identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9E6F9574494CBA3BFF04463033CBFE52.text	9E6F9574494CBA3BFF04463033CBFE52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheiloporidion Cairns 1983	<div><p>Genus Cheiloporidion Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>Type species. Cheiloporidion pulvinatum Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>Included species. Cheiloporidion pulvinatum</p> <p>Distribution. SWA off Argentina from Mar del Plata to Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn. Depth: 642–1137 m (see Cairns 1983a). New record off Mar del Plata, 852–1289 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis (from Cairns 1983b; changes in bold).</p> <p>Colonies uniplanar with a strong tendency toward branch anastomosis, producing a network of irregularly shaped fenestrae. Branches elliptical to rectangular in cross section, the greater axis perpendicular to the plane of branching. Branches ridged on both anterior and posterior faces. Coenosteum reticulate, composed of short discontinuous strips, which are smooth or granular and have rounded edges. Dactylopores occur randomly on anterior and lateral branch surfaces; gastropores loosely aligned along lateral edges. Gastro- and dactylopore tubes short, branches compact. Gastropores flush with branch surface; gastrostyles ridged, bearing fused spines. Dactylopores rimmed by two to four vertical platelets, which form a discontinuous collar around the pore; no dactylostyles. Ampullae superficial. Soft parts unknown.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574494CBA3BFF04463033CBFE52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574494BBA38FF0441A937BAFAF9.text	9E6F9574494BBA38FF0441A937BAFAF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheiloporidion pulvinatum Cairns 1983	<div><p>Cheiloporidion pulvinatum Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p> <p>Cheiloporidion pulvinatum Cairns 1983a: 83, figs. 11a, 12a–f, map 3; Cairns 1983b: 442, figs. 4a–g; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 98, table 1; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191, 224; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 107, 109, 110, table 1, map 5</p> <p>Distribution. Off Bahía Blanca, 38° 58’ S; 55° 17’ W, 595–642 m; Cape Horn, 642–1137 m; Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S. New record off Mar del Plata, 852–1289 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 52649 (holotype) off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.283333/lat -38.966667)">Bahía Blanca</a>, Vema St. 17-RD14 (38° 58’ S, 55° 17’ W); MACN-In 40641 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.697567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.995102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.697567/lat -37.995102)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 36 (37° 57.508’ S, 54° 23.989’ W), 1289 m, May 2013; MACN- In 42493 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.697567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.995102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.697567/lat -37.995102)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 38 (37° 59.308’ S, 54° 25.207’ W), 1099 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42494 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 11 (37° 59.258’ S, 54° 41.436’ W), 854 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42495 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 10 (37° 59.706’ S, 54° 41.854’ W), 852 m, August 2012.</p> <p>Description. Uniplanar growth with non-expansive base. Dead specimens of the scleractinian Bathelia candida or octocorals frequently used as substrate for attachment (Fig. 2); several points of attachment with substrate, so primary basal branch is not recognizable. Dichotomous branching (Fig. 3a) with frequent anastomosis. Largest specimen examined (MACN-In 42493) 9.1 cm wide and 7.5 cm tall. Thickest basal branches 6.8 x 6.6 mm and 5.2 x 5.6 mm in diameter. Thinnest branches down to 1.0 x 2.0 mm in diameter. Anterior and posterior face well defined. Branches rectangular to elliptical in cross section, with larger axis perpendicular to plane of fan. Thickest branches usually smooth on posterior side whereas thinner ones frequently bear a thin ridge, which can be discontinuous, with its elements placed in postero-lateral position (Fig. 3d). Ridge may also be present on anterior side of branches, being coarser and less defined in thickest ones. Intermediate-diameter branches often bear vestigial ridges on posterior face, which are present as low, short longitudinal or diagonal coenosteum rims. Incipient branchlets have a more rounded tip and more dactylopores than elements of a discontinuous ridge, which are more sharply edged and bear one or no dactylopores (Fig. 3c, d). Polychaete tubes rectangular/ovoid in cross section, with larger axis parallel to plane of fan, present on anterior or posterior face, along or transverse to branches. Those on anterior face have a coarse texture, with granules and longitudinal coenosteum rims, whereas those in posterior face are usually smoother. Both anterior and posterior tubes may bear a few rounded perforations on top. Sides of tubes partially sealed, allowing worm to be seen through ovoid openings.