identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B.text	03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dusignathus Kellogg 1927	<div><p>Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — VMS 2, a complete right radius; UCMP 219005, a partial right radius, UCMP 219006, a partial atlas, and UCMP 219001, a partial cervical vertebra, collected by R.W. Boessenecker and C. Dailey from UCMP localities V99834 and V99848.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle and upper parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (c. 5-2.5 Ma, Zanclean-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋese specimens are all relatively large in comparison to the otariid specimens described below. Ŋe radii (Fig. 4) are at least twice the size of Callorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei. Ŋe description is primarily based on VMS 2; however, the distal end of VMS 2 is poorly preserved, and the description of the distal end is based instead upon UCMP 219005. Ŋe radii are relatively straight and transversely flattened. Although damaged, the radial head bears an expanded and concave proximal articular surface. Ŋe shaft is proximally cylindrical, and distally becomes anteroposteriorly expanded near the pronator teres process. Ŋe pronator teres process is positioned just slightly proximal to the midpoint of the radius, and occurs as an angle on the anterior margin of the radius (Fig. 4A); the lateral surface of the pronator teres process is slightly rugose. Ŋe distal end is massive, transversely thicker, and anteroposteriorly deeper than the proximal shaft. Although the radial process is damaged in VMS 2, in UCMP 219005 it is transversely robust, distally directed, and extends nearly to the level of the distal scapholunar articulation surface (Fig. 4C, D). Ŋe supinator longus insertion is present as a small knob. Ŋe scapholunar articulation of UCMP 219005 is deeply concave and oval in distal aspect, with a prominent styloid process. Ŋe medial surface of the shaft is shallowly concave, while the lateral surface is slightly convex.</p> <p>Nearly the complete left side of the atlas (UCMP 219006) is preserved (Fig. 5 A-C). Anteriorly, there is a large, concave, and crescentic articular surface for the left occipital condyle. Ŋe neural canal would have been large and circular. Ŋe neural arch is anteroposteriorly broad and dorsally bears a small, transversely oriented foramen. Ŋe posterior articular surface is flat, small, oval, and positioned laterally to the neural canal. Ŋe transverse process is large, positioned at the middle of the centrum, and in dorsal aspect, is triangular and dorsally flat and shelf-like. A large, circular, transverse foramen perforates the transverse process. Ŋe ventral root of the transverse process is cylindrical, and the ventral arch of the centrum is curved and bar-like.</p> <p>UCMP 219001 is a partial cervical vertebra with a rectangular articular surface of body (Fig. 5D, E). In lateral aspect, the anterior and posterior articular surfaces are vertically oriented and parallel, but the body of the centrum is oriented anterodorsally so that the anterior face is dorsally higher than the posterior face. Ŋe ventral surface of the neural canal is nearly flat, and rectangular in dorsal aspect. Ŋe transverse process is broken, but ventrolaterally projecting, tabular, and massive; a circular transverse foramen perforates the transverse process.</p> <p>COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋese specimens exhibit one odobenid synapomorphy, an expanded distal end of the radius with an enlarged and distally projected radial process (Deméré 1994a); this feature is damaged in VMS 2, but clearly preserved in UCMP 219005. Ŋese new specimens are similar to radii referred to Dusignathus santacruzensis by Repenning &amp; Tedford (1977), although radii of D. santacruzensis (see Mitchell 1962: fig. 3; and Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977: pl. 16.5) are typically more robust and transversely wider than the San Gregorio specimens and Dusignathus seftoni Deméré, 1994. Ŋese Purisima Formation specimens share a transversely compressed crosssection with D. seftoni. Both radii can be separated from the larger dusignathine Gomphotaria in their much smaller size and more prominent pronator teres process (on VMS 2). UCMP 219005 and VMS 2 differ from radii of the “toothless” odobenine Valenictus chulavistensis Deméré, 1994 in being transversely flattened and lacking a pachyosteosclerotic bone histology in broken cross-section (Deméré 1994b). Ŋey further differ from Valenictus and other odobenine walruses such as Aivukus Repenning &amp;Tedford, 1977, Odobenus Brisson, 1762, and Pliopedia Kellogg, 1921 in exhibiting a more prominent pronator teres process (Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977), and having an anteroposteriorly deeper shaft. Furthermore, the similarity of the radii to D. seftoni rather than to D. santacruzensis or any other dusignathine suggests tentative referral to D. seftoni.</p> <p>Ŋe cervical vertebra can be referred to Dusignathus due to the similarity with those of SDNHM 905000, a partial skeleton of D. seftoni from the San Diego Formation. Ŋe atlas (UCMP 219006) exhibits pointed and triangular transverse processes that are laterally (not dorsolaterally) oriented, unlike the atlas of V. chulavistensis, the only other odobenid from the San Diego Formation (Deméré 1994b). Neither vertebra is pachyosteosclerotic as in Valenictus. Although these vertebrae cannot be compared to the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene odobenine Pliopedia pacifica Kellogg, 1921 (only known from a weathered braincase and appendicular elements), Pliopedia has not been found in Piacenzian or Gelasian equivalent strata (Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977), and the similarity to D. seftoni and clear separation from Valenictus suggests tentative referral of these vertebrae to Dusignathus.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Ŋe only postcranial element originally referred to D. seftoni was an isolated humerus (Demere 1994b). New cranial and postcranial fossils of this taxon have emerged and are present in SDNHM collections. Ŋe radii described here compare best with SDNHM 92134, an isolated undescribed radius of D. seftoni from the San Diego Formation. Ŋese specimens tentatively extend the geographic range of D. seftoni into Northern California, although more diagnostic remains of Pliocene walruses from this region are necessary for further evaluation. Although fossils of odobenine walruses are absent from the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, odobenine specimens are known from the Pliocene part of the Santa Cruz section including partial tusks (Odobeninae indet., UCMP 190024), a partial femur (cf. Valenictus sp., SCMNH 21366), and a complete skull (cf. Valenictus sp., UCMP 219091) Although fragmentary, these specimens (in concert with those of Callorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei) document a change from the Late Miocene pinniped assemblage from slightly older horizons of the Purisima Formation (e.g., UCMP localities V99875, V99876, V99877, V90042, V6875, lowermost 75 m of the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation, Messinian equivalent) to a Pliocene assemblage similar to that of the San Diego Formation.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFDD864E279279CEFB9B3834.text	03E7DD69FFDD864E279279CEFB9B3834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callorhinus Gray 1859	<div><p>Callorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei Berta &amp; Deméré, 1986</p> <p>Thalassoleon sp. – Boessenecker 2006: 43 A.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219003, anterior fragment of lower canine; UCMP 219147, upper third incisor; UCMP 86297, partial left humerus; UCMP 219139 and 219138, two right radii; UCMP 219122,</p> <p>right calcaneum; and UCMP 219149, right astragalus. Collected by R.W. Boessenecker and L. Olivera from UCMP localities V7085, V99833, V99838, V99839, and V99859.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle and upper parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (c. 5-2.5 Ma, Zanclean-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe right upper third incisor (UCMP 219147) is small (14.55mm crown length), caniniform, strongly recurved, and bears well-developed posterior and anterior cristae (Fig. 7 A-D). Ŋe crown measures 6.05 mm in transverse width, and 8.66 mm anteroposterior width. A posteriorly curving longitudinal crista occurs on the lingual side of the tooth, and is posterobasally convergent with a slight posterolingual cingulum. Faint longitudinal wrinkles occur in the enamel. Ŋe crown and root of UCMP 219147 both have an oval cross section. Ŋe root is slightly damaged, and a thin layer of the outer surface of the root is missing; this is interpreted to be taphonomic, and this preservation is also seen in shark, pinniped, and cetacean teeth from other localities in the Purisima Formation.</p> <p>A fragment (UCMP 219003) of the anterior portion of a canine represents a lower canine because of its curvature (Fig. 7E, F); upper canines of early diverging otariids (Callorhinus, hvalassoleon) are relatively straight, while lower canines are more posteriorly curved. Ŋe crown is conical, posteriorly curved, and exhibits longitudinally wrinkled enamel and an open pulp cavity is exposed on the broken surface.</p> <p>Ŋe partial left humerus (UCMP 86297) is relatively small (108.52 mm total length; Table 2), slender, has a hemispherical humeral head, and is missing most of the deltopectoral crest and the lesser and greater trochanters (Fig. 7 G-J). Ŋe preserved portion of the deltopectoral crest (partially reconstructed) is transversely thin. A triangular, knob-like medial entepicondyle is positioned along the distomedial margin. Ŋe lateral entepicondyle is anteroposteriorly thin and bladelike with an arcuate margin in anterior aspect. Ŋe trochlea is saddleshaped and concave posteriorly and distally. Ŋe radial capitulum is convex, and exhibits the same anteroposterior diameter as the medial lip of the trochlea. A shallow olecranon fossa is present on the posterior side, proximal to the trochlea.</p> <p>Ŋe two right radii (UCMP 219139 and 219138) are relatively small (111.31 and 133.75 mm total length, respectively; Table 3) and slender and missing the distal epiphyses (Fig. 8), indicating young ontogenetic age. UCMP 219138 is slightly larger than UCMP 219139 and is damaged anteriorly.Ŋe proximal surface of the radial head is oval in proximal aspect, slightly concave, and the articular surface has a “stepped” morphology so that the lateral surface is less proximally elevated. Ŋe radial tuberosity is positioned distal to the head on the medial surface, forming a raised, rugose, and circular plateau. Ŋe shaft of both specimens is transversely thin and flattened. Ŋe shaft widens anteroposteriorly toward the pronator teres process, which is preserved in UCMP 219139. When accounting for the missing distal epiphysis, the pronator teres process is positioned about ⅓ of the element’s length from the proximal end. Ŋe medial surface is gently concave, and the lateral surfaces are slightly convex and smooth. Ŋe shaft is widest distally.</p> <p>Ŋe right astragalus (UCMP 219149) is small (34.62mm total length; Table 4) and slightly damaged on the plantar side (Fig. 9D, E). Ŋe dorsal tibial articulation is divided into two gently convex ridges on the trochlear surface, separated by a shallow median furrow. Ŋe head of the astragalus has an anteriorly convex articular facet for the navicular (Fig. 9D); the neck is slightly constricted relative to the head. Ŋe sustentacular facet is small, smooth, and slightly convex, and located on the plantar side of the neck. Ŋe sustentacular facet is bordered anteriorly and laterally by a shallow groove. Ŋe astragalar sulcus is transversely oriented and separates the sustentacular facet from the calcaneo-astragalar facet. Ŋe calcaneo-astragalar facet is oval-shaped and concave. Ŋe posterior margin of the astragalus is convex, and slight indentations occur at the posterior ends of the lateral and medial processes. Ŋe lateral process is a small, laterally projecting knob, and the medial process is a small rectangular knob on the posteromedial surface.</p> <p>Ŋe well-preserved right calcaneum (UCMP 219122) is small (59.34 mm total length; Table 4)</p> <p>A</p> <p>and roughly rectangular, with a robust calcaneal process (Fig. 9 A-C). Ŋe proximal surface of the calcaneal process is smooth and gently convex, with a shallow vertical groove for the gastrocnemius and soleus tendons. Ŋe medial calcaneal tubercle is small and situated on the medial surface of the calcaneal process. Ŋe calcaneal process is cylindrical and proximally rugose. Ŋe calcaneoastragalar facet is oriented posteromedially and is lunate in shape, dorsally convex, and slopes anteromedially. Ŋe lateral calcaneal tubercle is a slight ridge. Ŋe medial margin of the calcaneal process is concave, while the sustentacular facet is dorsally concave and projects medially as a triangular process. Ŋe peroneal tubercle is abraded away. Ŋe secondary shelf of the sustentaculum is developed as a narrow groove along the anteromedial margin of the sustentacular facet, and widens anteriorly. A slight groove occurs between the calcaneo-astragalar facet and the sustentacular facet, and a slight fossa lies lateral to the sustentacular facet. Ŋe cuboid facet occupies the slightly concave and oval shaped anterior surface of the calcaneum.</p> <p>COMPARISONS</p> <p>Specimens referred to Callorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei all exhibit otariid characteristics and small size, and constitute all otariid specimens from the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, and are considered to represent a single otariid taxon. Some of these elements (incisor, radius, astragalus, calcaneum) exhibit features diagnostic of Callorhinus gilmorei Berta &amp; Deméré, 1986 from the San Diego Formation (including new material within SDNHM collections), but several elements (canine, humerus) only possess features characteristic of the family. Although potentially belonging to a separate otariid taxon, they are tentatively included in the same taxon based on their small size and similarity with C. gilmorei material from the San Diego Formation. Furthermore, C. gilmorei is the only otariid present in the California Pliocene (Miyazaki et al. 1995; Boessenecker 2011c), with the exception of hvalassoleon macnallyae from the latest Miocene and earliest Pliocene of the Purisima Formation (Point Reyes and Santa Cruz sections), and cf. hvalassoleon from the earliest Pliocene Salada and San Mateo Formations (Barnes 1998; Deméré et al. 2003), to which these specimens cannot be referred. T. macnallyae is the only other otariid known from the Purisima Formation, and along with other specimens of hvalassoleon, consistently exhibit more plesiomorphic characteristics than these new specimens, in addition to larger overall size (approximately 150-200% larger). Additional diagnostic material is necessary to refine this preliminary identification.</p> <p>Ŋe upper third incisor is relatively small and close in its morphology to C. gilmorei and Callorhinus ursinus. It differs from Arctocephalus pusillus Schreber, 1775, Eumetopias jubatus Schreber, 1775, Hydrarctos lomasiensis Muizon, 1978, Neophoca Gill, 1866, Otaria Peron, 1816, Phocarctos Peters, 1866, Proterozetes ulysses Barnes, Ray &amp; Koretsly, 2006, hvalassoleon mexicanus Repenning&amp;Tedford, 1977, and Zalophus, in having a small, gracile crown with an oval cross-section (Fig. 7D; Repenning et al. 1971). An isolated upper third incisor (UCMP 219433) referable to T. macnallyae from locality V- 6875 in the Purisima Formation is similar in size and cross-section, but differs from this specimen in possessing a lingual bulge at the base of the crown.</p> <p>Ŋe humerus (UCMP 86297) exhibits typical otariid characteristics including a relatively straight shaft in lateral/medial aspect (as opposed to sinuous as in phocids), the medial lip of the distal trochlea having the same diameter as the radial capitulum (the medial lip is of a greater diameter in odobenids; Deméré 1994a), and a small, triangular medial entepicondyle (which is knob-like in most Late Neogene odobenids). Despite its small size, it has fully fused proximal and distal epiphyses, indicating it is an adult; it is here interpreted as an adult female. UCMP 86297 compares well with modern Callorhinus and Arctophoca Gill, 1866 humeri, as well as C. gilmorei humeri from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 25398 and 38296). Ŋis specimen</p> <p>exhibits fully fused epiphyses, while similarly sized humeri of T. mexicanus and T. macnallyae remain unfused, and adult humeri of hvalassoleon spp. are substantially larger than those of adult C. ursinus and C. gilmorei (SDNHM 38296). Ŋe small adult size of this humerus indicates referral to C. gilmorei.</p> <p>Ŋe radii (UCMP 219138 and 219139) exhibit several otariid features, including a relatively straight and transversely compressed shaft, exhibiting a radial process that does not extend further distally than the distal scapholunar articulation facet, and having a pronator teres process that is positioned relatively far proximally (Fig. 8). Ŋese specimens are too small to represent an odobenid, and also lack the well developed bony ridges and processes on the distal end associated with extensor tendons, which typify odobenid radii. Ridges on the lateral side of the radius are also typical for many extant otariids as well as T. mexicanus (Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977; Deméré &amp; Berta 2005). UCMP 219138 and 219139 differ from T. mexicanus, T. macnallyae, and Eumetopias in having a more proximally placed pronator teres process, and their much smaller size. Extant Callorhinus and Arctophoca exhibit pronator teres processes that are more proximally positioned than in UCMP 219138; the pronator teres process is positioned similarly in Zalophus. Ŋese specimens compare best with fossil radii of C. gilmorei (i.e. SDNHM 25549, 35268) in their size and the proximal position of the pronator teres process.</p> <p>Ŋe astragalus is relatively small (Fig. 9D, E), and too small to represent an odobenid or a sea lion (Otariinae), but approximately the same size and nearly identical to extant Callorhinus. Ŋis specimen differs from the otariine Eumetopias in its smaller size, having a relatively larger calcaneo-astragalar facet, a more circular sustentacular facet, a transversely narrower head, a smaller medial process, and tibial trochleae that are more medially rotated. Ŋis specimen differs from Zalophus in its slightly smaller size, a smaller and more convex navicular facet, lacking a medial spur off the head, more equally sized medial and lateral processes, and a larger calcaneo-astragalar facet. UCMP 219149 differs from T. mexicanus in having a narrower neck, smaller head, and in lacking a distinct anterior extension of the dorsal articular surface onto the neck of the astragalus. It compares relatively well with UCMP 219482, a recently collected disarticulated hindlimb of T. macnallyae from the Purisima Formation near Santa Cruz, but differs in having a wider neck, narrower astragalar sulcus, larger lateral and medial processes; it also differs from UCMP 219482 in lacking an anterior extension of the dorsal articular surface. Ŋe lack of an anterior extension of the dorsal articular surface precludes UCMP 21949 from referral to hvalassoleon; an isolated astragalus of C.gilmorei (SDNHM 25570) from the San Diego Formation is similarly small, lacks an anterior extension of the dorsal articular surface, and does not appreciably differ from the Purisima specimen. Ŋe preclusion of referral to hvalassoleon or any extant otariid, small size, and similarity with C. gilmorei and C. ursinus suggest referral to the former.