae n. fam., of which some had become increasingly loosely coiled in late ontogenetic stages. The stratigraphically earliest Nerineidae species is the Bathonian Nerinea choffati Cossmann, 1898. It possesses three internal plaits, its whorl periphery is rounded and the base is tightly perforate. While it is morphologically still close to the Eunerineidae n. fam., the number of columellar plaits increased and the siphonal canal became larger and bent outwards, yielding a trumpet-like siphonal aureole in typical representatives of this family. The oviform Nerinea and the turriform Fibuloptygmatis Pchelintsev, 1965 extended into the Early Cretaceous (for example the Aptian Nerinea zumoffeni Delpey, 1940). From Fibuloptygmatis, the Cretaceous genera evolved. They dominate the assemblages from the Late Cenomanian upwards. Plesioptygmatis Boese, 1906 is restricted to Mexico and the Caribbean (Caribbean Province of Kauffman 1973).</p> <p>Because of their totally different whorl sections, the Itieriidae cannot be an offshoot of the Nerineidae as Pchelintsev (1965) suggests. The family Itieriidae evolved in the Late Jurassic from the Ceritellidae (Cossmann 1896; Pchelintsev 1965). Late Jurassic taxa such as Ceritella polita (Sauvage &amp; Rigaux fide Cossmann, 1895) show a comparable, broadly rounded shell outline. Pchelintsev (1965) figured a turriculate specimen with a solid columella un- der Phaneroptyxis rugifera Zittel, 1873. The Early Cretaceous Eotrochactaeon Akopjan, 1976 is similar. In other Itieriidae genera the shells are much broader while the columella is hollow and enclosed by an aureole. In the Cretaceous genera Vernedia Mazeran, 1912 and Sogdianella Djaliliov, 1972 hollow lunulae are incorporated in the columella (Kollmann &amp; Sohl 1980) mark the limits of the siphonal beak in earlier growth stages.</p> <p>PERIODS OF SHELL ENLARGEMENTS</p> <p>Striking is the enormous increase in shell size in the families Eunerineidae n. fam., Nerineidae, Ptygmatididae and Itieriidae in the Oxfordian and the Kimmeridgian. Another period of enlargement is the Barremian with the diverse assemblage from Orgon, France (Cossmann 1907), and a final one took place from the Turonian onwards when the Eunerineidae n.fam. and the Ptygmatididae had died out and the Nerineidae flourished. With sizes up to 50 cm, Laevinerinea Dietrich, 1939, Simploptyxis Tiedt, 1958 and Parasimploptyxis Akopjan, 1976 are the largest Nerineoidea genera known.</p> <p>In general, the enlargement periods correspond with times of warming.</p> <p>This is evident from δ18 O curves presented by Weissert et al. (2004) for the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous and by Gale (2000) for the Cretaceous. The occurrence of large Nerineoidea fits well with a warming pulse in the Oxfordian (Weissert et al. 2004) but not with the Early Kimmeridgian (Cossmann 1898) for which the δ18 O curve indicates a cooling. This may, however, be due to inaccuracies in the correlation.</p> <p>THE ORIGIN OF THE NERINEOIDEA</p> <p>Besides the Nerineoidea, Haszprunar (1985a) and Bandel (1996) allocated the Streptacidoidea Knight, 1931, Mathildoidea Dall, 1889, Pyramidelloidea Gray, 1840, Architectonicoidea Gray, 1850 and Valvatoidea Gray, 1840 to the Allogastropoda Haszprunar, 1985, informally termed Lower Heterobranchia. Beyond the heterostrophy, Haszprunar quotes shell solidity, an operculum (which actually has never been recorded) and columellar plaits in the Nerineoidea as indicative for this systematic position. The limited space within the shell, leaving a “narrow labyrinth”, is reminiscent of the Pyramidelloidea. According to Schrödl etal. (2011), however, the Pyramidelloidea cluster with the Pulmonata. They have to be excluded from the Lower Heterobranchia and therefore cannot be related to the Nerineoidea.</p> <p>Besides the family-specific features of the apertures, earliest Nerinelloidea agree remarkably in their external morphology. This postulates a parental group of more or less high-spired genera with adapically sinuate apertures in the Triassic. This is the case in Sinarbullina Gründel, 1997, Costacteon Gründel, 1997 and Domerionina Gründel &amp; Nützel, 2012. Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012) have allocated these genera to the Tubiferidae, but to me the before-mentioned morphological features seem representative for the Cylindrobullinidae Wenz, 1947, although their shells are not cylindrical like the typical representatives of the family.