</p> <p>Coenosteum porcelaneous, pink to light orange in best preserved specimens. Texture reticulate in thickest branches, with convex coenosteal strips 41–68 µm wide. Texture of coenosteal strips smooth, although some sections may be granular. Granules irregularly shaped, possibly originated from a former reticular-imbricate texture (Fig. 3f). Incipient branchlets and ridge elements bear straight parallel coenosteal strips placed perpendicular to surface of branch (Fig. 3c, d).</p> <p>Gastropores round, arranged in a row on lateral or antero-lateral sides of branches. Diameter 0.16–0.33 mm (average 0.24 mm, n=32, σ=0.05). Abcauline margin of gastropores often bears a bulbous prominence that corresponds to a developing branchlet (Fig. 3b, c). Gastropore tube short and peripheral. Basal section of tube spherical, following gastrostyle shape closely. At about 2/3 of gastrostyle total heigth, gastropore tube constricts taking on a conical shape which widens towards the surface. Illustrated gastrostyle (Fig. 3g) robust and short (Height: Width ratio=2.1). Base cylindrical, without spines and occupies about 1/3 of total gastrostyle length. Central third of gastrostyle widened in a crown of short, thick spines that fuse together and are arranged uniformly. At tube constriction gastrostyle narrows abruptly into a thin tip that almost reaches coenosteal surface and bears a few spines arranged in diagonal rows.</p> <p>Dactylopores round, with an elevated perimeter (Fig. 3e) and scattered uniformly on all surfaces, although less abundant on posterior face. External and internal diameter 71–113 µm and 37–65 µm respectively. Dactylostyles absent. Ampullae ovoid, placed just below surface with larger axis parallel to it, up to 0.68 mm in larger internal diameter. Sex unidentified.</p> <p>Discussion. Cheiloporidion pulvinatum was originally described by Cairns (1983a) based on specimens collected off Bahía Blanca and Cape Horn. That same year Cairns (1983b) redescribed the genus based on the same specimens and including more details. Bax and Cairns (2014) mentioned the occurrence of Cheiloporidion pulvinatum at two more locations, Burdwood Bank and Shag Rocks in the Scotia Arc, but specific information about the geographic location and depth of these stations, as well as number of specimens, has hitherto not been published. Río Iglesias et al. (2012) identified C. pulvinatum among stylasterids collected in Patagonia from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth and position not given).</p> <p>Specimens collected in the study area agree with Cairns’ (1983a, 1983b) description of Cheiloporidion pulvinatum in all characters described. Regarding coenosteal texture, Cairns (1983a, 1983b) described it as reticulate and smooth, without granules. Some of the specimens here described have coenosteal strips with a granular texture, so it is possible that the texture of C. pulvinatum is initially granulate and subsequently wears down. The bathymetric range and location of the collected specimens coincides with those previously reported by Cairns (1983a, 1983b).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574494BBA38FF0441A937BAFAF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744949BA38FF0444F43032F8EF.text	9E6F95744949BA38FF0444F43032F8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conopora Moseley 1879	<div><p>Genus Conopora Moseley, 1879</p> <p>Type species. Conopora tenuis Moseley, 1879</p> <p>Included species. Conopora adeta Cairns; C. alloporoides † Cairns; C. arborescens † Nielsen; C. beebei Cairns; C. bifacialis Cairns; C. cactos Cairns; C. candelabrum Cairns; C. cardata Cairns; C. crassisepta Cairns; C. croca Cairns; C. dura Hickson &amp; England; C. forticula † Cairns; C. gigantea Cairns; C. laevis (Studer); C. mariae † Stolarski; C. sola Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; C. tenuiramus Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; C. tetrastichopora Cairns; C. unifacialis Cairns; C. verrucosa (Studer)</p> <p>Distribution. Indo-West Pacific, Subantarctic and Antarctic regions, 95–2355 m (see Cairns 2015). New record off Mar del Plata, 1275–1398 m</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 2015.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744949BA38FF0444F43032F8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744945BA34FF0441A93032FD6E.text	9E6F95744945BA34FF0441A93032FD6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crypthelia Milne Edwards & Haime 1849	<div><p>Genus Crypthelia Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1849</p> <p>Type species. Crypthelia pudica Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1849</p> <p>Included species. Crypthelia affinis Moseley; C. balia Hickson &amp; England; C. boucheti Cairns; C. clausa Broch; C. cassiculata Cairns; C. crassa Cairns; C. crenata Cairns; C. cryptotrema Zibrowius; C. curvata Cairns; C. cymas Cairns; C. dactylopoma Cairns; C. defensa Cairns; C. eueides Cairns; C. deforgesi Cairns; C. floridana Cairns; C. formosa Cairns; C. fragilis Cairns; C. gigantea Fisher; C. glossopoma Cairns; C. glebulenta Cairns; C. ingens † Cairns; C. insolita Cairns; C. jenniferae Cairns; C. japonica (Milne Edwards &amp; Haime); C. kelleyi Cairns; C. lacunosa Cairns; C. laevigata Cairns; C. medioatlantica Zibrowius &amp; Cairns; C. micropoma Cairns; C. modesta Cairns; C. papillosa Cairns; C. parapolypoma Cairns; C. peircei Pourtalès; C. peteri Cairns; C. platypoma (Hickson &amp; England); C. polypoma Cairns; C. pudica Milne Edwards &amp; Haime; C. ramosa (Hickson &amp; England); C. reticulata Cairns; C. robusta Cairns; C. sinuosa Cairns; C. spiralis Cairns; C. stenopoma (Hickson &amp; England); C. tenuiseptata Cairns; C. trophostega Fisher; C. variegata Cairns; C. vascomarquesi Zibrowius &amp; Cairns; C. viridis Cairns; C. vetusta † Wells; C. zibrowii † Cairns.