</p> <p>Ŋe calcaneum differs from odobenids in its tiny size and lack of a medial tuber of the calcaneal process, while it differs from phocid calcanea in being transversely broader and having large cuboid and calcaneo-astragalar facets (Fig. 9A, B). UCMP 219122 differs from T. mexicanus in having a slight sustentacular shelf (Fig. 9A; completely lacking in hvalassoleon spp., and present in all extant otariids; Robinette &amp; Stains 1970; Deméré &amp; Berta 2005), and a shorter calcaneo-astragalar facet. Eumetopias is much larger, exhibits a wider secondary sustentacular shelf, a narrower neck, and a smaller cuboid facet than UCMP 219122 (Robinette &amp; Stains 1970). Zalophus has a slightly wider secondary sustentacular shelf, a longer calcaneo-astragalar facet, and a more robust calcaneal process than the fossil (Robinette &amp; Stains 1970). Otaria differs from UCMP 219122 in having a bilobate calcaneo-astragalar facet, a narrower secondary sustentacular facet, and a broader neck (Robinette &amp; Stains 1970). Arctophoca and Arctocephalus have similar proportions to UCMP 219122, but have a smaller cuboid facet, and like all other extant otariids, have a wider secondary sustentacular facet (Robinette &amp; Stains 1970). Ŋis specimen differs from C. ursinus in having a more robust calcaneal process, a smaller secondary sustentacular shelf, and a shorter calcaneo-astragalar facet that does not extend as far proximally. UCMP 219122 shares with an isolated calcaneum of C. gilmorei from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 65334) a secondary sustentacular shelf that is narrow, posteriorly tapering, and groove-like, to the exclusion of other fossil otariids.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Ŋese isolated bones and teeth consistently exhibit features that are more derived than the fossil otariids T. mexicanus and T. macnallyae, but are slightly plesiomorphic relative to extant otariids. Several features preclude referral to hvalassoleon, including the morphology of the radius, astragalus, and calcaneum. Additionally, all specimens are nearly identical in size and morphology to corresponding elements of C. gilmorei (from the San Diego Formation) and nearly identical in morphology to the extant C. ursinus (which is somewhat larger than the Purisima Formation fossils), suggesting identification as the former. In summary, these specimens possess features – among fossil otariids from the eastern North Pacific – which are known only in C. gilmorei. However, some specimens preserve features characteristic of the family only, and this collection of isolated elements is only tentatively identified as this taxon. Callorhinus gilmorei was originally described from the Pliocene San Diego Formation of southern California and Baja California (Berta &amp; Deméré 1986), and has also been reported from the Upper Pliocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California (Boessenecker 2011c), and the Upper Pliocene of Japan (Kohno &amp; Yanagisawa 1997). Ŋese tentatively identified specimens of C. gilmorei now record this fur seal from the Pliocene of central California as hypothesized by Boessenecker (2011c), suggesting that it inhabited most of the California coastline during the Pliocene in addition to Southern California and Baja California (Berta &amp; Deméré 1986) and Northern California (Boessenecker 2011c), and document the presence of at least two pinnipeds in the San Gregorio assemblage.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFDD864E279279CEFB9B3834	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFC38648240D7FB5FE2A3F72.text	03E7DD69FFC38648240D7FB5FE2A3F72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eubalaena Gray 1864	<div><p>cf. Eubalaena sp. 1</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219100, a small partial right tympanic bulla; and UCMP 219481, a small partial right tympanic bulla. Collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99851.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Lowermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, latest Miocene (6.4-5.6 Ma, Messinian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Except where noted, this description is based primarily on UCMP 219100. Ŋis tympanic bulla has a large involucrum with a greatly expanded medial surface which is anteriorly truncated (Fig. 10 A-C). Several elongate, deep, and anterolaterally directed transverse creases occur on the involucrum. Posteriorly, the involucrum is much deeper dorsoventrally. A deep sulcus runs adjacent to the involucral ridge; the involucral ridge is slightly retracted from the ventral margin, and diverges posteriorly from the main ridge. Ŋe ventral surface is relatively smooth and convex and lacks a keel-like main ridge. Laterally adjacent to the main ridge there is an indistinct</p> <p>involucrum</p> <p>longitudinal furrow. Ŋe posteromedial portion of the bulla is rather robust and inflated in medial aspect. A fragment of the anterior portion of the outer lip is present, and it is broadly convex in anterior view. Ŋis results in a eustachian opening that is narrow; anteriorly this margin is slit-like and has an angle of c. 45° (between the involucrum and outer lip). UCMP 219481 also exhibits a narrow eustachian opening, although it has an anteroventral corner of the eustachian opening that is more acutely defined and not broadly curved as in UCMP 219100 (Fig. 10F).</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋese tympanic bullae share many features with extant Eubalaena Gray, 1864, including an elevated anterior lobe and a narrow eustachian opening (Ekdale et al. 2011). Nevertheless, the involucral and main ridges are posteriorly divergent, whereas in extant Eubalaena they are parallel. Ŋey differ from balaenopterids in having a convex dorsal margin of the involucrum in medial and lateral aspect; balaenopterid bullae generally differ from those of extant balaenids in having a relatively straight medial margin of the involucrum that is not broadly arched in dorsal view (Oishi &amp; Hasegawa 1995b; Ekdale et al. 2011). Ŋese bullae differ from Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 in being relatively transversely broader; bullae of extant Balaena are transversely flattened relative to those of Eubalaena (Ekdale et al. 2011). Ŋe tympanic bulla of Caperea Gray, 1864 is similar in size, but transversely narrower than UCMP 219100; it exhibits a posteroventrally expanded involucrum and a rectangular eustachian opening, unlike UCMP 219100 and 219481 (Ekdale et al. 2011). UCMP 219100 differs from Balaenella Bisconti, 2005 in having a rounded anteroventral margin that is not shaped into a corner (Bisconti 2005), although this is seen in UCMP 219481 and Eubalaena. UCMP 219100 and 219481 differ from the tympanic bulla of B. balaenopsis Van Beneden, 1872 in exhibiting a narrow, triangular eustachian opening; UCMP 219100 further differs in exhibiting a more transversely inflated bulla, and UCMP 219481 differs in exhibiting a corner-like anteroventral margin. Ŋe tympanic bulla of Bal-</p> <p>aenula astensis Trevisan, 1942 is more transversely compressed than UCMP 219100, and exhibits a eustachian opening that is less acutely triangular and slit-like than UCMP 219100 and 219481, although it is somewhat narrower than the broadly rounded eustachian opening in B. balaenopsis. A balaenid tympanic bulla (UCMP 29852; identified as Balaenula sp. by Barnes 1977) from the Purisima Formation at Point Reyes (Early Pliocene) is similar in size, but appears to be transversely thinner and exhibits a flatter medial surface of the involucrum relative to UCMP 219100 and 219481. Although they are relatively small (Table 5), these specimens share enough features with Eubalaena to be tentatively identified to this genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFC38648240D7FB5FE2A3F72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFC58648265078EBFB2C3E7F.text	03E7DD69FFC58648265078EBFB2C3E7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eubalaena	<div><p>cf. Eubalaena sp. 2</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219099, a partial left tympanic bulla collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99846.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Uppermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (3.35-2.5 Ma, Piacenzian-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋis larger tympanic bulla is missing most of its outer lip, and is similar in most regards to the above described specimens of cf. Eubalaena sp. 1. It differs from UCMP 219100 in its larger size and several other features; the description of this specimen follows that for cf. Eubalaena sp. 1 except for the differences outlined below. Ŋis specimen further differs from UCMP 219100 by having a much more medially convex involucrum in ventral aspect (Fig. 10D, E). Furthermore, it has a well-defined concave longitudinal furrow laterally adjacent to the main ridge. Ŋe main ridge also forms a welldeveloped ventral keel, and unlike UCMP 219100, the main and involucral ridges are parallel.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋe great dorsoventral depth and massive medial face of the involucrum identify this specimen as a balaenid (Oishi &amp; Hasegawa 1995b; Ekdale et al. 2011). It differs from Balaena in being transversely thicker, and shares similar large size and transverse thickness with extant Eubalaena, although it is incomplete (Table 5; Ekdale et al. 2011).Ŋe much larger size and younger (Early-Late Pliocene) age of the specimen suggest it is not conspecific with UCMP 219100. Several tympanic bullae of this same size and morphology are known from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation (UCMP 29852, 167800, SCMNH 9990.07, 21654, 21658; latest Miocene-Early Pliocene, Messinian-Zanclean equivalent, 6.9-4.5 Ma).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFC58648265078EBFB2C3E7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51.text	03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balaenoptera BERTAE N.	<div><p>Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 11-15)</p> <p>HOLOTYPE. — UCMP 219078, a partial skull lacking the premaxillae, maxillae, nasals, jugals, tympanic bullae, and bodies of the petrosal, excavated by R. W. Boessenecker,</p> <p>E. Johnson, T. Palladino, and M. Berrini from UCMP locality V99849 from August 12-15, 2005.</p> <p>TENTATIVELY REFERRED SPECIMENS. — UCMP 131815, a partial juvenile cranium including the vertex, supraorbital processes of the frontals, palatines, and tips of the zygomatic processes collected in 1985 by a UCMP party from UCMP locality V85027; UCMP uncataloged, an isolated squamosal from UCMP locality V99868.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Honouring Dr Annalisa Berta (San Diego State University), for her many contributions to the study of fossil cetaceans and pinnipeds.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS. — Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. is a small balaenopterid (estimated bizygomatic width of 61.4 cm), smaller in size than extant Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804, characterized by: broadly triangular occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa and exhibits a flattened apex, large occipital condyles, little to no parietal exposed dorsally at the transversely narrow vertex, squamosal with short, anteriorly directed zygomatic process, posteriorly elongate postglenoid process, prominent squamosal crease, frontal with rectangular supraorbital process with transversely oriented anterior margin, frontal that is abruptly depressed below the vertex and obliquely oriented so that this surface and anterior wing of parietal are visible in dorsal aspect, large petrosal fossa (sensu Mead &amp; Fordyce 2009), and a posterior process of the petrotympanic that is relatively short and inflated.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Uppermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (sensu Powell et al. 2007) that is bracketed below by an ash bed correlated with the 3.3-3.4 Ma Putah Tuff (Powell et al. 2007) and above by another ash bed correlated with the 2.5 ± 0.2 Ma Ishi Tuff. Ŋis indicates an age of 3.35-2.5 Ma, or Early to Late Pliocene (Piacenzian- Gelasian equivalent).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — UCMP locality V99849, Pliocene Purisima Formation. Detailed locality information available on request from UCMP or the author.</p> <p>DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS</p> <p>Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. is a member of the extant genus Balaenoptera and shares with all extant species of Balaenoptera a squamosal crease, relatively short and anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes, a bulge at the squamosal-parietal suture in the posterior temporal fossa, and a truncated apex of the occipital shield.</p> <p>Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. differs from:</p> <p>– Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati Bisconti, 2007, in having a broader occipital shield with a laterally sinuous margin that overhangs the temporal fossa and an anteriorly truncated apex, a transversely thinner vertex measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 24% bizygomatic width in A.castriarquati), short and blunt anteriorly directed zygomatic process that lack supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, and having an anteroposteriorly shorter supraorbital process of the frontal;</p> <p>– “ Balaenoptera ” cortesi “var.” portisi, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the anteroventrally oriented zygomatic apex, transversely wide postglenoid process, an anteroposteriorly short supraorbital process with a transversely oriented anterior margin and laterally prominent antorbital process, a shallow sternomastoid fossa, and a large petrosal fossa;</p> <p>– “ Balaenoptera ” ryani Hanna &amp; McLellan, 1924, in having a posteriorly broad occipital shield, little to no parietal exposed at the vertex, and an anteriorly truncated occipital shield;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera acutorostrata, in its smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (25% bizygomatic width in B.acutorostrata), lacking a lateral triangular extension of the parietal between the squamosal and nuchal crest, exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal in dorsal aspect (as opposed to being posterolaterally oriented), and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867, in its smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (22% bizygomatic width in B. bonaerensis), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, and transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal in dorsal aspect (as opposed to being posterolaterally oriented), and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1824, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (26% bizygomatic width in B. borealis), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, shorter and blunt zygomatic process of the squamosal, shallower squamosal crease, a more posteriorly projecting postglenoid process, a supraorbital process of the frontal that lacks a dorsal ridge, with a more concave lateral margin and transversely oriented anterior margin, larger occipital condyles, a much larger petrosal fossa, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (18% bizygomatic width in B. edeni), larger occipital condyles, shorter zygomatic process of the squamosals, a more laterally prominent preorbital process, exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, supraorbital process of the frontal that lacks a dorsal ridge, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera musculus Linneaus, 1758, in its much smaller size, in having a supraoccipital that is more broadly triangular with horizontal (rather than dorsolaterally) nuchal crests that dorsally overhang the temporal fossa, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (22% bizygomatic width in B. musculus), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, shorter zygomatic process of the squamosal that is anteriorly directed (rather than anterolaterally directed), larger petrosal fossa and occipital condyles, posteriorly directed postglenoid process (not posterolaterally directed as in B. musculus), a supraorbital process of the frontal with transversely oriented anterior margin and posterolaterally oriented posterior margin (as opposed to posterolaterally and posteromedially, as in B. musculus) and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic; – Balaenoptera omurai Wada, Oishi &amp; Yamada, 2003, in its smaller size, in having a shorter and blunt zygomatic process of the squamosal, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (24% bizygomatic width in B. omurai), a more transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (as opposed to posterolaterally as in B. omurai), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, in lacking a sheet of the parietal that medially overlaps the supraorbital process of the frontal, and possessing a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera physalus Linneaus, 1758, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (25% bizygomatic width in Balaenoptera physalus), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, zygomatic process of the squamosal that is shorter and blunt, transversely narrower postglenoid process, a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (as opposed to posterolaterally as in B. physalus), larger petrosal fossa, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Balaenoptera siberi Pilleri &amp; Pilleri, 1989, in possessing an anteriorly truncated and narrow apex of the occipital shield, only 10% of bizygomatic width (18% bizygomatic width in B. siberi), a squamosal crease, an anteriorly directed zygomatic process with a supramastoid crest that does not extend to the zygomatic apex, a zygomatic process that is dorsoventrally thicker, a paroccipital process that is less posterolater - ally directed and not as prominent posteriorly, well defined crease between the squamosal and paroccipital process, and a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal;</p> <p>– Cetotheriophanes capellinii (Brandt, 1873), in having a broader apex of the occipital shield that measures 10% of bizygomatic width (4% in C. capellinii) that is anteriorly truncated, a shorter intertemporal region, a more anteriorly thrusted occipital shield, a shorter zygomatic process of the squamosal, and</p> <p>A</p> <p>longer postglenoid processes of the squamosal that are visible in dorsal aspect;</p> <p>– Diunatans luctoretmurgo Bosselaers &amp; Post, 2010, in having a narrow apex of the occipital shield measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (24% bizygomatic width in D. luctoretmurgo), more sinuous lateral margin of the occipital shield, a slightly narrower zygomatic process that is less laterally offset from the braincase, pterygoid that is ventrally flat and not ventrally rounded in lateral aspect, and a posterior process of the petrotympanic that is anteromedially curved;</p> <p>– Megaptera novaeangliae Brisson, 1762, in its much smaller size, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, transversely narrow and posteriorly projecting postglenoid process of the squamosal, a less transversely and anteroposteriorly broad supraorbital process of the frontal, a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process (as opposed to posterolaterally oriented), anteriorly truncated and narrow apex of the occipital shield measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (14%</p> <p>bizygomatic width in M. novaeangliae), large petrosal fossae, and occipital condyles that are not set out on a distinct neck</p> <p>– “ Megaptera ” hubachi Dathe, 1983, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a more anteriorly thrust occipital shield with a slightly transversely narrower apex measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 