</p> <p>THE ACTEONELLOIDEA, THE OTHER GROUP</p> <p>OF LARGE MESOZOIC HETEROBRANCHIA</p> <p>The Cylindrobullinidae which are the earliest Acteonelloidea possess more or less cylindrical whorls, low to moderately high spires, moderately adapically reflected growth lines and a subsutural ramp (see Gründel &amp; Nützel 2012). The type species is C. fragilis (Dunker, 1846) from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) of northern Germany (see Gründel 2010). Earliest Cylindrobullinidae date from the Late Triassic (Haas 1953; Gründel&amp; Nützel 2012). Taxa from the St. Cassian Formation described by Bandel (1994a) under Acteonina (A. lancadellia Bandel, 1994, A. stuorense Bandel, 1994) have to be included in this family.</p> <p>The Cylindrobullinidae were the parental group to Rugalindrites Gründel &amp; Nützel, 2012 (pro Cylindrites Morris&amp; Lycett, 1851). Because of its distinct subsutural notch and ramp and its columellar plaits, Rugalindrites represents the earliest Acteonellidae Gill, 1871 (see also Kollmann 1967). Occurrences in the Upper Middle Jurassic Great Oolite of Great Britain (Morris &amp; Lycett 1854), the Bathonian of France (Fischer 1969) and the Late Jurassic of the Crimea (Pchelintsev 1963) illustrate the wide distribution and diversity of this group. In the Early Cretaceous (Barremian), Rugalindrites gave rise to Neocylindrites Sayn, 1932 (see Kollmann 1967), which is almost identical with its ancestor but differs by 2-3 strong columellar plaits (Fig. 12C). In the Aptian, a lineage leads from Neocylindrites to the convolute Acteonella d’Orbigny, 1842 (Fig. 12A, B) with “ Trochactaeon ” subrenauxi Pchelintsev, 1953 as a transitional form. In the Cenomanian, another lineage leads from Neocylindrites to the turreted Trochactaeon, which invaded littoral environments in the Late Cretaceous. As in the Nerineoidea this was connected with an increase up to 30 cm (Figs 10D; 12D). The subsutural notch indicates a semi-infaunal mode of life. In contrast to the Nerineoidea and all other Acteonelloidea genera, traces of boring sponges and epibionts are abundant on Trochactaeon shells (Schremmer 1954; Herm &amp; Schenk 1971).Based on the boring sponges, Schremmer (1954) estimated living environments of 2 to 10 m depth. Winnowing during storm events has therefore commonly removed the surrounding sediment and accumulated the shells (Sanders etal. 1997). The shells which in contrast to the Nerineoidea were broadly convex may have been also partly uncovered from sediments the surface of the shells during lifetime. This is supported by the lack of a twisted siphonal canal or basal notch which would have elevated the inhalation opening and by the deposition of shell material in the adapical portion of the whorls (Fig. 10D) to protect these most vulnerable parts from abrasion (Kollmann 1967; Sohl &amp; Kollmann 1985).</p> <p>The apertures of the Acteonelloidea are high and narrow and broadly excavated at the base. Adjacent to the subsutural notch, the whorl interior is enlarged by a broad, bipartite parietal depression</p> <p>Ebalidae</p> <p>Ceritellidae</p> <p>Itieriidae</p> <p>Ptygmatididae Pseudonerineidae Nerinellidae</p> <p>Eunerineidae n. fam. Nerineidae</p> <p>Acteonellidae Pseudobullinidae</p> <p>(Fig. 12E, F). I have interpreted this as an impression of a posterior adductor muscle (Kollmann 1967) but because of its position adjacent to the siphonal notch it is more likely the impression of a posterior pallial cavity.</p> <p>Aperture shape and the comparatively deep and broad subsutural notch reflect a position of the mantly cavity and the anus in a right posterior position, as Morton (1972) has described for example in the Anaspidean Akera bullata Müller, 1776. In Akera Müller, 1776 the shell is partly or totally covered by the mantle. This might have been also the case in the Acteonelloidea but cannot be proved.</p> <p>THE COMMON ORIGIN OF THE NERINEOIDEA AND THE ACTEONELLOIDEA</p> <p>From the Cylindrobullinidae (as conceived here) the lineage of the Acteonelloidea can be followed back in time to the earliest Triassic Jiangxispira Pan, Erwin &amp; Nützel, 2003. It possesses a fusiform shell with moderately convex, smooth whorls and the characteristic subsutural ramp. Pan etal. (2003) have pointed out the affinities to the Cylindrobullinidae and even left the possibility of an allocation to this family open. There is in fact a high coincidence of</p> <p>the teleconch with Sinarbullina, which Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012) allocated to the Tubiferidae (see above). Despite these affinities, Pan et al. (2003) allocated Jiangxispira to the Streptacididae because of the greater affinity of the protoconch. This would mean that both the Nerineoidea and the Acteonelloidea have evolved from the Streptacididae.