14% in “ M. ” hubachi), an occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa to a greater degree, a well defined crease between the paraoccipital process of the exoccipital and the squamosal, transversely narrow and posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal, a laterally prominent antorbital process of the frontal, transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process, an inflated posterior process of the petrotympanic, and by lacking paired tuberosities on the supraoccipital and an anterior indentation in the apex of the occipital shield;</p> <p>– “ Megaptera ” miocaena Kellogg, 1922, in its smaller size, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, less anteriorly thrust oc- cipital shield that is roughly triangular and with more widely diverging lateral margins, vertex that is more anteriorly constricted and transversely narrower and measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 21% in “ M. ” miocaena), an anteroposteriorly broader supraorbital process of the frontal lacking a posterolaterally oriented ridge on its dorsal surface and with a laterally prominent antorbital process, a planar and transversely oriented posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal, a well defined crease between the paroccipital process and squamosal, and an occipital shield that is dorsally convex in lateral aspect;</p> <p>– Parabalaenoptera baulinensis Zeigler, Chan &amp; Barnes, 1997, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a clearly defined crease between the paroccipital process of the exoccipital and the squamosal, transversely broader apex of the occipital shield that measures 10% of bizygomatic width (8.7% in P. baulinensis) large occipital condyles, transversely oriented anterior and posterolaterally oriented posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (posterolaterally and posteromedially oriented in Parabalaenoptera Zeigler, Chan, &amp; Barnes, 1997, respectively), anterolaterally oriented nuchal crests (oriented dorsolaterally in Parabalaenoptera), and a transversely narrow and posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal;</p> <p>– Plesiobalaenoptera quarantellii Bisconti, 2010, in having a less elongate and more inflated and anteromedially curved posterior process of the petrotympanic;</p> <p>– Protororqualus cuvieri (Fischer, 1829), in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a supraoccipital apex that is anteriorly squared-off at the vertex and transversely wider, measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 5% in P. cuvieri), little to no parietal exposure at the vertex, laterally prominent antorbital process, and a posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe holotype is a partial skull including a nearly complete braincase, complete left squamosal and frontal, and vomer; the maxillae, premaxillae, and nasals are missing as well as both right and left tympanic bullae and petrosals (with the exception of the posterior processes; Figs 11-15). Measurements of the holotype are presented in Table 6. UCMP 219078 was found upside-down, and many bones of the ventral portion of the skull (as well as the left supraorbital process of the frontal) are fractured and displaced (Fig. 16). Ŋe vomer is broken posteriorly, and is rotated anterodorsally (Fig. 13). Ŋe left supraorbital process exhibits a long, anterolaterally oriented fracture, and the portion of the bone lateral to this fracture has rotated so that the supraorbital process is oriented dorsolaterally, and the postorbital process is no longer in contact with the zygomatic process. A reconstruction of the skull of B. bertae n. sp. is depicted in Figure 17.</p> <p>Occipital shield</p> <p>In dorsal view the occipital shield is broad and triangular with a transversely narrow apex that is rectilinear and transversely oriented in dorsal view (Figs 11A, 15A). Ŋe anteriormost portion of the shield is longitudinally concave, and posterior to this, it is dorsally strongly convex along the sagittal plane. A pair of faint tubercles occur in the mid- dle of the supraoccipital, anterior to each occipital condyle. Ŋe nuchal crests are formed dorsally by the supraoccipital, are oriented anterolaterally, and overhang the temporal fossa so that the medial wall of the temporal fossa is not visible in dorsal aspect.</p> <p>Exoccipital</p> <p>Ŋe posterior margin of the exoccipital is posterolaterally oriented (Figs 11A, 12A). In dorsal view, the lateral margin of the occipital shield is slightly sinuous. Ŋe occipital condyles are relatively large. Ŋere are no clear dorsal condyloid fossae. Ventral to the foramen magnum, a shallow furrow extends between the occipital condyles.</p> <p>Squamosal</p> <p>Ŋe squamosal has a posteriorly elongate postglenoid process that is paddle-shaped (in dorsal and ventral view), dorsoventrally compressed, and posteroventrally directed (Figs 11B, 13A, 15C). Ŋe posterior margin of the postglenoid process is semi-circular in dorsal aspect. In lateral aspect, the ventral border of the mandibular fossa is strongly concave (Fig. 13), and both the zygomatic and postglenoid processes are somewhat ventrally directed, and in dorsal and ventral aspect, the zygomatic process is nearly anteriorly directed (Figs 11, 12). Ŋe zygomatic process is relatively short, blunt, and triangular in crosssection. Ŋe supramastoid crest runs along the dorsal margin of the squamosal from the lateral margin of the occipital shield, but does not extend far onto the zygomatic process. A distinct dorsoventrally oriented and anteriorly facing squamosal crease occurs on the anterior surface of the squamosal, at the base of the zygomatic process. Along the posteromedial wall of the temporal fossa near the parietal-squamosal suture, a faint squamosal cleft occurs and runs parallel to the parietal-squamosal suture. In dorsal aspect, postglenoid process terminates well anterior to the exoccipital. A vertical crease occurs at the squamosal-exoccipital suture at the posterolateral edge of the cranium (Fig. 11A). Ŋe posterolateral surface of the squamosal is relatively planar. Ventrally, the mandibular fossa is transversely broad, and anteroposteriorly concave.</p> <p>Basicranium</p> <p>Portions of the basicranium are badly shattered (Figs 11B, 12B). Ŋe posterior sheet and wings of the vomer and palatines are broken. Ŋe basioccipital is broad and shallowly concave between the relatively small and knoblike basioccipital crests. Ŋe basioccipital crest is elongate and transversely convex. Ŋe petrosal fossa is large, subrectangular, anteriorly bordered by the pterygoid, medially by the medial lamina of the pterygoid, laterally by the squamosal, and posteriorly by the exoccipital (Figs 11B, 12B, 15C). Ventrally, the exoccipital forms a transversely oriented ridge that is posterolaterally directed. Posterolaterally, the exoccipital contacts the posterior surface of the posterior process of the petrotympanic. Ŋe posterior process of the petrotympanic curves anteromedially, is distally swollen, and bears a sharp ventral crest (Fig. 15B, C). Ŋe posterior meatal crest anteriorly overlaps the posterior process of the petrotympanic, and anterior to this thin plate, the squamosal exhibits a posterolaterally directed, trough-like external acoustic meatus positioned posterodorsally to the postglenoid process. Ŋe anterior meatal crest continues medially on the squamosal from the postglenoid process and forms the anterior margin of the external acoustic meatus.</p> <p>Ŋe vomer is nearly complete, and anteriorly protrudes beyond the anterior margin of the frontals (Figs 11-13). Dorsally, the transversely concave mesorostral canal is filled with matrix. Anteriorly,the vomer becomes transversely narrower. Ŋe vomer is V-shaped in cross-section and bears a sharp ventral crest. Posteriorly, the ventral ridge of the vomer becomes lower to merge with the flat wings of the vomer.Ŋe latter becomes relatively wider posteriorly, ventrally flooring the basicranium, contacting the medial lamina of the pterygoid, and underlapping the anterior portion of the basioccipital. Posteriorly, the vomer is broad and flat. Ŋe basisphenoid is not exposed. Ŋe now-fractured palatine appears to have been slightly convex transversely, medially contacting the vomer, and posteriorly contacting the pterygoid. Ŋe palatal surface of the pterygoid is triangular in shape and positioned along the anterior margin of the petrosal fossa, with a blunt, tongue-shaped hamulus. Ŋe pterygoid hamulus does not appear to be broken or to possess fingerlike posteromedial projection as in species of extant Balaenoptera, and this may tentatively considered to be natural. Medially, the blunt pterygoid hamulus overhangs the medial lamina of the pterygoid. Ŋe medial lamina is anteroposteriorly elongate, ventrally flat, and laterally forms the ventrally directed pharyngeal crest that is confluent with the basioccipital crest and forms the medial margin of the petrosal fossa.</p> <p>Vertex</p> <p>Ŋe vertex of UCMP 219078 is transversely narrow, reflecting the narrow apex of the supraoccipital (Figs 11A; 12A; 14). A thin band of the parietal is exposed between the sutures for the rostral elements and the supraoccipital (Fig. 14). As the rostral elements are missing, it is not possible to ascertain the length of the nasals and morphology of the ascending processes of the maxillae and premaxillae. Ŋe articular surface on the frontals for the rostral elements is corrugated and exhibits a series of anteroposteriorly oriented grooves and ridges; seven ridges are present on the left side; the right side is not as well-preserved. Ŋe region of the vertex as preserved on the frontal appears asymmetrical with the left side having extending further anterolaterally and with a larger angle to the midline; this is due to the slight counterclockwise rotation of the left supraorbital process of the frontal.</p> <p>Frontal</p> <p>Ŋe well-preserved left frontal (Figs 11-13) has a sharp, triangular prong anteriorly. Lateral to this prong, the anterior margin of the supraorbital process is straight and transversely oriented in dorsal view (Fig. 17). Ŋe base of the supraorbital process is broken and displaced dorsally along the medial crack; the postorbital process is broken off, and when the original orientation of the supraorbital process is taken into account, it would have probably dorsally overlapped or contacted the zygomatic process (Fig.17). Ŋe orbital margin of the supraorbital process is concave in dorsal view, and the dorsal surface of the supraorbital process is slightly anteroposteriorly arched. Ŋe posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal is oriented transversely. Medially, the frontal drops sub-vertically from the vertex to the near-horizontal supraorbital process, which is horizontally oriented. Ŋe frontal drops near vertically from the vertex, so that it faces dorsolaterally, and the overlapping sheet of the parietal can be seen in dorsal aspect. Ŋe optic canal opens anterolaterally and is positioned posteriorly on the ventral surface of the supraorbital process of the frontal (Fig. 12), defined by two ridges – the posteriorly placed infratemporal crest, and an anterolaterally directed ridge anterior to the canal. Ŋis anterior ridge is laterally confluent with the preorbital process, which projects slightly laterally.</p> <p>Parietal</p> <p>Ŋe parietal forms most of the medial wall of the temporal fossa, is exposed along the anterior portion of the vertex, and forms the ventral contribution to the nuchal crests on either side of the occipital shield (Fig. 13B). Ŋe lateral surface of the parietal in the temporal fossa is concave. Slightly anteromedial to the junction of the nuchal crest and the supramastoid crest of the squamosal, the parietal-squamosal suture descends ventrally along a bulge in the wall of the temporal fossa; it is oriented ventromedially, and does not turn posteriorly to form a long lateral finger of the parietal as in B. acutorostrata.</p> <p>ONTOGENY</p> <p>Several features of the skull suggest that the holotype cranium of B. bertae n. sp. represents an immature individual. Ŋese include relatively large occipital condyles, large petrosal fossae, and a relatively short compound posterior process of the petrotympanic. Additionally, several cranial sutures remain unfused, including the squamosal-parietal suture and the frontal-parietal suture; young ontogenetic age may explain the ease at which basicranial elements were lost or fractured (see Taphonomy). Ŋese features suggest that UCMP 219078 was not finished growing, and highlights the possibility that the morphology may not be representative of the adult form. In concert with the size of UCMP 219078 and development of these features in comparison with juveniles of extant Balaenoptera, the holotype of B. bertae n. sp. is interpreted as an old juvenile or subadult. Ŋe primary features used for diagnosing B. bertae n. sp. include the narrow transverse width of the vertex and the dorsolaterally facing surface lateral to the vertex, permitting the anterior wing of the parietal (and proximal portion of frontal) to be visible in dorsal aspect. Examination of juvenile and neonatal specimens of B. acutorostrata and B. physalus (CAS, USNM collections) indicates these features do not change during postnatal development. For example, small juveniles of B. acutorostrata (e.g., CAS 22180) exhibit a relatively wide apex of the occipital shield, and a vertical slope adjacent to the vertex.Ŋese diagnostic features can thus reasonably be interpreted as present in fully grown adults of B. bertae n. sp. Although the compound posterior process of the petrotympanic is relatively short, it is inflated with a blunt distal apex; in extant adult Balaenoptera spp., the distal apex is tapered. Examination of juvenile Balaenoptera indicates the distal apex is also tapered, unlike the condition in Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., suggesting an additional derived feature that does not appear to be affected by ontogenetic patterns observed in extant relatives. Furthermore, the posterior process extends laterally to the level of the lateral extremity of the paroccipital process, unlike immature specimens of extant Balaenoptera; during ontogeny, the posterior process increases in length and lags behind the exoccipital during early development (Bisconti 2001). Examination of the petrosal fossae of juvenile B. acutorostrata indicates that even in neonates, the fossae are smaller relative to skull size than in UCMP 219078, suggesting that the large size is autapomorphic for B. bertae n. sp., and possibly a paedomorphic trait. In summary, although several features suggest immaturity, other features suggest that growth was nearly completed; additionally, most of the diagnostic features for B. bertae n. sp. do not appear to be affected by ontogenetic changes in extant Balaenoptera.</p> <p>TAPHONOMY</p> <p>Ŋe skull of B. bertae n. sp. exhibits several noteworthy preservational features (Fig. 16). UCMP 219078 was preserved in a monotonous succession of massively bedded, pervasively bioturbated finegrained sandstone. Ŋis facies, typically lacking any primary sedimentary structures due to thorough homogenization of the sediment by bioturbators, was interpreted by Norris (1986) as reflecting a middle shelf (or transition zone) depositional setting. Other evidence for a lag deposit such as abundant, large terrigenous or phosphatic clasts or abundant mollusks is absent from this stratum. Ŋe rostral bones (premaxillae, maxillae, and nasals), tympanic bullae, middle ear ossicles, and bodies of the pet- rosals are missing, and no postcrania were found during excavation. Ŋe vomer and other basicranial elements are shattered, and the left supraorbital process of the frontal and vomer are broken and rotated dorsally. UCMP 219078 was found ventralup in massively bedded, bioturbated sandstone with dispersed mollusks and pebbles. Ŋe cranium was likely too large to be overturned by currents and probably represents the original orientation of the skull upon arrival at the sea floor. Ŋe lack of postcrania suggests that the skull arrived on the sea floor as an isolated element. Ŋe lack of evidence for a lag deposit or erosional surface at this horizon suggests that postcrania were not dissociated by transport and submarine erosion.</p> <p>Many cetacean carcasses float ventral up (Schäfer 1972) and it is possible that the orientation of the skull reflects this; it also may reflect the hydrodynamically stable orientation of the skull as it sank. Ŋe rostral elements could have been lost during the bloat and float stage (Fig. 16 A-C). Due to exaggerated movement of craniovertebral joint in modern floating cetacean carcasses, the skull is lost not long after the mandibles (e.g., Fig. 16E; Schäfer 1972), which is reflected in some cetacean assemblages (Bianucci et al. 2010). How the basicranial elements shattered is less clear, but some features of the fossil help to constrain the timing of deformation. Parts of the skull inside the concretion are shattered, indicating that this happened prior to formation of the concretion. Rotation and displacement of the vomer and supraorbital process of the frontal would not have been possible once entombed in sediment, and must have occurred prior to burial. Ŋe sequence of events for the holotype individual of B. bertae n. sp. is inferred as follows: bloating and floating of the whale after death (whether immediate or after refloating; Fig. 16A); initial decomposition and loss of the jaws and rostral elements (Fig. 16B, C); advanced decay and skeletonization of the head results in the loss of the earbones (Fig. 16D), and eventual loss of the skull (Fig. 16E). At that time, the skull sinks to the sea floor ventral-up (Fig. 16F), and at some point between its arrival on the seafloor and burial, the vomer and supraorbital process rotate and come into contact with the seafloor (Fig. 16G). Eventually the skull is buried (Fig. 16H). Long after burial, diagenetic compaction fractures the basicranial elements (Fig. 16I), and a concretion forms around the braincase (Fig. 16J).</p> <p>PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</p> <p>Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. was coded for the 150 characters of Marx (2011) as follows:</p> <p>??????????????1???????????00012?210?1? ??11???01????????1012011130210210011?0 101?111?????????21??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????</p> <p>Incorporation of B. bertae n. sp. into the matrix of Marx (2011) and cladistic analysis supported inclusion (with low branch support) of this new taxon within Balaenoptera (Fig. 18). In the strict consensus tree, B. bertae n. sp. appears within a basal polytomy with Balaenoptera physalus, B. edeni, B. acutorostrata, and B. bonaerensis. Within Balaenoptera, the Peruvian fossil B. siberi is sister to a B. omurai + B. musculus clade, forming the only resolved clade within Balaenoptera; however, this relationship is weakly supported (Fig. 18). Topology among other mysticete taxa did not change relative to the phylogenetic results of Marx (2011: fig. 3), although branch and bremer support values slightly decreased across Balaenopteroidea, and support for Eschrichtiidae slightly increased (Fig. 18). Most notably, the moderately supported B. borealis - B. bonaerensis - B. acutorostrata clade (Marx 2011: fig. 3) collapsed in this analysis, perhaps owing to the inclusion of the somewhat incomplete B. bertae n. sp. Increased resolution of balaenopterid phylogeny would be possible with the inclusion of additional balaenopterid taxa into this matrix (such as D. luctoretmurgo, C. capellinii, P. quarantellii, and “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi) and additional balaenopterid-specific characters, including petrotympanic characters recently discussed by Ekdale et al. (2011), and other skull features such as a squamosal crease, which in the current study was only identified in modern and fossil species of Balaenoptera.