</p> <p>THE PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF THE ACTEONOIDEA Cossmann (1895a), Wenz &amp; Zilch (1959), Bouchet &amp; Rocroi (2005) and Gründel &amp; Nützel (2012) have included the Acteonelloidea into the Acteonoidea. This cannot be upheld when the Acteonellidae originate from the Cylindrobullinidae. The main differences to the Acteonoidea are the subsutural notch and the smoothness of the shell, whereas the Acteonoidea are characterized by a sculpture of spiral grooves. This sculpture is a homologous morphological character persisting through geological times (see also Bandel 1994b). By considering the groove sculpture as a common feature, Mesozoic Acteonoidea would comprise the Bullinidae, the Acteonidae and the Ringiculidae in the sense of Gründel &amp; Nützel (2012). They would further include parts of the Tubiferidae, which Gründel&amp; Nützel conceive extremely broadly, and the “ Opisthobranchia ” by Kaim (2004).</p> <p>The spiral sculpture supports the inclusion of the Early Carboniferous type species of Acteonina Meek (1863), A. carbonaria de Koninck, 1881 into the Acteonoidea and therefore into the Heterobranchia. This has been advanced by Knight (1936) and Kollmann &amp; Yochelson (1976) but has been more or less vehemently rejected (Bandel 1994a; Schröder 1996; Nützel et al. 2000; Pan et al. 2003; Gründel &amp; Nützel 2012). Bandel (1994a) stated that Acteonina was of “subulitid and thus of caenogastropod relation”. Later, he allocated it to the Soleniscidae (Bandel 2002). This has to be ruled out for the following reasons: The original of A. carbonaria is a cylindrical internal mould which is shouldered adapically. Knight (1941) mentions remains of a spiral sculpture and Batten (1966) figures a cylindrical specimen with narrow whorls, a distinct subsutural ramp and a well-preserved spiral sculpture. In contrast, the shell of the Soleniscidae is aciculate to subglobular, and the aperture is tightly drop-shaped with a strong columellar plait.The shells are smooth or bear a sculpture of minute collabral ribs. The morphology therefore differs totally from Acteonina carbonaria, which actually resembles the Mesozoic Acteonoidea described by Haas (1953) and Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012). Information about the protoconch would certainly be desirable, but the preserved morphological features of the teleoconch are nonetheless highly conclusive for the Acteonoidea. The occurrence of Acteonoidea in the Palaeozoic is also supported by Acteonina permiana Hanger &amp; Strong, 1998 from the Early Permian Coyote Butte Formation of central Oregon, USA. Again, the heterostrophy is not explicitly recognizable because of the recrystallized protoconch. Although the sculpture is not preserved, the narrow aperture and the ramps of the whorls agree well with Triassic taxa of the Tubiferidae described by Haas (1953), which undoubtedly belong to the Acteonoidea. The only disturbing fact is the large time interval between the Early Permian and the first well-preserved Acteonoidea in the Late Triassic, which has not yet been bridged.</p> <p>Due to ongoing molecular studies and a reassessment of anatomical characters, the systematics of the Heterobranchia are currently in flux (see Dayrat &amp; Tillier 2002; Vonnemann et al. 2005; Göbbeler &amp; Klussmann-Kolb 2011; Schrödl et al. 2011). Only the following points seem certain: The Streptacididae and their descendants constitute a polyphyletic group which first appeared in the Palaeozoic and cluster outside the Euthyneura (Schrödl etal. 2011).</p> <p>E XTINCTION OF THE NERINEOIDEA</p> <p>AND ACTEONELLOIDEA</p> <p>Fossil record</p> <p>Table 1 provides a synopsis of the first appearance/ extinction of Nerineoidea and Acteonellidae families in the Cretaceous.</p> <p>In many cases, the processes are obscured by facies changes or cannot be dated precisely. An exception is the Late Cenomanian extinction event: In the Bohemian and Saxonian Basin (Czech Republic and Germany), Eunerinea was recorded up to the Late Cenomanian zone of Metoicoceras geslinianum (d’Orbigny, 1842) but not in younger deposits (Kollmann et al. 1998). Comparable stratigraphic ranges were recorded by Berthou (1973) from Portugal and by Djalilov (1977) from central Asia. Eunerinea is still present in the assemblage of Cherghes Rumania, allocated by Lupu (1965) to the Early Cenomanian. Equally, Delpey (1940) recorded 2 Nerineidae species (Parasimploptyxis requieni d’Orbigny, 1842 and P. olisiponensis Sharpe, 1850) from the Turonian of the Near East, in contrast to a diverse Cenomanian fauna. Abbass (1963) reported exclusively Early Cenomanian Nerineoidea assemblages from Egypt.