</p> <p>BALAENOPTERA BERTAE N. SP. AS A BALAENOPTERID Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. exhibits several balaenopterid characteristics, including an abruptly depressed</p> <p>supraorbital process of the frontal, an anteriorly thrusted occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa, and telescoping of the rostral elements and supraoccipital such that the parietal is only exposed as a narrow transverse band at the vertex (Figs 11-15, 17; Zeigler et al. 1997; Deméré et al. 2005; Bisconti 2007a, b, 2010a; Bosselaers &amp; Post 2010). Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. shares with all extant Balaenoptera spp. and M. novaeangliae a broadly triangular occipital shield that laterally overhangs much of the temporal fossa so that it obscures most of the parietal and medial wall of the temporal fossa in dorsal view (Figs 11, 17; Deméré et al. 2005).In many fossil balaenopterids, the crania are less extremely telescoped and the supraoccipital is not thrust as far anteriorly and overhangs less of the temporal fossa (e.g., Archaebalaenoptera Bisconti, 2007, “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, C. capellinii, Protororqualus Bisconti, 2007) or only overhangs the anterior portion of the temporal fossa so that the posterior half of the medial wall is visible in dorsal aspect (P. baulinensis, “ M. ” hubachi, “ M. ” miocaena). Most species of Balaenoptera, including B. bertae n. sp., exhibit a slight convex bulge along the medial wall of the temporal fossa at the position of the squamosal-parietal suture; Megaptera Gray, 1846 lacks this bulge, and is thus the only balaenopterid where the inner wall of the temporal fossa is completely obscured in dorsal view. In B. musculus, the occipital shield is transversely narrow, and the medial wall is so bulged that nearly the entire medial wall is visible in dorsal aspect (interpreted here to be a reversal).</p> <p>Ŋe morphology of the squamosal varies widely within balaenopterids. Most fossil balaenopterids (e.g., A. castriarquati, “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, P. baulinensis, and P. cuvieri) appear to exhibit an elongate, laterally divergent zygomatic process with well-defined supramastoid crest that run along most of the length of the zygomatic process, while lacking a squamosal crease (Zeigler et al. 1997; Deméré et al. 2005; Bisconti 2007a, b). An elongate and laterally flaring zygomatic process is regarded as the primitive condition amongst balaenopteroids (Deméré et al. 2005), and among fossil and extant balaenopterids, characterize all taxa (including Megaptera) except for D. luctoretmurgo and Balaenoptera spp., which have relatively short and anteriorly directed zygomatic process. B. musculus is exceptional amongst extant Balaenoptera in its elongate and laterally flaring zygomatic process.Ŋe most extreme condition within balaenopterids characterizes B. acutorostrata, B. bertae n. sp., and D. luctoretmurgo, all of which have short and nearly anteriorly oriented zygomatic process. Postglenoid process morphology also varies within the Balaenopteridae, and it is short and indistinct in basal balaenopterids (e.g., Archaebalaenoptera, Parabalaenoptera, Protororqualus) and posteriorly elongate in Balaenoptera, Diunatans Bosselaers &amp; Post, 2010, and Megaptera. Ŋese latter taxa (including B. bertae n. sp.) also exhibit a posterolaterally directed postglenoid process. Ŋe early diverging balaenopterid “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi also exhibits posteriorly elongate postglenoid process, but it is posteriorly and not posterolaterally oriented. A squamosal crease is present in taxa with anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes. While a squamosal crease is absent in D. luctoretmurgo (Bosselaers &amp; Post 2010) and B. siberi, it is present in all extant species of Balaenoptera and B. bertae n. sp., and absent in M. novaeangliae (Kellogg 1922; Deméré et al. 2005). Ŋis feature may be a possible synapomorphy of Balaenoptera.</p> <p>Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. may be distinguished from all extant balaenopterids by the lack of a fingerlike posterior projection of the pterygoid hamulus (Fig. 11B). Ŋe condition of this character is unknown in many fossil taxa, either because the ventral side of the skull has not been prepared (e.g., Archaebalaenoptera, B. siberi), is completely missing (Cetotheriophanes Brandt, 1873, Plesiobalaenoptera Bisconti, 2010), or is too damaged to tell (e.g., “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, “ M. ” miocaena, Parabalaenoptera). “ Megaptera ” hubachi also appears to lack a posteriorly directed finger of the pterygoid hamulus. Fingerlike pterygoid hamuli are widely distributed among modern and fossil mysticetes such as cetotheriids sensu stricto, cetotheres sensu lato (sensu Bouetel &amp; Muizon 2006), and extant Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861).</p> <p>BALAENOPTERA BERTAE N. SP.</p> <p>AS A MEMBER OF BALAENOPTERA</p> <p>In general, B. bertae n. sp. exhibits characteristics that are relatively derived in comparison to most fossil balaenopterids. In comparison to extant species of Balaenoptera, B. bertae n. sp. is characterized by a mosaic of primarily derived and a few plesiomorphic characters. Aside from the derived features outlined above (also see Differential diagnosis), plesiomorphic characteristics of B. bertae n. sp. include a transversely narrow vertex and supraoccipital apex, and a supraor -</p> <p>Caperea marginata Gray, 1846</p> <p>† Eschrichtioides gastaldii Strobel, 1881</p> <p>Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)</p> <p>4/56</p> <p>† Parabalaenoptera baulinensis Zeigler, Chan &amp; Barnes, 1997 † Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati Bisconti, 2007</p> <p>† Protororqualus cuvieri (Fischer, 1829)</p> <p>†“ Megaptera ” hubachi Dathe, 1983</p> <p>†“ Megaptera ” miocaena Kellogg, 1922</p> <p>Megaptera novaeangliae Brisson, 1762</p> <p>Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804</p> <p>† Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.</p> <p>Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867</p> <p>Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1824</p> <p>Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879</p> <p>Balaenoptera physalus Linneaus, 1758</p> <p>† Balaenoptera siberi Pilleri “&amp; Pilleri, 1989</p> <p>Balaenoptera musculus Linneaus, 1758</p> <p>Balaenoptera omurai Wada, Oishi &amp; Yamada, 2003</p> <p>bital process of the frontal which is separated from the vertex by a dorsolaterally oriented and steeply sloping surface (of the frontal and parietal), instead of a vertically oriented (and laterally facing) surface (Fig. 11). While a narrower vertex is plesiomorphic (Deméré et al. 2005; Bisconti 2007b), most basal balaenopterids exhibit a vertically oriented anterior lateral wall of the braincase and an abruptly depressed supraorbital process of the frontal, and the condition of the supraorbital process in B. bertae n. sp. may not necessarily be archaic. Likewise, B. bertae n. sp. does exhibit an abruptly depressed supraorbital process of the frontal, although offset by an oblique, dorsolaterally oriented surface rather than a vertical surface as in all other balaenopterids (Fig. 14A) and may be autapomorphic. An additional feature of B. bertae n. sp. is the apparent anteroposterior shortness of the vertex (judging by the anterior tips of the frontals, which approximate the posterior margin of the bony nares). In most extant balaenopterids, the anteriormost point of the supraoccipital is relatively far posteriorly, near the posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (or posterior to a transverse line dividing the supraorbital process into anterior and posterior halves). Ŋis condition characterizes most fossil balaenopterids as well, including Archaebalaenoptera, B. siberi, “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, C. capellinii, “ M. ” hubachi, Parabalaenoptera, and Protororqualus. In B. bertae n. sp., B.bonaerensis, “ M. ” miocaena, and M. novaeangliae, the anterior margin of the occipital shield is positioned within the anterior¼ of the medial part of the supraorbital process of the frontal. Ŋis feature indicates that B.bertae n. sp. exhibits the most telescoped occipital shield of any species of Balaeno- ptera. Only one fossil balaenopterid appears to have a more anteriorly thrusted occipital shield, the Early Late Miocene “ M. ” miocaena; in this fossil taxon, the supraoccipital is thrust anteriorly to the level of the preorbital process of the frontal. Ŋe apex of the occipital shield is roughly at the postorbital process in basal balaenopterids like Archaebalaenoptera and Protororqualus, indicating that the condition in B. bertae n. sp. is relatively derived even when compared with extant balaenopterids. However, this may be an illusion caused by the apparent anteroposterior shortness of the supraorbital process of the frontal(Fig. 17C) of B. bertae n. sp. relative to other balaenopterids,which appears to be an autapomorphic feature.</p> <p>As demonstrated in the phylogenetic analysis, Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. represents a fossil species of the extant taxon Balaenoptera. Fossil species attributed to Balaenoptera by Deméré et al. (2005) include Balaenoptera davidsonii Cope, 1872 (Pliocene San Diego Formation of California), B. siberi (uppermost Miocene of Peru), Balaenoptera borealina Van Beneden, 1880 (Pliocene of Belgium), Balaenoptera minutis Van Beneden, 1880 (formerly Burtinopsis Van Beneden, 1872; Pliocene of Belgium), Balaenoptera rostratella Van Beneden, 1880 (Pliocene of Belgium), and Balaenoptera sibbaldina Van Beneden, 1880 (Pliocene of Belgium). Because P. J. Van Beneden did not designate any holotypes and because all the syntype material of the Belgian Pliocene taxa appear to represent multiple individuals or chimaeras, or are not considered to be diagnostic enough to be designated as lectotypes, Bosselaers &amp; Post (2010) proposed that all Belgian Pliocene balaenopterid taxa (as well as Megapteropsis robusta Van Beneden, 1872 and Plesiocetus garopii Van Beneden, 1859) should be considered nomina dubia. Deméré et al. (2005) referred a skull (San Diego Formation, Pliocene, California) to B. davidsonii, which was previously only known by mandibles (Deméré 1986), although this specimen now appears to represent a different taxon (T. A. Deméré pers. comm. 2011). While B. siberi was placed within Balaenoptera in the phylogenetic analysis of Deméré et al. (2005) and Marx (2011), Bosselaers &amp; Post (2010) did not consider B. siberi to be a member of the genus as it exhibited “basal features”. Features that distinguish it from extant Balaenoptera and B. bertae n. sp. in- clude relatively slender and widely flaring zygomatic process, a supramastoid crest that continues nearly to the zygomatic apex, a broadly rounded supraoccipital apex, lack of a squamosal crease, and lack of a well-defined separation of the paroccipital process and squamosal in dorsal aspect.On one hand, several other basal balaenopterids exhibit a derived and wide vertex like Balaenoptera (e.g., Archaebalaenoptera, Parabalaenoptera), while exhibiting plesiomorphic squamosal morphology (slender and widely flaring zygomatic processes and no squamosal crease); perhaps the morphology of B. siberi is exactly what could be expected of an archaic species within Balaenoptera. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis by Bisconti (2010b) suggests that B. siberi may lie outside Balaenoptera, as a sister taxon of Diunatans. Ŋe generic placement of B. davidsonii and B. siberi requires additional fossil material and phylogenetic studies. Ŋis study documents a convincing example of an extinct species of Balaenoptera from the Pliocene, and additional records of extinct(or extant) members of this genus from the Pliocene may await discovery.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Previous molecular analyses have utilized fossil calibrations in an attempt to constrain the timing of molecular divergence of various mysticete clades. Recent studies have yielded dates for the balaenopterid-eschrichtiid clade in the Middle to Late Miocene (13.8 Ma; McGowen et al. 2009;13-12Ma, Dornburg et al. 2012). However, molecular divergence dating is problematic for this clade due to the phenomenon of Balaenoptera paraphyly (by inclusion of Megaptera and occasionally Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 within Balaenoptera), which is frequently recovered in molecular analyses (Rychel et al. 2004; McGowen et al. 2009; Dornburg et al. 2012; but see Nikaido et al. 2006, and Steeman et al. 2009), although Megaptera and Eschrichtius fall outside the genus Balaenoptera in nearly all morphology-based cladistic analyses (Steeman 2007; Marx 2011). Further complications arise when considering the choice of fossil calibrations. Dornburg et al. (2012) used “ M. ” hubachi as a calibration for the B. physalus - M. novaeangliae clade; however, some morphology-based analyses have failed to demonstrate a close relationship between “ M. ” hubachi and extant M. novaeangliae, and it is considered not to belong to Megaptera (Deméré et al. 2005; Bisconti 2010b). Problems of Balaenoptera monophyly notwithstanding, perhaps more appropriate fossil calibrations could be found in fossil species of Balaenoptera, as previously reported fossil records of Megaptera have turned out to be archaic balaenopterids with superficial similarities to Megaptera (“ M.” hubachi; “ M.” miocaena) or fragmentary remains from the Pliocene (Whitmore &amp; Kaltenbach 2008). Both B. bertae n. sp. and B. siberi have been found to fall within Balaenoptera (Marx 2011; this study; but see Bisconti 2010b) although further testing is necessary for both taxa. Regardless of molecular divergence dating, fossils such as B. bertae n. sp. and B. siberi demonstrate that “true” Balaenoptera had evolved by the Early Pliocene, and possibly by the latest Miocene.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFF6867A273178CBFCED38F2.text	03E7DD69FFF6867A273178CBFCED38F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balaenoptera	<div><p>“ Balaenoptera ” cortesi “var.” portisi Sacco, 1890</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219135, a right petrosal collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99840.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (c. 5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe pars cochlearis of this large petrosal (Table 7) is dorsally elongate (Fig. 19A), with an elongate, posteroventrally directed posterior cochlear crest; adjacent to this crest is the small, circular fenestra cochleae. Ŋe groove for the tensor tympani muscle is situated anteroventral to the pars cochlearis, on the medial surface of the anterior process. Ŋe anterior process is triangular and bladelike, curves medially at its apex, and rugose along its medial margin (Fig. 19A, C). In medial aspect, the ventral margin of the anterior process is straight and directed anterodorsally. Ŋe lateral tuberosity is oriented posteroventrally and positioned at the base of the anterior process. Ŋe anterior pedicle for the tympanic bulla is positioned just dorsal to the lateral tuberosity; dorsal to the pedicle is a shallow mallear fossa. Ŋe facial sulcus is oval and dorsal to the mallear fossa; an elongate trough is not developed as in some modern Balaenoptera. Ŋe oval-shaped fenestra vestibuli is medially adjacent to the facial sulcus and at the base of pars cochlearis. Ŋe neck for the posterior process is robust and quadrate in cross-section, and the small posterior pedicle is present anteromedially on the neck. Ŋe anteroposteriorly elongate, rectangular, and shallow stylomastoid fossa is positioned on the posterior surface of the pars cochlearis and base of the posterior process. Further anterior along the dorsal surface of the petrosal are the perilymphatic and endolymphatic foramina, which are situated in a common groove an separated from the stylomastoid fossa by a thin crest. Ŋe internal acoustic meatus is deep and cavernous (resulting from the extreme dorsal elongation of the pars cochlearis) with a circular canal for the vestibulocochlear nerve (= spiral cribriform tract of Mead &amp; Fordyce 2009) and an oval-shaped facial canal (Fig. 19D). Ŋe crista transversa is deeply recessed (34mm) within the internal acoustic meatus. Ŋe vestibulocochlear nerve canal is 43 mm deep, and the facial canal is 48 mm deep. An additional unidentified foramen is present anterodorsally to the facial canal on the dorsal edge of the pars cochlearis; it is unclear whether or not this foramen is the hiatus fallopii. Ŋe lateral surface of the petrosal is rugose and gently convex.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis petrosal compares best with the holotype petrosal of “ Balaenoptera ” cortesi “var.” portisi from the Pliocene of Italy (Sacco 1890), as well as SDNHM 68698, a petrosal preserved with a partial skull from the Upper Pliocene San Diego Formation of southern California referred to “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi by Deméré et al. (2005). Deméré (1986) and Deméré et al. (2005) further indicated that the holotype mandible of “ Balaenoptera ” floridana Kellogg, 1944, as well as the Italian Pliocene balaenopterid Cetotheriophanes capellinii may also be congeneric or conspecific with this taxon. “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi does not belong in Balaenoptera and requires a new genus name and reevaluation (Deméré et al. 2005). In particular, UCMP 219135 shares many distinctive features with of “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi such as a dorsally elongate pars cochlearis, a straight anterior margin of the anterior process, an anterior process that is pointed anterodorsally rather than anteriorly,and a flattened,bladelike anterior process. Crania of “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi preserving this petrosal morphology differ from Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. in exhibiting more elongate and widely flaring zygomatic processes, lacking a squamosal crease, an anteroposteriorly more elongate supraorbital process of the frontal, and an occipital shield that is more anteriorly elongate and attenuate; it is thus unlikely that UCMP 219135 is referable to B. bertae n. sp.</p> <p>Some features of this specimen are shared with Megaptera novaeangliae, including the extreme elongation of the pars cochlearis, and having the perilymphatic and endolymphatic foramina situated in a common groove. However, UCMP 219135 differs from Megaptera in having deep canals for the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves, in having the internal acoustic meatus positioned in the middle of the pars cochlearis (instead of the posterior aspect as in extant Megaptera), and in having a smaller and less acutely pointed lateral tuberosity.UCMP 219135 differs from extant Balaenoptera spp. in the extreme elongation of the pars cochlearis, and an anterior process that is directed anterodorsally (relative to the long axis of the pars cochlearis), rather than anteriorly in extant Balaenoptera and Megaptera (Ekdale et al. 2011).</p> <p>Two additional specimens from the Purisima Formation undoubtedly represent this taxon.A large cranial fragment (UCMP uncataloged, field no. FP 192) from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation exhibits a well-preserved and identical petrosal; furthermore, a partial cranium (SCMNH 21292) exhibits squamosal morphology that is identical to the holotype of “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi and referred skulls from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 65769 and 68698).