</p> <p>The extinction of the Eunerineidae n. fam. is a good stratigraphical marker. The Nerinellidae, Nerineidae and Itieriidae survive the Late Cenomanian extinction event. Members of these families became extinct at various times during the remaining Late Cretaceous periods and do not show a single extinction pattern. In the “basins” of the Alpine Gosau Group, the large Nerineidae Simploptyxis Tiedt, 1958 and Parasimploptyxis Akopjan, 1976 persist to the Late Santonian or Early Campanian (Summesberger et al. 2002; Kollmann, own observations). Parasimploptyxis was also recorded by Czabalay (1973) from Early Campanian deposits of Ugod and other localities in Hungary and by Marincas (1965) from Sebes, Rumania. Species from Armenia and Azerbaidjan, allocated to Plesioptygmatis by Pchelintsev (1954), actually belong to Parasimploptyxis. Parasimploptyxis geissuensis Pchelintsev, 1954, according to Pchelintsev of Late Senonian age, was dated as Coniacian by Akopjan (1976). The stratigraphic range of these taxa agrees with those of European localities. Reports on stratigraphically younger Nerineoidea from Europe are based on incorrect determinations, mostly of Campanileoidea possessing internal plaits like Nerineoidea but differing by their apertures (Vaughan 1988).</p> <p>A specimen from the the Xigaze Group of Tibet, allocated by Wen (1988) to Plesioptygmatis, is not well preserved. Because of its considerable thickness, the recrystallized columella must have been hollow. The high and comparatively narrow whorls possessing five internal plaits represent an undeterminable taxon of the Ptygmatididae. The extinction of this family in the Aptian confirms Yü Wen’s doubts about the Late Cretaceous age of the Xigaze Group.</p> <p>A gastropod assemblage from the Zongshan Formation of the Kamba district of Tibet was first described by Douvillé (1916) and allocated to the Maastrichtian. Fragments of the large gastropod “ Nerinea ” ganesha Noetling, 1897 were removed from the Nerineoidea by Dietrich (1925) and transferred to the Campaniloidea. Douvillé described shell fragments under Acteonella crassa (Dujardin, 1835). Wen (1983), more cautiously, treated a sectioned specimen from the upper part of the Zongshan Formation with open nomenclature. The Tibetian specimens are apparently not as strongly inflated as A. crassa (see Kollmann 1965). In Trochactaeon ? tuilaensis Wen, 1983 from the highest Cretaceous Jidula Formation, the internal plaits extend to the parietal region. It represents another gastropod group but is indeterminable.</p> <p>According to Saul &amp; Squires (1998), Nerineoidea younger than Turonian do not occur along the Pacific margin of North America. From the Atlantic side of the continent, Woodring (1952) described fragments which have been found reworked in Paleogene deposits of Cuba as Nerinea epelys Woodring, 1952. This species belongs to the Nerineidae genus Parasimploptyxis, which is widely distributed in the central and southern Europe and in the Caucasian region. Knipscheer (1938) identified this taxon as Nerinea bicincta Bronn, 1934. This species was originally described from the Late Cretaceous Gosau Group of the Eastern Alps (Maiersdorf Formation in Summesberger etal. 2002). According to Tiedt (1958) it is synonymous with the Late Santonian Parasimploptyxis buchi Münster, 1829. The Maastrichtian age assumed by Woodring remains to be proved. Specifically indeterminable axial sections of Plesioptygmatis, identified by Knipscheer from the same region as P. burckhardti Boese, 1906, do not co-occur with this species. Based on the Cenomanian Nerinea bauga d’Orbigny, 1842, Dietrich (1939) described the genus Laevinerinea Dietrich, 1939 and included specimens from Cuba into this species. The exact stratigraphic position of the much smaller Cuban specimens is unknown.