</p> <p>Ŋis fossil represents an additional occurrence of “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi from the eastern North Pacific along with that from the San Diego Formation reported by Deméré et al. (2005). Along with other records of this taxon from the Pliocene of Florida and Italy (Portis1885; Kellogg 1944; Deméré et al. 2005), this indicates that this taxon (whether several species within a genus, or a single species) was cosmopolitan and formerly inhabited the eastern North Pacific,the western North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea during the Pliocene.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFF6867A273178CBFCED38F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFF78677241C786AFD8C3FF0.text	03E7DD69FFF78677241C786AFD8C3FF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balaenoptera	<div><p>cf. Balaenoptera</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219136, a right petrosal, collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99851.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Lowermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, latest Miocene (6.4-5.6 Ma; Messinian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋis large partial petrosal exhibits a low, and ventrally flattened pars cochlearis that is roughly oval-shaped in ventral aspect and somewhat elongated dorsally (Fig. 20; Table 7). A small, thin, and bladelike posterior cochlear crest occurs posteroventrally on the pars cochlearis. Ŋe fenestra cochleae is small and circular and occurs within a small fossa. Ŋe anterior process is acutely triangular, transversely thick, and a longitudinal keel occurs on the ventral side at its apex. Ŋe anterior pedicle sits atop a rectangular plateau on the medial surface of the anterior process.A well- developed and knob-like lateral tuberosity is present on the lateral margin of the anterior process, anterior to the position of the fenestra vestibuli.Ŋe oval-shaped fenestra vestibuli is positioned at the posteroventral end of the pars cochlearis, and a posteriorly oriented facial sulcus is present dorsolaterally to the fenestra vestibuli. A small, rectangular, and concave fossa for the stapedial muscle is positioned lateral to the posterior cochlear rest and posterior to the fenestra vestibuli. A relatively small, oval shaped, and deep suprameatal fossa occurs on the anterodorsal side of the pars cochlearis. Ŋe vestibulocochlear canal and facial canal are located on the posterodorsal portion of the pars cochlearis. Both canals are circular and small, closely appressed, with a thin crista transversa. Ŋe endolymphatic and perilymphatic foramina are positioned posterior to the vestibulocochlear nerve canal, and occur in a deep fossa which is deeper at the dorsal end near the endolymphatic foramen (Fig. 20D). Both foramina are slit-like and open dorsally. Ŋe shallowly concave stylomastoid fossa is small, rectangular, and positioned dorsal to the fenestra cochleae. Ŋe dorsal side of the petrosal and anterior process is convex and rugose.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis petrosal is identified as a balaenopterid because of the relatively wide and triangular anterior process and the medially elongated pars cochlearis. It differs from “ Balaenoptera ” cortesi “var.” portisi (including UCMP 219135, described above) and Megaptera novaeangliae in lacking extreme medial elongation of the pars cochlearis, and in having a transversely thick anterior process. Ŋe cranial nerve canals of UCMP 219136 are located on the posterodorsal portion of the pars cochlearis, like extant Balaenoptera spp. and M. novaeangliae (Ekdale et al. 2011); this differs from many extinct balaenopterids including “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, Diunatans luctoretmurgo, and Plesiobalaenoptera quarantellii, in which the cranial nerve canals are centrally positioned on the dorsal face of the pars cochlearis (Bosselaers &amp; Post 2010; Bisconti 2010a). Ŋis specimen is tentatively referred to Balaenoptera owing to several features. Ŋe pars cochlearis of UCMP 219136 is more similar to extant Balaenoptera than to Megaptera or any described extinct balaenopterids; however, the anterior process differs from every modern species within Balaenoptera in being dorsally rather than anteriorly directed. Among extant Balaenoptera, the morphology of the pars cochlearis is closest to Balaenoptera acutorostrata; although the anterior process is of similarly short length between B. acutorostrata and UCMP 219136, it is anteriorly directed in extant B. acutorostrata and anterodorsally deflected in UCMP219136. UCMP 219136 also differs from all extant species of Balaenoptera in this feature. Ŋis indicates that at least two balaenopterids are represented in the San Gregorio assemblage based on petrosal morphology. UCMP 219136 is nearly identical in morphology to a fossil balaenopterid (SDNHM 80102) formerly identified as Balaenoptera davidsonii (Deméré et al. 2005), which now appears to represent a separate balaenopterid taxon (T. A. Deméré pers. comm. 2011). Ŋe skull of SDNHM 80102 lacks squamosal creases and has elongate zygomatic processes, unlike Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., and it is thus unlikely that UCMP 219136 is a petrosal of B. bertae n. sp.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFF78677241C786AFD8C3FF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFFA8670278F7968FC3C3D9B.text	03E7DD69FFFA8670278F7968FC3C3D9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balaenopteridae Gray 1864	<div><p>Balaenopteridae gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>aff. Plesiocetus – Boessenecker 2006: 43 A.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219137, a right posterior process of a petrotympanic UCMP 219098, 219097, 219107, 219478, one left and three right tympanic bullae, and UCMP 219141, a fragment of the posterior end of a left mandible, collected by R.W.Boessenecker from UCMP localities V99834, V99835, V99836, V99840, and V99851.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Lower and middle parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, latest Miocene to Early Pliocene (6.4-3.35 Ma; Messinian-Piacenzian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Two balaenopterid morphotypes are represented by fossil tympanic bullae (Table 5). Morphotype 1 includes UCMP 219097 and 219478; except where noted, the description of this morphotype is based primarily on UCMP 219478 (Morphotype 2 described below). In medial and lateral aspect, the tympanic bulla is roughly oval (Fig. 21A), with subequally sized anterior and posterior lobes. A vertical shelf or flange along the anteromedial margin is absent. Ŋe involucrum is smooth, gently convex, and tapers anteriorly. Ŋe involucrum bears some faint transverse striations (Fig. 21A, D) and a well-developed dorsal posterior prominence (sensu Oishi &amp; Hasegawa 1995b; Fig. 21C, F). In medial view, the tympanic cavity is anteriorly oval -shaped, and narrows posteriorly where it is pinched between the involucrum and sigmoid process. Ŋe conical process is blunt, low, and ventrally concave. Ŋe lateral furrow is broad and situated at the midpoint of the bulla. Ŋe sigmoid fissure (= posterior border of sigmoid process) is transversely oriented, deep, and ventrally shallows (Fig. 21B). Ŋe involucral and main ridges are posteriorly divergent and faintly developed. Ŋe involucral ridge is separated from the main ridge along the ventral margin (Fig. 21A, D).</p> <p>The tympanic bullae (UCMP 219098 and 219107) of Morphotype 2 are generally similar to those of Morphotype 1, but differ in a few characteristics, including their smaller size (Fig. 22; Table 5). No dorsal posterior prominence is developed. Slight transverse striations occur on the involucrum of UCMP 219098 (Fig. 22A), while more deeply incised transverse creases occur in UCMP 219107 (Fig. 22B). Ŋe involucral ridge is straight and retracted from the ventral margin (in dorsal aspect), and is roughly parallel with the main ridge. A vertical shelf or flange along the anteromedial margin is absent. Ŋe lateral surface of the outer lip is greatly inflated (Fig. 22C), and tympanic bullae of Morphotype 2 are relatively transversely wider than in Morphotype 1. Ŋe conical process is acutely triangular in medial aspect (Fig. 22A).</p> <p>Ŋe isolated posterior process of the petrotympanic (UCMP 219137) is large (Table 9), anteroposteriorly flattened, and slightly curved posterolaterally (Fig.23). It tapers laterally to be- come bladelike, and exhibits a sharp ventral crest. Along the anterior side of this crest, a shallow facial sulcus is present. Medially, the posterior process turns anteromedially toward the neck.</p> <p>Ŋe mandible fragment (UCMP 219141) preserves part of the condyle, the angular process, and the ventral margin of the mandibular foramen, but lacks everything anterior to the mandibular foramen (Fig. 24). Ŋe mandibular condyle is large, hemispherical, and prominent laterally. Ŋe angular process is much smaller, and in medial and lateral views is shaped as a tabular process running ventral to the condyle along the ventral margin of the mandible. A transversely oriented groove separates the mandibular condyle from the angular process; the angular process is broadly visible in lateral view (Fig. 24B). Ŋe mandibular foramen is posterodorsally oriented, large, and transversely broad. Ŋe posteriormost section of the mandible is straight and parasagittally oriented, while anteriorly, the mandible bends strongly laterally, indicating a large degree of bowing of the horizontal ramus (Fig. 24A) as in Balaenoptera spp. and Megaptera novaeangliae. REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋese tympanic bullae (morphotypes 1 and 2) are referred to the Balaenopteridae based on their oval outline in medial aspect, simple sub-cylindrical involucra, lack of a dorsoventrally expanded and medially flattened involucrum as in Balaenidae, and being dorsoventrally shallower and transversely wider than extant Eschrichtius robustus; furthermore, their much larger size and lack of a median furrow precludes their assignment to Cetotheriidae (Oishi &amp; Hasegawa 1995b; Ekdale et al. 2011). Morphotype 1 tympanic bullae share in common with extant Megaptera a large and robust dorsal posterior prominence, a feature which is lacking in most extant species of Balaenoptera as well as Plesiobalaenoptera, although some species of Balaenoptera exhibit a weakly developed dorsal posterior prominence. A slight dorsal posterior prominence occurs in Diunatans luctoretmurgo, although its bulla is substantially larger than UCMP 219478 and 219097 and differs in having a much more robust involucrum than the Purisima Formation specimens. Ŋese specimens differ in several regards from most extant Balaenoptera spp., including their smaller size (except Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis, which have smaller tympanic bullae). Most extant species of Balaenoptera exhibit an involucral ridge that is separated from the posterior margin (except Balaenoptera musculus), similar to Megaptera novaeangliae and these Purisima specimens. In dorsal view, the anterior portion of the involucra of these specimens and M. novaeangliae are much more constricted and have a large rounded eustachian opening; the latter feature is relatively smaller in Balaenoptera. Ŋese specimens are somewhat smaller than tympanic bullae of extant M. novaeangliae, and are transversely narrower with a less convex lateral surface. Due to the variability of bullar morphology in fossil and modern balaenopterids, Morphotype 1 bullae are only identified to the family level, despite similarities with Megaptera. It is unclear whether these specimens are referable to Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.</p> <p>Morphotype 2 tympanic bullae differ from those of Morphotype 1 (see above) and extant Megaptera in lacking a robust dorsal posterior prominence (Fig.24). Ŋe present specimens differ from Balaenoptera, Diunatans, and Plesiobalaenoptera in lacking a transversely flattened anteromedial shelf, in having a substantially more inflated lateral surface of the outer lip, a sigmoid process that is positioned further posteriorly, and their much smaller size. UCMP 219098 further differs from Plesiobalaenoptera in lacking a distinctly convex anterior lobe in dorsal view and having a relatively larger eustachian opening; it further differs from Balaenoptera and Plesiobalaenoptera in having a smooth main ridge not developed into a slight ventral keel (Bisconti 2010a). Ŋese specimens lack the derived features of most previously described balaenopterids, and are relatively archaic in comparison to these taxa. However, they differ from all known balaenopterid and stem-balaenopteroid (= cetotheres sensu lato) taxa in exhibiting an extremely inflated lateral surface and a posteriorly positioned sigmoid process. Additional tympanic bullae from California similar to Morphotype 2 bullae include UCMP uncataloged (Field number FP 302, UCMP locality V90042) from an Upper Miocene (c. 5.33 Ma) locality in the Purisima Formation near Santa Cruz, and UCMP 88665 from the Upper Miocene San Luis Rey River Local Fauna of the San Mateo Formation (6-8 Ma) near Oceanside, California.Tympanic bullae agreeing in morphology to Morphotype 2 have occasionally been identified as “ Plesiocetus ” Van Beneden, 1859 (Barnes 1977; Oishi &amp; Hasegawa 1995a). However, as detailed by Deméré et al. (2005), the generic taxon “ Plesiocetus ” has been applied incorrectly to a large number of different taxa, to the point where the application of this taxon has been inconsistent and confusing. Because of confusion surrounding the taxon “ Plesiocetus ” (Deméré et al. 2005; Bosselaers &amp; Post 2010), future identifications should be avoided and Morphotype 2 bullae are only identified to the family level herein.It is unclear whether these specimens are referable to B. bertae n. sp.</p> <p>Ŋe posterior process of a petrotympanic (UCMP 219137) shares with Balaenopteridae an elongate and strap-like posterior process with parallel dorsal and ventral margins (Fig. 23). It differs from herpetocetine mysticetes in being more elongate and larger in size and lacking a plug-like morphology with a flattened distal apex (Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008). It differs from Eschrichtius in being longer and lacking a ventrally expanded crest, and is precluded from assignment to the Balaenidae in being anteroposteriorly flattened, distally tapering in ventral view, and lacking a broad and well defined sulcus for the facial nerve. UCMP 219137 differs from B. bertae n. sp. its much larger size, and in lacking a slightly inflated distal apex that is not tapered and bladelike.</p> <p>Ŋe mandible fragment (UCMP 219141) is also not identifiable beyond the family level because of its incompleteness. It exhibits two balaenopterid features. Ŋe first feature, a concave lateral margin of the posterior part of the mandible, results from the sigmoid curvature of the mandible; and the posterior ⅓ of the mandible in balaenopterids is medially bowed (while the anterior ½ is laterally bowed). Ŋe second feature is a robust angular process that is visible laterally, but does not extend posteriorly to the mandibular condyle; the angular process is not developed in balaenids, and in Eschrichtius, it is indistinct and not separated from the condyle by a crease as in UCMP 219141 and all balaenopterids. Based on its size, it can be eliminated from B. bertae n. sp., which is perhaps one-half the size of UCMP 219141. It is possible that it may belong to cf. Balaenoptera, “ B. ” cortesi “var.” portisi, but is too incomplete to be identified beyond the family level.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFFA8670278F7968FC3C3D9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFE18665241C7835FCDA38B3.text	03E7DD69FFE18665241C7835FCDA38B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herpetocetus (Boessenecker 2011)	<div><p>Herpetocetus sp.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219479, a partial juvenile right squamosal, UCMP 219114, a right petrosal with attached compound posterior process, UCMP 219115, a left petrosal lacking posterior process, UCMP 219116, isolated posterior process of a left petrotympanic, UCMP 219117, a partial right tympanic bulla, and UCMP 219077, a partial right mandible, collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP localities V99836, V99840, and V99859.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle and upper parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (c. 5-2.5 Ma; Zanclean-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe squamosal (UCMP 219479) represents a juvenile or neonate based on its small size and lack of fused sutures with adjoining bones (e.g., alisphenoid, parietal, exoccipital). Dorsally, the squamosal is broadly convex where it forms the dorsolateral roof of the braincase and exhibits a longitudinal and elongate fossa along the lateral margin (Fig. 27). Lateral to the fossa, the supramastoid crest is elongate, sharp, linear, and anteriorly oriented.Two ascending plates of the squamosal extend medial to the supramastoid crest; the squamosal plate extends dorsomedially from the posterior portion of the squamosal, while the falciform process runs anteromedially to form the anterior margin of the braincase (Fig. 27B). Ŋere is a large division between the squamosal plate and falciform process; in more complete crania of Herpetocetus, this wedge-shaped division accommodates the postparietal foramen (Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008), the parietal (dorsally) and hypertrophied alisphenoid (anterodorsally). Ŋe zygomatic and postglenoid processes of UCMP 219479 are lost. Only a fragment of the medial edge of the zygomatic is present, but it shows that the process was anteriorly oriented. A knob-like process occurs along the supramastoid crest above the external acoustic meatus. Ŋe sternomastoid fossa is small, concave, triangular, and positioned posterior to the external acoustic meatus and immediately below the supramastoid crest (Fig. 27D). Ŋe lateral surface of the squamosal is otherwise flat. Ventrally, the external acoustic meatus is formed as a transversely oriented concavity posterior to the postglenoid process. Posteriorly, another semi-cylindrical concave fossa is present, oriented posterolaterally, and would have received the posterior process of the petrotympanic. Ŋe medial margin of the squamosal is concave where it forms the lateral wall of the petrosal fossa (Fig. 27A). A corrugated articular surface for the alisphenoid is present dorsomedially.</p> <p>Ŋe isolated petrosals (UCMP 219114, 219115) are small (pars cochlearis length 29-33 mm; Table 7) and roughly lenticular in ventral view (Fig. 28). Ŋe pars cochlearis is small and medially elevated (Fig. 28A, E); the tensor tympani muscle origin is marked by deep groove on the medial surface of the anterior process (Fig. 28C, F). Ŋe anterior process is transversely compressed and bladelike, and appears rectangular in medial aspect.Dorsally adjacent to the groove for the tensor tympani muscle, a longitudinal ridge is present on the medial surface of the anterior process (Fig. 28C, G). Ŋe posterior cochlear crest has a strongly convex posterior margin in medial aspect; in ventral aspect it is well developed, and strongly overhangs both the stapedial muscle fossa and the stylomastoid fossa (Fig. 28C, G, H). Ŋe dorsal side of UCMP 219115 is convex and lacks a suprameatal fossa, while in UCMP 219114, it is nearly planar with a shallow suprameatal fossa. Ŋe canal for the vestibulocochlear nerve is large and circular, and is separated from the facial canal by a thick crista transversa (Fig. 28B, F). In dorsal aspect, the slit-like hiatus fallopii is confluent with the anterior margin of the facial canal, giving the facial canal a teardrop shape. Relative to the endolymphatic foramen, the perilymphatic foramen is much smaller (Fig. 28B); both are oriented slightly anterodorsally. At the position of the anterior part of the pars cochlearis, the lateral tuberosity is present along the ventral margin of the anterior process; it is ventrolaterally projecting as a flattened triangular flange in UCMP 219114 (Fig. 28A) and a large knob in UCMP 219115 (Fig. 28E). In UCMP 219115, a short groove (that widens and deepens anteriorly) is present along the anterior half of the lateral tuberosity, separating the lateral tuberosity and anterior process. Medial to the lateral tuberosity the broken anterior pedicle occurs as a small, anteroposteriorly short and bladelike crest. Between the anterior pedicle and the pars cochlearis is a relatively large, shallow mallear fossa. Ŋe fenestra vestibuli is oval and positioned posteromedial to the mallear fossa; the facial canal opens lateral to the fenestra vestibuli, and opens into the facial sulcus. Ŋe facial sulcus and fenestra vestibuli are separated by a thin crest (Fig. 28A). Posterior to the lateral tuberosity, a small convex ridge-like squamosal flange (sensu Geisler &amp; Luo 1996) is ventrally prominent. Ŋe lateral surface of the petrosal is broadly convex in both specimens (Fig. 28A, B, E, F). Medially adjacent to the squamosal flange, the posterior pedicle is preserved in both specimens as a transversely thin crest.