</p> <p>The Nerineidae genus Plesioptygmatis is known exclusively from Maastrichtian deposits of the Caribbean Province determined by Kauffman (1973). The type species, P. burckhardti, was recorded from the Upper Member of the Cardenas Formation (San Luis Potosi, Mexico), which is of Early Maastrichtian age (Omana et al. 2008).An undescribed specimen from the Early Late Maastrichtian El Rayo Fomation of Puerto Rico figured by Sohl (1987) under Nerinella sp. possesses two columellar plaits and a distinctly twisted siphonal canal (Fig.5J). It represents a genuine Plesioptygmatis and is the stratigraphically youngest Nerineoidea taxon known. Plesioptygmatis became extinct in the Early Late Maastrichtian.</p> <p>Stratigraphical data on Late Cretaceous Itieriidae are extremely scarce and not representative.There are only a few records of the Campanian to Maastrichtian Vernedia. These are Vernedia globoides (Stoliczka,1867) from the Arrialoor group of India and “ Itruvia ” scalaris Vogel, 1902 from Borneo. Sogdianella Djalilov, 1972 was recorded from Cuba and Peru (Kollmann &amp; Sohl 1980) but the exact age is unknown.</p> <p>As opposed to the Nerineoidea, the diversity of the Acteonelloidea increases after the Cenomanian (Sohl 1987). This is due to the evolution of the genus Trochactaeon in environments formerly inhabited by the Eunerineidae n. fam.. Trochactaeon develops extremely large shells. A typical representative is Trochactaeon ventricosus (Hojnos, 1921). The shells are almost globular and may reach sizes around 20 cm (see Figs 10D; 12E, F).</p> <p>In the Eastern Hemisphere, the Acteonellidae (Trochactaeon, Neocylindrites, Acteonella) are scarce after the Campanian. Smith et al. (1995) quote Acteonella crassa (Dujardin) to extend into the Middle Maastrichtian in eastern Arabia (see also Morris &amp; Taylor2000).The situtation is reversed in the Caribbean Province (Sohl &amp; Kollmann 1985). Mexicotrochactaeon Akopian, 1972 and a group of Acteonella possessing two instead of three columellar plaits (for example Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann, 1985 from Puerto Rico; Fig. 12B) are endemic to this marine palaeobiogeographic province.Studies of the Strontium isotope ratios by Steuber et al. (2002) indicate a late to latest Maastrichtian age for most Titanosarcolites limestones of Jamaica. In contrast to earlier biostratigraphic datings it is evident, that the Acteonellidae range stratigraphically up to the K/Pg boundary exclusively in this faunal province.</p> <p>To conclude,the final extinction of the Nerineoidea and Acteonellidae was a long-lasting and palaeogeographically differentiated process and not a single event.</p> <p>INTERPRETATION OF THE EXTINCTION EVENTS There is a remarkable congruency between the habitat and the Late Cretaceous climatic history. The Mid- Cretaceous was one of the warmest periods in phanerozoic times, with surface water temperatures up to 36°C and atmospheric CO 2 levels much higher than today (Forster et al. 2007; Pucéat 2008).From the Late Cenomanian on, temperatures increased steeply. In marine organisms, high temperatures can unbalance metabolic processes. This physiological disintegration (quoted after Levinton 1995) primarily affects stenothermic organisms that inhabit extremely shallow marine environments with restricted circulation. This clearly caused the late Cenomanian extinction of the Pseudonerineidae, Ceritellidae and Eunerineidae n. fam. Major regressions that took place earlier in the Cenomanian (Wilmsen 2012) could not have caused the extinction.</p> <p>The Acteonellidae genus Trochactaeon substitutes the extinct taxa ecologically.A remarkable size increase in the comparatively short time range of this genus may reflect the high nutrient production due to favourable climatic conditions.In the Santonian, the palaeo-sea surface temperatures dropped to about 33° (Forster et al. 2007) and decreased further throughout the Campanian and Maastrichtian (Gale 2000; Burnett et al. 2000) with evidence of a seasonality (Steuber etal. 2005).The new conditions led to the extinction of the Old World Nerineidae and of Trochactaeon in the Campanian. Decreasing global temperatures caused Acteonella and Neocylindrites to retreat close to the circum-equatorial regions, where only a few species survived. Plesioptygmatis survived in the Caribbean Province until the basal Lower Maastrichtian, while Acteonella and Mexicotrochactaeon ranged up to the very Late Maastrichtian.There is, however, no indication that any of the Nerineoidea reached the K/Pg boundary.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kollmann, Heinz A.	Kollmann, Heinz A. (2014): The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach. Geodiversitas 36 (3): 349-383, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n3a2