</p> <p>Ŋe posterior process (UCMP 219115, 219116) is short (Table 8) and plug-shaped (Figs 28 A-D; 29D- F); in UCMP 219115, there is a thin, constricted neck. Ŋe lateral surface of the posterior process is flat, triangular, and slightly rugose. Ŋe dorsolateral apex is anteroposteriorly tapered (Figs 28D; 29F). Ŋe short, deep facial sulcus occurs on the ventral side, and is bounded anterolaterally by a large, high, bladelike ridge (Figs 28D; 29F). Posteromedial to the facial sulcus is an anteroposteriorly thick, transversely oriented ridge, which is anteromedially convex and spherical. Medially adjacent to the neck of the posterior process is a small but well defined circular pit.</p> <p>The partial right tympanic bulla (UCMP 219117) is abraded and missing most of the outer lip (Fig. 29 A-C; Table 5). Ŋe involucrum is relatively thick with a well developed dorsal posterior prominence (Fig. 29B, C). In ventral aspect, the bulla is posteriorly bilobate: a fossa-like median furrow separates the medial and lateral lobes. Ŋe involucral and main ridges are posteriorly divergent and widely separated (Fig. 29C). In medial aspect, the anterior portion of the involucrum is constricted, and the medial surface of the involucrum bears fine transverse striations.</p> <p>Ŋe anterior half of the mandible (UCMP 219077) is missing, but the posterior portion is well-preserved (Fig. 30; Table 6) and similar to UCMP 219079 with a few exceptions (Table 6). Laterally adjacent to the dorsal crest, three mental foramina are preserved and open into anteriorly extending sulci (Fig. 30A). Two small gingival foramina occur on the medial surface, medially adjacent to the dorsal crest anterior to the coronoid process, also anteriorly opening but with shorter sulci than the gingival foramina. A large, deep, and anteroposteriorly elongate fossa on the lateral surface of the coronoid process extends anteriorly as a narrow concavity for the temporalis insertion below the anterior crest of the coronoid process. Ŋe mandibular condyle is laterally bilobate, with a slight fossa occurring on the lateral side dividing the condyle into dorsal and ventral lobes. A deep fossa occurs on the ventral</p> <p>A coronoid process elevation inward mandibular condyle</p> <p>side of the condyle, forming a sharp ventromedially curving crest (Fig. 30D). Ŋe angular process extends far posterior to the condyle and dorsally exhibits a longitudinal groove.</p> <p>COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋese specimens can be referred to Herpetocetus owing to several characteristics.Ŋe squamosal (UCMP 219479) matches those of Herpetocetus as described by Whitmore &amp; Barnes (2008) in possessing a large fossa for the posterior process of the petrotympanic, an elongate anteroposteriorly oriented trough-like fossa on the squamosal medial to the supramastoid crest, and a large wedge-shaped dorsomedial margin to accommodate the alisphenoid and postparietal foramen. Ŋe squamosal differs from Herpetocetus bramblei in exhibiting a small sternomastoid fossa that does not extend anterior to the level of the external acoustic meatus. Ŋe petrosals bear a laterally compressed, bladelike anterior process (which characterizes Herpetocetus and Nannocetus Kellogg, 1929; Geisler &amp; Luo 1996; Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008), a large lateral projection (sensu Geisler&amp; Luo 1996; = lateral tuberosity, Mead &amp; Fordyce 2009) of the anterior process (unique to Herpetocetus; Geisler &amp; Luo 1996; Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008), and a short plug-shaped posterior process (a potential synapomorphy of herpetocetines; Bouetel &amp; Muizon 2006; Steeman 2007; Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008). Ŋe squamosal (UCMP 219479) was placed in articulation with UCMP 219114 (Fig. 27C), a petrosal with attached posterior process from a separate individual (see description above); the tight articulation of these two elements strongly supports the identification of these as the same taxon.</p> <p>Ŋe tympanic bulla (UCMP 219117) is referred to Herpetocetus sp. because of its small size, distinct dorsal posterior prominence, median groove, distinct transverse creases on the involucrum, and close phenetic similarity to previously published tympanic bullae of Herpetocetus (Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008). A newly referred (and nearly complete) skull of H. bramblei (UCMP 219111) introduced by Boessenecker &amp; Geisler (2008) includes both petrosals and a tympanic bulla, the latter of which is not preserved in the holotype. Ŋe isolated tympanic bulla (UCMP 219117) differs from the well-preserved tympanic bulla of UCMP 219111 in its smaller size, less distinct transverse creases, much lower dorsal posterior prominence, a shallower furrow on the medial surface between the dorsal prominence and the posterior lobe, and lacking a sharp spur on the ventral tip of the dorsal posterior prominence. UCMP 219117 differs from Herpetocetus transatlanticus Whitmore &amp; Barnes, 2008, the referred specimen of H. “ sendaicus ”, and the holotype bulla of H. sendaicus, in having a transversely narrower involucrum with a smaller and more defined dorsal posterior prominence. It also differs from Piscobalaena and Nannocetus in exhibiting a more strongly developed dorsal posterior prominence and having a more constricted anterior portion of the involucrum.</p> <p>Ŋe mandible (UCMP 219077) exhibits characteristic features of Herpetocetus, including an elongate and laterally hooked coronoid process, a posteromedial sloping mandibular condyle, and a posteriorly projecting and shelf-like angular process (see above remarks under H. bramblei; Boessenecker 2011b; Whitmore &amp; Barnes 2008). Ŋis specimen is unique among herpetocetines (and possibly among mysticetes) in having a fossa on the lateral surface of the condyle, giving it a bilobate morphology. It is further distinct from Piscobalaena, H. “ sendaicus ”, H. bramblei, and indeterminate herpetocetine mandibles (Boessenecker 2011b) in having a fossa for the temporalis insertion that extends anteriorly beyond the coronoid process; this feature is slightly developed in H. scaldiensis. UCMP 219117 is roughly the same size as the mandible of H. “ sendaicus ”, and is much smaller than UCMP 219076 described above. As mentioned above, the mandibular morphology of herpetocetines may not be diagnostic at the genus level (Boessenecker 2011b), but some subtle mandibular features may be taxonomically useful among species of Herpetocetus.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Ŋese specimens appear to represent an undescribed species of Herpetocetus morphologically distinct from and geochronologically younger than H. bramblei; additional material of this taxon is recorded from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation (see below). Ŋe squamosal, petrosals, and mandible exhibit several differences with H. bramblei (see above). Ŋese specimens are from higher up in the San Gregorio section than the mandible of H. bramblei (UCMP 219079), and occur in younger strata with occasional Patinopecten healelyi shells, the latter indicating a Pliocene age (Powell et al. 2007). Ŋe mandible (UCMP 219077) was collected from between two tephra layers dated at 2.5 and 3.35 Ma, indicating an Early to Late Pliocene age (Piacenzian- Gelasian equivalent) for this specimen. All other specimens were collected below the 3.35Ma tephra, and above the aforementioned 6.4-5.6 Ma (Late Miocene) diatom flora; they are likely Early-Late Pliocene (Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent) in age due to their association with Pliocene mollusks and Carcharodon carcharias teeth (Boessenecker 2011a). Ŋese specimens are all younger than the 6.79- 5.33 Ma age for the type locality of H. bramblei. Likewise, these specimens differ from H. bramblei. Ŋe squamosal (UCMP 219479) exhibits a small sternomastoid fossa that does not extend anteriorly past the external acoustic meatus (Fig. 27D); in H.bramblei, the sternomastoid fossa is much larger. A similarly small sternomastoid fossa occurs in a Herpetocetus sp. braincase (UCMP 219121) from the Lower Pliocene Purisima Formation near Santa Cruz (5.33-4.5 Ma; Zanclean equivalent). Ŋe petrosals (UCMP 219114 and 219115) are relatively similar to the holotype of H. bramblei, but both differ from it in having a posteriorly elongate and transversely thin posterior cochlear crest, and a thick crista transversa; the crista transversa in the H. bramblei holotype is thin, and the posterior cochlear crest is short. Ŋe H. bramblei holotype petrosal further differs in having elongate prongs of bone on the dorsal surface, and having a circular facial canal which lacks an anterior fissure (as opposed to the teardrop shaped facial canal described above in UCMP 219114 and 219115). UCMP 219115 also differs from H.bramblei (and all other herpetocetines) in exhibiting a bulbous lateral projection of the anterior process (Fig. 28E).</p> <p>Ŋese specimens are distinct from H. bramblei, and indicate the presence of a second, younger undescribed species within the Purisima Formation. Additional material from the lower Pliocene section of the Purisima Formation (Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent) near Santa Cruz includes a skull with earbones (UCMP 219121) and several isolated petrosals (UCMP 219118, 219119) that share this same morphology. As this more diagnostic material is from a locality separate from material described herein, it is beyond the scope of this study to describe this new taxon, and will be considered in a separate study.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFE18665241C7835FCDA38B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FFE886642454786AFE7A3F71.text	03E7DD69FFE886642454786AFE7A3F71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontoceti Flower 1867	<div><p>Odontoceti gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219175, one partial left humerus collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99854.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Lowermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, latest Miocene (6.4-5.6 Ma; Messinian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe partial humerus (UCMP 219175) is missing the distal end, and is slightly transversely crushed (Fig.31). UCMP 219175 is tentatively identified as a left humerus, and is relatively large for an odontocete.Ŋe humeral head is large and oval in articular aspect, and was possibly circular prior to diagenetic compaction. Ŋe lesser tubercle is anteroposteriorly broad and oval-shaped in proximal aspect.An anteromedially oriented crest occurs on the proximal end, connecting the humeral head and the lesser tubercle. Ŋe humeral head is narrower than the lesser tuber- cle, and is oriented dorsomedially (Fig. 31). UCMP 219175 appears to lack a greater tubercle.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis specimen (UCMP 219175) differs from all fossil and modern phocoenids and many non-globicephaline delphinids(except Tursiops Gervais, 1855) in its larger size;although a humerus is not yet known for Parapontoporia Barnes,1984, this specimen is almost certainly too large to belong to it. UCMP 219175 is similar in size and morphology to Albireo whistleri Barnes, 1984. Ŋis specimen differs from kogiid humeri in lacking a prominent deltopectoral crest, and by having a lesser tubercle that is wider than the humeral head (Kazár &amp;Bohaska 2008).UCMP 219175differs from pontoporiids in its much larger size and exhibiting a transversely wider lesser tubercle (Kazár &amp; Bohaska 2008).Ŋis specimen differs from larger physeteroids in lacking a proximally small lesser tubercle and having a relatively thinner shaft (Kazár &amp; Bohaska 2008); it is not a ziphiid because of its possession of a larger and more prominent lesser tubercle. Ŋis specimen further differs from non-globicephaline delphinids in having a more elongate shaft (Kazár &amp; Bohaska 2008). Because this specimen is similar to both the monodontid Delphinapterus Lacépède, 1804, Albireo Barnes, 1984, and globicephaline delphinids, it is not identified to a more exclusive clade.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFE886642454786AFE7A3F71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF97861A279B7D72FDA23E5E.text	03E7DD69FF97861A279B7D72FDA23E5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delphinidae Gray 1821	<div><p>Delphinidae gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219174, an isolated tympanic bulla collected by R. W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99853.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (c. 5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋis specimen is small (Table 12) and rectangular in dorsal aspect (Fig. 39B, E, I). Ŋe posterior process is small, dorsoventrally shallow, and bears several longitudinal striations on the posterior bullar facet.Ŋe inner and outer posterior prominences are similar in transverse width, but the outer posterior prominence is positioned slightly further posterior to the inner posterior prominence (Fig. 39I). Ŋe involucrum of UCMP 219174 is anteriorly inflated (Fig. 39E). In medial aspect, the inner posterior prominence of UCMP 219174 forms an acute angle at its apex.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis specimen exhibits one synapomorphy of the Delphinida, an anteriorly inflated involucrum (Muizon 1988a). It also exhibits one delphinid synapomorphy, a ventral crest on the medial lobe that terminates posterior to the midpoint of the bulla (Geisler &amp; Sanders 2003). It is similar in morphology to UCMP 219034 (tentatively referred to a globicephaline below), except for its much smaller size. Ŋis specimen is generally similar to tympanic bullae of extant delphinine delphinids, and represents a single occurrence of a small-bodied delphinid in the San Gregorio assemblage.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF97861A279B7D72FDA23E5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF97861427F1798EFB223F71.text	03E7DD69FF97861427F1798EFB223F71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Globicephalinae Gray 1866	<div><p>cf. Globicephalinae gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219034, a partial right tympanic bulla, collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99842; UCMP 219162, a partial tooth collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99833.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (c. 5.6-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe isolated tooth (UCMP 219162) is missing part of the root, and the tip of the crown was abraded away during life (Fig. 40). While the lingual and labial directions are obvious on this specimen, anterior and posterior are not, and thus it is unclear if it is an upper or a lower tooth. Ŋe conical root is elongate, straight, oval in cross section, and basally tapering (Fig. 40C). Ŋe crown is conical, with smooth enamel, a lingually curved tip, and oval in cross section (Fig. 40A, B). Ŋe crown and root are anteroposteriorly compressed.</p> <p>Ŋe tympanic bulla (UCMP 219034) is missing most of the outer lip as well as the posterior process; it is large for an odontocete (41 mm in length; Table 12). Ŋe involucrum is robust and sinuous in medial view, and anteriorly, the involucrum is inflated in medial aspect (Fig. 39C, F, J). A ventromedial keel is present on the medial lobe, but terminates at about the midpoint of the bulla. Ŋe dorsal crest of the involucrum is anteriorly high and sharp, and in dorsal aspect, it has a sinuous outline (Fig. 39C). Faint transverse creases occur on the medial and dorsal surfaces of the involucrum. Ŋe inner posterior prominence is dorsoventrally narrow and does not extend as far posteriorly as the outer posterior prominence; the outer posterior prominence is large and hemispherical (Fig. 39J).</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋe tooth (UCMP 219162) is larger than all nonglobicephaline delphinids (including Orcinus Fitzinger, 1860 and Hemisyntrachelus Brandt, 1873 for the purposes of this study), including Tursiops; it is also larger than the teeth of some globicephalines (Feresa Gray, 1870, Grampus Gray, 1828, Orcaella Gray, 1866, Peponocephala Nishiwaki and Norris, 1966). In terms of size and morphology, UCMP 219162 compares best with teeth of the fossil globicephalines Hemisyntrachelus (Bianucci 1996) and Protoglobicephala mexicana Aguirre-Fernández, Barnes, Aranda-Manteca &amp;Fernández-Rivera, 2009. UCMP 219162 further differs from Grampus in having an elongate root with a closed pulp cavity; the roots of the few mandibular teeth of Grampus remain open during ontogeny (Boessenecker, pers. obs.). UCMP 219162 differs from Delphinapterus in lacking a curved root. Although teeth of the eastern North Pacific monodontid Denebola brachycephala Barnes, 1984 were not described or figured by Barnes (1984), the morphology of UCMP 219162 suggests that it does not belong to a monodontid. UCMP 219162 is similar in size and morphology to Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846, and Globicephala melas Traill, 1809, and substantially smaller than teeth of Pseudorca Reinhardt, 1862 and Orcinus. Although it lacks the more extremely developed anteroposterior root compression of Pseudorca and Orcinus, UCMP 219162 is similar in tooth morphology to Globicephala Lesson, 1828 and Protoglobicephala Aguirre-Fernandez, Barnes, Aranda-Manteca &amp; Fernandez-Rivera, 2009, and is tentatively identified as an indeterminate globicephaline.</p> <p>Because of the large size of the tympanic bulla, UCMP 219034 cannot be identified as a small odontocete like Parapontoporia (see below), any fossil or extant phocoenid, or any small-bodied delphinid (e.g., Tursiops and all other non-globicephaline delphinids), although it is within the size range of globicephaline delphinids (e.g., pilot whales) as well as the beluga, Delphinapterus. Ŋis specimen differs from the enigmatic delphinoid Albireo whistleri in being transversely narrower with a transversely narrower involucrum with a sinuous (rather than straight) lateral margin; furthermore, Albireo whistleri exhibits a convex medial margin of the involucrum (straight in UCMP 219034), and an inner posterior prominence that extends as far posterior as the lateral posterior prominence. UCMP 219034 differs from Denebola brachycephala, Delphinapterus, and Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 in lacking a ventral surface of the bulla that is dorsally arched in medial and lateral view. UCMP 219034 further differs from Denebola Barnes, 1984 in being transversely narrower in ventral view, and possessing an inner posterior prominence that is transversely narrower and does not extend as far posteriorly as the outer posterior prominence. UCMP 219034 further differs from Delphinapterus in having a larger and more spherical outer posterior prominence, and in lacking an elongate ridge confluent with the inner posterior prominence on the medial surface. Because of these differences, UCMP 219034 is not identifiable as a monodontid.</p> <p>UCMP 219034 exhibits one delphinid synapomorphy, a ventromedial keel of the tympanic bulla that terminates near the midpoint of the bulla (Geisler &amp; Sanders 2003). UCMP 219034 differs from Orcinus, Globicephala, and Pseudorca in its smaller size, but is larger than Grampus and Orcaella (Fig. 39). Ŋe anterior inflation of the involucrum appears to characterize monodontids and most delphinids, except Orcinus and Orcaella. UCMP 219034 lacks the prominent anterior spine which characterizes Globicephala and Grampus. Although similar in involucral morphology, this specimen differs from the extinct delphinids Arimidelphis sorbinii Bianucci, 2005, P. mexicana, Hemisyntrachelus oligodon Pilleri &amp; Siber, 1989, and Hemisyntrachelus cortesii Fischer, 1829 in having a more posteriorly projecting outer posterior prominence (Pilleri &amp; Siber 1989a; Bianucci 1996; Bianucci 2005; Aguirre-Fernández et al. 2009).</p> <p>UCMP 219034 shares a large and spherical outer posterior prominence with Pseudorca and Globicephala, which is lacking in Delphinapterus, Grampus, Orcinus, and non-globicephaline delphinids. Although being slightly smaller in absolute size, this specimen shares the most similarities among all globicephalines with Pseudorca; however, given the uncertain diagnostic utility of isolated odontocete bullae, UCMP 219034 is only tentatively identified to the subfamily Globicephalinae. UCMP 219034 and 219162 appear to represent additional (albeit fragmentary) records of globicephalines from the Pliocene of the eastern North Pacific along with Protoglobicephala from Baja California (Aguirre- Fernández et al. 2009). Additional globicephaline fossils from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation including a partial skull (UCMP 219233) and two petrosals (UCMP 219487 and 219488) were reported by Boessenecker et al. (2013). Nevertheless, globicephalines appear to be relatively rare in Late Neogene strata of the eastern North Pacific.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF97861427F1798EFB223F71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF998617244A78A8FDCD3E5E.text	03E7DD69FF998617244A78A8FDCD3E5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phocoenidae Gray 1825	<div><p>Phocoenidae gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219176, an isolated left tympanic bulla collected by R. W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99847.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early-Late Pliocene (3.35-2.5 Ma; Piacenzian-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋe tympanic bulla is small (Table 12), and rectangular in dorsal aspect (Fig. 39A, D, H). UCMP 219176 has a small, equidimensional and pachyostotic posterior processes, with slightly convex and nearly smooth posterior bullar facet with faint lon- gitudinal striations. Ŋe inner and outer posterior prominences are similar in transverse width, but the outer posterior prominence is positioned slightly further posterior to the inner posterior prominence (Fig. 39H). Ŋe involucrum of UCMP 219176 is gracile and lacks a strongly inflated anterior portion. In dorsal aspect, the inner posterior prominence of UCMP 219174 forms a more acute angle at its apex than in 219176. Although the outer lip is damaged, a slight inflection at the margin of the broken portion suggests it had a lateral furrow.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>UCMP 219176 exhibits one synapomorphy of Delphinida, an anteriorly inflated involucrum (Muizon 1988a). Furthermore, this specimen exhibits two phocoenid synapomorphies: a short posterior process with a smooth articular surface (Muizon 1984), and a pachyostotic posterior process (Muizon 1988a). Ŋis specimen differs from Albireo whistleri in its smaller size, lacking a transversely massive involucrum with a convex medial margin in dorsal view, and exhibiting an outer posterior prominence that extends further posteriorly than the inner posterior prominence. UCMP 219176 differs from Delphinidae gen. et sp. indet. (UCMP 219174) described above in exhibiting a ventral crest on the medial lobe that extends further anteriorly, and in having a larger posterior process with a smooth posterior bullar facet; in UCMP 219174, the facet is more strongly striated. Ŋis specimen is identical to extant phocoenids and an undescribed fossil phocoenid (SDNHM 65276) from the San Diego Formation (Racicot et al. 2007; this taxon is equivalent to Phocoenidae unnamed genus 2 described below), and may be synonymous with any of the other phocoenids reported herein.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF998617244A78A8FDCD3E5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF9A8611279479AEFDF838F2.text	03E7DD69FF9A8611279479AEFDF838F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phocoenidae Gray 1825	<div><p>Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1</p> <p>Phocoenidae species C – Barnes 1977: 321-343.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — From the San Gregorio Section of the Purisima Formation: UCMP 219480, an isolated left petrosal collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99851.</p> <p>From the Santa Cruz Section of the Purisima Formation: UCMP 128285, partial skeleton including skull, UCMP 219504, nearly complete skull; UCMP 219486, petrosal; SCMNH 21221, petrosal; 21222, petrosal; 21224, petrosal.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Lowermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene (6.4 to c. 5 Ma; Messinian- Zanclean equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>UCMP 219480 is a medium-sized (28.5 mm in length; Table 11) odontocete petrosal from the base of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (Fig. 41). Ŋe specimen has a large, prominent, and anteroposteriorly broad pars cochlearis. Ŋe internal acoustic meatus is teardrop shaped, transversely narrow, and anterolaterally oriented (Fig. 41B). Ŋe facial canal appears to be coalesced with the internal acoustic meatus due to the deeply recessed crista transversa. No dorsal crest or tuberosity is present; the dorsal face is smooth, rectangular, and slightly convex. A low parabullary ridge runs along the lateral margin of the petrosal from the base of the anterior process to the epitympanic hiatus; there is no anterior bullar facet (Fig. 41A, B). Toward the extremities of the anterior and posterior processes, the dorsal surface slopes ventrally (in medial aspect). Ŋe anterior process is large, blunt, and swollen; in ventral aspect, it is kidney shaped and curves anteromedially. In medial aspect it is bilobate and appears to curve ventrally. Ŋe anterior incisure forms a well-defined crease between the pars cochlearis and the anterior process; ventrally there is a broad, smooth, and concave fovea epitubaria. Ŋe short posterior process is dorsoventrally thick and in medial aspect, its posterior margin is broadly curved and lacks a sharp posterior crest. Although the distal part of the posterior process is abraded, the proximal part of the posterior bullar facet is ventrally deflected. In ventral aspect, the long axis of the pars cochlearis forms an angle of approximately 130° with the long axis of the pars cochlearis.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis petrosal (UCMP 219480) exhibits one delphinoid feature (lateral side of petrosal smooth; Geisler &amp; Sanders 2003), and two phocoenid synapomorphies: a posterior process that is ventrally deflected, and an angle between the posterior process and long axis of the pars cochlearis less than 135° (Murakami et al. 2012a, b). Ŋis specimen differs from petrosals of Phocoenidae unnamed genus 2 (see below) in its larger size, larger, bilobate anterior process (rather than small and conical), and proportionately smaller posterior process. It further differs from another undescribed broadheaded phocoenid from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 38340) in lacking a medially directed anterior process and circular internal acoustic meatus. UCMP 219480 appears to represent a taxon distinct from cf. Phocoena (based on petrosals of modern Phocoena spp.) and Phocoenidae unnamed genus 2 (= “ Phocoenidae new genus ” of Racicot et al. 2007), based on referred petrosals from the San Diego Formation (Barnes 1973: fig 2g-j). Isolated petrosals from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation (UCMP 95963, 219486, UCMP uncatalogued, field no. FP-177, SCMNH 21221, 21222, 21224) share with this specimen a large, anteroposteriorly broad pars cochlearis with a small teardrop-shaped internal acoustic meatus, a small and ventromedially deflected posterior process, and an inflated anterior process that is bilobate at its apex. Other petrosals matching this morphology (listed above) consistently exhibit a sharp triangular projection at the posterolateral apex of the posterior process; this appears abraded in UCMP 219480. Ŋis feature is noteworthy as it is unique to petrosals of this morphotype within the available sample of odontocete petrosals from the Purisima Formation. Ŋese isolated petrosals (UCMP 95963, 219480, 219486, etc.) share these characteristics with a petrosal associated with a partial skeleton from the Purisima Formation near Santa Cruz (UCMP 128285) which was identified as “ Phocoenidae species C” by Barnes (1977). Ŋis specimen and another cranium (UCMP 219504) exhibit a combination of delphinid and phocoenid characteristics, including an asymmetrical skull with a right premaxilla extending further posteriorly than the left and contacting the nasal (a delphinid synapomorphy), as well as premaxillary eminences, a frontal knob, and spatulate teeth (phocoenid synapomorphies). In addition to this undescribed taxon and Haborophocoena toyoshimai Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2005, several additional delphinid-like phocoenids have been described recently from the Pliocene of Japan including Archaeophocaena teshioensis Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012, Haborophocoena minutis Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2009, and Miophocaena nishinoi Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012 (Ichishima &amp; Kimura 2009; Murakami et al. 2012b). Given this mixture of characteristics, it is interesting to note that an isolated petrosal of Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1 (UCMP 95963) was identified by Barnes (1977) as aff. Tursiops. Although similar in some regards to delphinid petrosals (e.g., Tursiops), UCMP 219480 and other petrosals of this unnamed taxon (listed above) differ in having a much larger anterior process and smaller posterior bullar facet that lacks striations. Delphinoid features include relatively short anterior and posterior processes and the lack of an anterior bullar facet (Fordyce 1994; delphinidan features according to Muizon 1988a). Identification of UCMP 219480 is based on skull features of crania of this unnamed taxon (UCMP 128285, 219504).</p> <p>Petrosals of Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1 (including UCMP 219480) are most similar to the Early Pliocene H.toyoshimai and the Late Miocene M. nishinoi; UCMP 219480 shares two features in common with Haborophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2005 to the exclusion of other phocoenids, notably an unusually robust and swollen anterior process (also shared with Miophocaena Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012), and a posterolaterally directed posterior process with a spine (present in UCMP 219486, SCMNH 21221, 21222, and 21224; also shared with Pterophocaena nishinoi Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012). UCMP 219480 differs from Pterophocaena Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012 in having a more inflated and bilobate anterior process, and differs from Miophocaena in having a smaller internal acoustic meatus. Interestingly, crania of this undescribed taxon from the Purisima Formation (Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1) also share several features with Haborophocoena, including large size, an elongate rostrum, an asymmetrical facial region, a frontal knob, relatively flat facial plane and low premaxillary eminences. Consideration of the generic identity of this taxon and relationship with Haborophocoena awaits description of more complete cranial material from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation. Fossils of Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1 have thus far not been found outside the Purisima Formation in California.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF9A8611279479AEFDF838F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF9C860C2794786AFB003FB0.text	03E7DD69FF9C860C2794786AFB003FB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phocoenidae Boessenecker 2013	<div><p>Phocoenidae unnamed genus 2</p> <p>Odontoceti incertae sedis – Barnes 1973: 37-42.</p> <p>? Phocoenidae – Barnes 1977: 331, table 5.</p> <p>Phocoenidae new genus – Racicot et al. 2007: 132 A.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219503, nearly complete skull collected by R.W. Boessenecker and C. Argento from UCMP locality V99854; and UCMP 219076, a pair of fused mandibles from UCMP locality V99859.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle and upper parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (c. 5-2.5 Ma; Zanclean-Gelasian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>UCMP 219503 is a small (Table 10) partial skull missing part of the apex of the rostrum, most of the basicranium including both petrotympanics and the right squamosal, and the pterygoids (Fig. 42). Ŋe dorsal surface is damaged and the left supraorbital and ascending processes of the maxilla are broken away, and the left premaxillary eminence is damaged. Ŋe rostrum is relatively long, triangular, dorsoventrally compressed, and the dorsal surface is slightly transversely convex. Ŋe rostral portion of the premaxilla is long and dorsally flat with nearly parallel medial and lateral margins. Posteriorly, the premaxilla is wider than the exposed rostral portion of the maxilla (Fig. 42A). Ŋe anteromedial sulcus is elongate and extends anteriorly to the midpoint of the rostrum, defining the acute prenarial triangle. Both premaxillary foramina are obscured by matrix, but are positioned anterior to the premaxillary eminence.Ŋe premaxillary eminence is convex and dorsally elevated; in dorsal aspect, the lateral margins of the eminences are slightly convex (Fig. 42 A-C). Ŋe eminence is dorsally flat and overhangs laterally; the right eminence is transversely wider and slightly anteroposteriorly longer than the left. Ŋe ascending process of the premaxilla is reduced to a small conical process that slightly overlaps the maxilla posterior to the premaxillary eminence. Ŋe premaxilla-maxilla suture runs along the base of the eminences.</p> <p>Ŋe rostral portion of the maxilla has a narrow dorsal exposure, and it tapers anteriorly (Fig. 42A). Posteriorly, the rostral portion of the maxilla is raised and faces dorsomedially. A distinct anterolaterally oriented rostral crest (sensu Mead &amp; Fordyce 2009) is present medial to the antorbital notch on the dorsal surface of the maxilla, and anteriorly forms a small tubercle. Posteriorly adjacent to this crest is the anteriormost dorsal infraorbital foramen. Laterally adjacent to the rostral crest is a posteromedially oriented furrow that is confluent with the antorbital notch; medial to the rostral crest, an elongate shallow longitudinal trough is positioned along the medial margin of the maxilla. Ŋe antorbital process is large and knoblike, and composed of the maxilla, frontal, and the lacrimal (Fig. 42A, B). Posteromedially, the maxilla forms part of the margin of the bony naris; a slight sulcus runs parallel to this margin, which demarcates a narrow cylindrical ridge running posteriorly from the tip of the premaxilla and along the lateral side of the bony naris. Adjacent to the bony nares, the maxilla is dorsally concave where it forms a transversely narrow fossa for the inferior vestibule, whereas it is convex further posteriorly. Posteriorly, the dorsal surface of the maxilla is bordered by the frontal and posteromedially by the mesethmoid and nasals. Where the left ascending maxilla is broken away, a reniform, anterolaterally oriented matrix cast of the dorsal lobe of the pterygoid sinus occurs on the dorsal side of the frontal bone and lateral to the bony nares, and medial to the postorbital process of the frontal. In life, this sinus would have been situated between the frontal and ascending process of the maxilla. Ŋe palate is smooth and flat anteriorly, and transversely convex posteriorly (Fig. 42D). Adjacent to the palatine, the maxilla is transversely concave. Poorly preserved alveolar grooves are present; well-preserved alveoli are only present on the right maxilla, along the middle of the preserved portion of the rostrum.</p> <p>Ŋe right nasal is damaged, and the left nasal is large, inflated, and sub-spherical; both nasals are positioned on the anterior surface of the frontal knob (Fig. 42A, C). Much of the left frontal is visible where the left supraorbital and ascending processes of the maxilla have broken away. Ŋe lateral margin of the frontal (and facial region of the skull) forms a slight corner in dorsal view at the position of the postorbital process. Ŋe ventrally projecting postorbital process, better preserved on the left side, is narrow and triangular in lateral aspect. Posteriorly, the suture between the frontal and the supraoccipital along the nuchal crest is difficult to detect and appears fused. Ŋe left nuchal crest is eroded away; the right nuchal crest is tall, anteroposteriorly thin, highest adjacent to the frontal knob, and decreases in height laterally (Fig. 42A, B). Posterior to the vertex, the nuchal crest forms a posteriorly directed and sharp crest. Ŋere is a deep fossa in the right side of the frontal knob, where it meets the nuchal crest; this feature is damaged on the left side. Ŋe frontal knob is tall and dorsally prominent; the nasal-frontal sutures are clear, but it is unclear whether the interparietal is exposed or not. Ŋe frontoparietal suture in the region of the temporal fossa is indistinct. Ŋe parietal is gently convex and exposed within the temporal fossa. Ŋe temporal fossa is proportionally long but dorsoventrally low in height, triangular, and is delineated dorsally by the frontal, anteriorly by the postorbital process, ventrally by the zygomatic process, and posteriorly by the temporal crest.</p> <p>Ŋere are large (and presumably natural) fenestrae in the supraoccipital dorsolateral to the occipital condyles; these appear to have been enlarged due to breakage. A median furrow rises from the foramen magnum to the vertex. A small, posteriorly overhanging crest is present on the posterior side of the frontal knob. Ŋe occipital condyles are convex, D-shaped, and not defined by a prominent edge or neck. Ŋe foramen magnum is oval shaped, and narrower ventrally. Ŋe jugular notch is a slight incision between the paroccipital process of the exoccipital and the basioccipital crest. Only the posteriormost portion of the flat basioccipital and left basioccipital crest are preserved; the basisphenoid is lost.</p> <p>Ŋe zygomatic process of the squamosal is triangular in lateral view, anterodorsally directed, is dorsally flat, and bears a wide and shallow mandibular fossa ventrally; a shallow tympanosquamosal recess is present medially. Ŋe postglenoid process forms a distinct posterior margin of the fossa, and the postglenoid notch extends dorsal to the postglenoid process, distinguishing it from the rest of the squamosal. Ŋe postglenoid process is knob-like. Ŋe supramastoid crest is dorsally concave and sharp.</p> <p>Part of the vomerine crest is exposed in ventral view (Fig. 42D); it merges dorsally with the trans-</p> <p>versely thin nasal septum; anteriorly, the nasal septum converges with the well-developed, conical, and ventrally-directed ventral tubercle. Dorsally, there is a well-developed median ridge along the mesethmoid in the region of the bony nares. Both palatines are poorly preserved, but the lateral laminae are transversely thin and nearly parallel, and delineate transversely narrow fossae for the hamular lobes of the pterygoid sinus anterior to the choanae. Ŋe maxillo-palatine suture is anterolaterally convex.</p> <p>Ŋe mandibles (UCMP 219076) are fused at the symphysis (Figs43-45; Table 13). Ŋe anterior extremity of the symphyseal portion is missing, as is the right mandibular condyle, and the dorsal margin of both coronoid crests (Fig.43D). Anterior to the left condyle, the ventral margin is damaged. Ŋe mandibular condyle is oval-shaped and faces posteriorly. Ŋe medial surface of the condyle is hollowed out as part of the large (but incompletely preserved) mandibular foramen. Ŋe medial part of the condyle is a dorsoventrally oriented, bladelike process. Ŋe condyloid crest occurs as a slight ridge on the lateral face. On the better preserved left side, approximately 25 alveoli are preserved (Fig. 43A, D), although this is a minimum number as many interalveolar septa are missing. Ŋe toothrows are slightly laterally concave in dorsal aspect, and in lateral aspect the toothrow is slightly concave dorsally. In dorsal aspect, the toothrows are widely divergent posterior to the symphysis, but at the elongate symphysis, the toothrows are near parallel. Ŋe alveoli terminate within the alveolar groove 2 cm anterior to the posterior end of the symphyseal portion. From that level, the alveolar groove transforms into a thin, but deep sulcus; the left and right sulci are separated medially along the symphyseal portion by a high, transversely narrow median bony ridge(Fig. 43A, D). Ŋe ventral margin of the ramus is ventrally concave in lateral aspect; the horizontal ramus is dorsoventrally shallowest just posterior to the mandibular symphysis, and it deepens posteriorly and anteriorly toward the symphysis. Ŋe symphyseal portion of the mandible is elongate and transversely narrow with flat lateral surfaces. It tapers dorsoventrally toward the anterior tip in lateral view, and is slightly downturned (Figs 43B, C; 44E; 45D). Several mental foramina occur on the lateral surface of the symphyseal portion. Dorsally, a flat triangular surface is present between the alveolar grooves along the posterior portion of the symphysis; a thin median groove is visible here, and a deep, wide groove is present on the posteroventral margin of the symphysis. Ŋe rami diverge at with an angle of 24°.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋe skull exhibits several phocoenid synapomorphies, including the presence of a premaxillary eminence, ascending process of the premaxilla that terminates anterior to the nasal, a frontal knob, and a welldeveloped dorsal lobe of the pterygoid sinus fossa (Figs 42-45; Barnes 1985a; Muizon 1988a; Lambert 2008a; Murakami et al. 2012a, b). Ŋe skull and mandible differ from an undescribed broad-headed phocoenid from the San Diego Formation (UCMP 38340) in exhibiting a more elongate and attenuate rostrum with a distinct rostral crest medial to the antorbital notch, a much narrower antorbital notch and less prominent antorbital process, and mandibles that are fused at the symphysis and edentulous anteriorly. Ŋese two specimens from the Purisima Formation share several bizarre features with an undescribed phocoenid from the San Diego Formation preliminarily introduced by Racicot et al. (2007) including a fused, transversely flattened and edentulous symphyseal region of the mandible, a large, hypertrophied premaxillary eminence, and a knoblike rostral crest on the maxilla (Figs 42-45). Ŋese features distinguish the Purisima and San Diego Formation material from all other fossil and</p> <p>mandibular condyle</p> <p>modern phocoenids. UCMP 219503 further differs from extant phocoenids in having a premaxilla wider than the maxilla at the base of the rostrum, having asymmetrical premaxillae, and a transversely convex palate. Ŋese specimens (UCMP 219503, 219076) appear to represent a taxon congeneric or conspecific with the undescribed porpoise from the San Diego Formation Racicot et al. (2007). More complete material of this taxon from the San Diego Formation includes a partial skeleton with skull and mandibles, partial postcranial skeleton, additional mandibles, partial crania, and petrosals (SDNHM 22452, 23194, 24710, 64742, 65276, 83724). Only a preliminary description of the Purisima Formation specimens is presented here owing to the ongoing work by Racicot and colleagues. Ŋe bizarre symphyseal portion of the mandible of this taxon is unique among phocoenids, although it is important to note that Lomacetus ginsburgi Muizon, 1986 exhibits a mandible with an elongate (but unfused) mandibular symphysis (Muizon 1988b; Fig.43B, C). Furthermore, Muizon (1988a) identified strong prognathism of the mandibles as a uniting feature of Phocoenoides dalli True, 1885, Phocoena dioptrica Lahille, 1912, Salumiphocoena stocktoni (Wilson, 1973), and Piscolithax Muizon, 1983. Additional material referable to this taxon from the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation includes partial rostra (UCMP 219483, 219582) and several isolated petrosals (UCMP 137472, 219484), based on comparison with the material from the San Diego Formation. Isolated petrosals of this taxon (UCMP 88582 and 88583) from the San Diego Formation were identified and figured by Barnes (1973) as Odontoceti incertae sedis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF9C860C2794786AFB003FB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE.text	03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phocoena Cuvier 1816	<div><p>cf. Phocoena</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219123, partial skull consisting part of right maxilla and premaxilla missing the anterior portion of the rostrum, antorbital process, and most of the ascending process of the maxilla, collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99833.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (c. 5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Anteriorly, the rostrum is dorsoventrally compressed with a flat dorsal surface (Fig. 46). Ŋe premaxilla</p> <p>has parallel lateral and medial margins, and anteriorly, the premaxilla slopes slightly laterally. Medially, the premaxilla forms a sharp ridge along the dorsal margin of the mesorostral canal; posteriorly the medial surface is flat. Ŋe anteromedial sulcus is straight and runs posterolaterally from the margin of the mesorostral canal to the premaxillary foramen. Ŋe latter is positioned in the middle of the premaxilla anterior to the premaxillary eminence. Ŋe posteromedial sulcus is not apparent, and the posterolateral sulcus is developed lateral to the pre- maxillary foramen and extends posteriorly along the lateral margin of the premaxillary eminence; an additional posteromedial sulcus (sensu Murakami et al. 2012b) is not apparent. Ŋe prenarial triangle is bordered medially by the mesorostral canal and laterally by the anteromedial sulcus; it is composed of porous bone. Ŋe premaxillary eminence is elevated dorsally (Fig. 46C), dorsally convex in lateral aspect, and laterally convex in dorsal aspect (Fig. 46A). Ŋe eminence is anteroposteriorly short and laterally overhangs the maxilla; within this overhang is a small, laterally facing foramen in the premaxilla. Ŋere is a small indentation in the posteromedial corner of the premaxillary eminence, where the accessory exposure (= maxillary ossicle) of the maxilla was probably situated. Ŋe ascending process of the premaxilla is restricted to a small cone-shaped process extending posterolateral to the premaxillary eminence. Ŋis process dorsally overlaps the maxilla, and is short along the lateral side of the bony naris. Ŋe premaxilla/maxilla suture runs along the base of the premaxillary eminence. Ŋe dorsal surfaces of the maxilla of UCMP 219123 and ascending process of the maxilla are relatively flat (Fig. 46C). Although damaged, the rostrum clearly tapers anteriorly. Ŋe anteriormost dorsal infraorbital foramen occurs anterolateral to the premaxillary eminence and opens anteriorly. Ŋe palatal surface of the maxilla is transversely convex. A poorly preserved alveolar groove occurs adjacent to the lateral margin of the rostral portion of the maxilla.</p> <p>COMPARISONS</p> <p>Ŋis specimen exhibits many features identifying it as a phocoenid or true porpoise, including a well-developed premaxillary eminence and an ascending process of the premaxilla that does not extend posteriorly beyond the bony naris (Fig. 46A; Barnes 1985a). Ŋis specimen differs from other modern and fossil phocoenids in several ways. Although the premaxillary eminence is elevated in UCMP 219123 as in Neophocaena phocoenoides Cuvier, 1824, Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758, Phocoena dioptrica, Phocoena sinus Norris &amp; Mc- Farland, 1958, and Phocoenoides dalli, it is more elevated and more strongly dorsally convex than in Archaeophocaena Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012, Australithax Muizon, 1988, Haborophocoena, Lomacetus Muizon, 1986, Miophocaena, Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2000, Piscolithax, Pterophocaena, Salumiphocaena Barnes, 1985, and Septemtriocetus Lambert, 2008. UCMP 219123 differs from Pterophocaena in possessing a narrower premaxillary eminence that does not widely overhang the ascending process of the maxilla. Ŋe laterally convex margin of the premaxillary eminence in this taxon is similar with P. phocoena, Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister, 1865, P. dalli and the Miocene porpoises Archaeophocaena and Salumiphocoena, while it is not as convex as in N. phocoenoides and P. sinus; all other fossil taxa exhibit a straight lateral margin (Haborophocoena toyoshimai, Piscolithax, Septemtriocetus) or an “angled” margin with a slight corner (Australithax, Haborophocoena minutis, Lomacetus, Miophocaena). UCMP 219123 differs from an undescribed broadheaded phocoenid from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 38340) in its smaller size, and slightly convex palate. UCMP 219123 differs from Archaeophocaena, Haborophocoena, and Miophocaena in possessing a left premaxilla that terminates further anteriorly and near the anterolateral margin of the bony nares. Phocoena dioptrica also exhibits a relatively straight lateral margin of the premaxillary eminence. Additionally, P. dalli exhibits an exposure of the premaxilla lateral to the base of the eminence, as opposed to the suture running along the base as in UCMP 219123. In UCMP 219123, all extant species of Phocoena, and Salumiphocaena, the premaxillary eminence is anteroposteriorly short and dorsally highly convex; it is slightly longer in Neophocaena Palmer, 1899 and Phocoenoides, and much longer in all other fossil phocoenids. When eminence height is expressed as a percentage of anteroposterior length of the eminence, UCMP 219123 exhibits the most convex eminence at 37%, compared to 35% in P. dioptrica, 27% in P. phocoena, 25% in P.spinipinnis and N. phocoenoides, and 23% in P. dalli. Ŋe rostrum of Neophocaena is also dorsoventrally deeper than in UCMP 219123, in addition to possessing a transversely convex prenarial triangle, which is flat in UCMP 219123. Although incomplete, the morphology of the premaxilla and</p> <p>supramastoid crest</p> <p>maxilla agree most closely with extant porpoises (Phocoena, Phocoenoides, and Neophocaena). In particular, the short, wide, and dorsally and laterally convex premaxillary eminence suggests that this specimen belongs to the genus Phocoena; no other fossil or extant phocoenids exhibit such an anteroposteriorly short and dorsally convex premaxillary eminence. However, UCMP 219123 differs from extant phocoenids and Miophocaena in its apparent lack of additional posterolateral sulci (sensu Murakami et al. 2012b).</p> <p>In UCMP 219123, as well as all other extant phocoenids and Piscolithax, the ascending process of the premaxilla is reduced to a small, cone shaped process that dorsally overlaps the maxilla. In Archaeophocaena, H. toyoshimai, Miophocaena, Numatophocoena, and crania of the Haborophocoena -like Phocoenidae unnamed genus 1 (UCMP 128285, 219504), the ascending process is formed instead as a transversely broad sheet that overlaps the maxilla (as in delphinids); in all other fossil phocoenids (Australithax, H. minutis, Lomacetus, Salumiphocaena, and Phocoenidae unnamed genus 2), the ascending process forms the anterior part of a cylindrical ridge that laterally borders the bony nares, the posterior part of which is formed by the maxilla. In this specimen, the rostral portion of the maxilla is relatively narrow, similar to P.phocoena, Australithax, Septemtriocetus, H. minutis, and Lomacetus. However, this differs from all other species of Phocoena, Neophocaena, Phocoenoides, as well as Salumiphocaena and Piscolithax tedfordi Barnes, 1984, all of which have a maxilla that is much wider than the premaxilla on the rostrum. At the other extreme, Haborophocoena toyoshimai, Piscolithax boreios Barnes, 1984, and Piscolithax longirostris have a rostral portion of the premaxilla that is wide and nearly wider than the maxilla on the rostrum. Ŋe small facet in the premaxillary eminence indicates that the accessory exposure of the maxilla (= maxillary ossicle) was small (although missing in UCMP 219123), like in most phocoenids (with the exception of Lomacetus, which had large and anteriorly extending maxillary ossicle). Lastly, unlike all extant phocoenids, UCMP 219123 exhibits a slightly convex palate, which also occurs in most fossil taxa; a convex palate appears to be plesiomorphic for phocoenids and delphinoids in general. In extant phocoenids, the palate at mid-rostrum is transversely flat or even slightly concave.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Ŋese comparisons suggest that UCMP 219123 is most phenetically similar to the extant harbor porpoise P. phocoena, and is identified as cf. Phocoena. Ŋis is the earliest fossil record of an extant phocoenid genus, and the first fossil record of an extant phocoenid from the eastern Pacific.Previously, fossils of extant phocoenid taxa have been reported only from the Pleistocene: N. phocaenoides from Japan (Kimura &amp; Hasegawa 2005) and P. phocoena from Champlain Sea deposits (Harington 1977). Two additional Phocoena -like taxa are present in Upper Pliocene strata of California: an undescribed broad-headed phocoenid with spatulate teeth from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 38340), and a small phocoenid with a convex palate and sulci on the premaxillary eminences (USNM 23885) from the Purisima Formation near Pillar Point (San Mateo County). Ŋis proposed Pliocene record of cf. Phocoena has implications for the timing of divergence of crown phocoenids.</p> <p>Ŋe evolutionary biogeography of phocoenids was hypothesized by Fajardo-Mellor et al. (2006) as follows: 1) phocoenids originated in the eastern North Pacific; 2) Neophocaena and the common ancestor of the Phocoena - Phocoenoides clade dispersed into the southern hemisphere during the Pliocene (3-2 Ma; Piacenzian-Gelasian) following cooling caused by the closure of the Panama seaway; and 3) Pleistocene cooling allowed the ancestors of Phocoena sinus and the common ancestor of the P. phocoena - P. dalli clade to each disperse northwards into the North Pacific. Ŋe presence of an Early Pliocene (4.5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent) record of cf. Phocoena suggests that the clade may have diverged by 4 Ma. Ŋe phylogenetic relationship of the southern hemisphere P. spinipinnis as sister to a Phocoenoides + P. phocoena clade (Fajardo-Mellor et al. 2006) still supports a southern hemisphere origin for the common ancestor of these taxa, although it is possible that basal members of the entire Phocoena - Phocoenoides clade remained in the North Pacific during the Late Pliocene. More fossils are needed for further evaluation.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893.text	03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physeteroidea Gray 1868	<div><p>cf. Physeteroidea gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219108, an isolated and abraded squamosal collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality V99836.</p> <p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (c. 5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent; Fig. 2).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Ŋis abraded, partial small squamosal (Fig. 47) is robust and blocky, with a blunt zygomatic process. Much of the postglenoid process is missing, although part of the external acoustic meatus is preserved at about the level of the ventral margin of the zygomatic process. An arcuate and shallow dorsomedial fossa is present on the zygomatic process. Ŋe supramastoid crest is robust and posteriorly elevated (Fig. 47A). A sharp dorsomedial ridge is present on the zygomatic process, forming the medial margin of the mandibular fossa; in dorsal aspect, it is medially convex. Ŋe mandibular fossa is broad, rectangular, and shallowly concave. A large fossa occurs on the posterolateral surface of the squamosal, and appears to have been taphonomically enlarged. A number of deep grooves on the posterior surface mark the articular surface with the exoccipital.</p> <p>REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</p> <p>Although clearly a cetacean squamosal, UCMP 219108 compares poorly with most groups of Neogene cetaceans; comparisons were made between this specimen and large cetaceans including mysticetes, ziphiids, physeteroids, and globicephaline delphinids. UCMP 219108 lacks features common to Neogene mysticetes including a large and paddle-shaped postglenoid process, and is transversely more robust and absolutely larger than the squamosal of extant ziphiids and globicephaline delphinids. UCMP 219108 exhibits a posterodorsally elevated supramastoid crest, which Bianucci &amp; Landini (2006) identified as a synapomorphy of the Physeteroidea, and it is here tentatively identified to this clade. In terms of the extreme bluntness of the zygomatic, it compares relatively well with the Miocene Belgian stem physeteroid Eudelphis mortezelensis Du Bus, 1872; however, UCMP 219108 is significantly younger (c. 3.35-5 Ma, Early Pliocene; Zanclean- Piacenzian equivalent) than Eudelphis Du Bus, 1872 (Middle Miocene; Lambert 2008b: fig. 19). In lateral aspect, the zygomatic process exhibits a similar morphology to hvalassocetus Abel, 1905, Brygmophyseter Kimura, Hasegawa &amp; Barnes, 2006, Orycterocetus Leidy, 1853, and Aulophyseter Kellogg, 1927 (all Early to Middle Miocene physeteroids). Ŋe zygomatic process of UCMP 219108 is shorter and more blunt than those of Zygophyseter Bianucci &amp; Landini, 2006, and Acrophyseter Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Muizon, 2008, and transversely thicker than all known physeteroids. Although incomplete, the squamosal of Livyatan Lambert, Bianucci, Post, Muizon, Salas-Gismondi, Urbina &amp; Reumer, 2010 appears to have been more gracile and anteriorly tapering than UCMP 219108. Because Ontocetus oxymycterus Kellogg, 1925 lacks squamosals, it cannot be compared with UCMP 219108. Ŋis specimen is substantially larger and more robust than the squamosals of all known kogiids (e.g., Aprixokogia Whitmore &amp; Kaltenbach, 2008; Kogia Gray, 1846; Praekogia Barnes, 1973; Scaphokogia Muizon, 1988) and can be differentiated from these taxa. Because the squamosal morphology of UCMP 219108 does not match any previously described physeteroid taxon, it cannot be confidently identified to the generic level.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Boessenecker, Robert W.	Boessenecker, Robert W. (2013): A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n4a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5