</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan, except for off continental Antarctica, 85–2789 m (see Cairns 2015). New record off Mar del Plata, 877–1398 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 2015.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744945BA34FF0441A93032FD6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744945BA32FF044203309FFC96.text	9E6F95744945BA32FF044203309FFC96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crypthelia formosa Cairns 1983	<div><p>Crypthelia formosa Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>(Fig. 4b; Fig. 6)</p> <p>Crypthelia formosa Cairns 1983a: 133–136, figs. 31g, 39a–f, 40a–c, map 12; Cairns 1983b: 431, table 1; Cairns 2015: 310; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 107, table 1, 109, 110, map 3</p> <p>Distribution. Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; Scotia Arc from Tierra del Fuego to South Georgia, 483–1841 m; Burdwood Bank, 1647–2044 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 877–1398 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 60207 (holotype) off Burdwood Bank, Eltanin St. 1592 (54° 43–45’ S, 55° 30–37’ W); USNM 60087 (paratype) off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.65/lat -54.733334)">Scotia Arc</a>, Vema St. 17–61 (54° 44’ S, 55° 39’ W); MACN-In 40647 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.403435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.997467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.403435/lat -37.997467)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013; MACN-In 40648 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.403435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.997467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.403435/lat -37.997467)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 42 (37° 59.110’ S, 54° 41.136’ W), 877 m, May 2013; MACN-In 40649 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013; MACN-In 42501 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 37 (37° 59.848’ S, 54° 24.206’ W), 1275 m, May 2013.</p> <p>Description. Fragments delicate with uniplanar growth. Presence of polychaete tube on posterior face induces anastomosis and thickening of branches bearing it (Fig. 4b) or deviation of plane of growth. Largest fragment 3.8 cm wide and 3.8 cm tall with basal branch 4.0 mm thick. Branches round in cross section. Distal branches, 0.6–1.0 mm thick, bear cyclosystems considerably wider, resembling beads on a string (Fig. 6a). Branching dichotomous, two branches originating laterally from one cyclosystem. Coenosteum white and porcellaneous, with a linear-imbricate texture especially conspicuous along slender branches (Fig. 6c), that turns reticulate-imbricate to reticulate-granular in cyclosystems and polychaete tube. Coenosteal strips convex, 58–104 µm wide and bordered by longitudinal rows of short slits pierced by one or two deep pores.</p> <p>Cyclosystems round to slightly elliptical, 2.0– 3.3 mm wide (average 2.6 mm, n=66, σ=0.3), placed on anterior face, at a level with coenosteum surface or slightly raised from it. There are 14–21 dactylotomes per cyclosystem (mode 18, n=66). They are 0.1–0.2 mm wide and occupy about 1/3 of gastropore tube total heigth. Pseudosepta concave with maximum width of 0.2–0.3 mm. Abcauline margin of cyclosystems bears a slightly concave lid as a result of fusion of two or more pseudosepta (Fig. 6b). Far end of lid 0.5–1.5 mm wide and proximal end 0.8–1.1 mm wide. An additional lid can develop in adcauline margin of cyclosystem, facing the initial one. Lid can also be forked due to presence of a dactylotome. One or two round nematopores 40–67 µm in diameter may be present on lids as well, or on pseudosepta and cyclosystem wall.</p> <p>Gastropores round, 0.8–0.9 mm wide. Gastropore tube double-chambered and about 1.6 mm deep, with gastropore ring constriction almost at bottom of tube, resulting in a very shallow basal chamber (Fig. 6b).</p> <p>Ampullae placed inside cyclosystem wall and lid. Male ampullae occupy interior of lid and surround cyclosystem in a semicircle centred at lid, with three or four slightly sunken efferent pores on cyclosystem wall (Fig. 6b). Female ampullae occupy interior of lid and extend backwards forming a conspicuous bump (Fig. 6a). Female efferent pore at base of lid and opens towards interior of gastropore tube (Fig. 6d, e).</p> <p>Discussion. Specimens from study area coincide with Cairns’ (1983a) description of C. formosa in all characters, except the diameter of cyclosystems, which is larger in specimens from the study area. This could be due to variability within the species. Cairns (1983a) only described female specimens of C. formosa, but in 2015 he established the ampullar configuration for this species as B1-C1 (B1=female efferent pore beneath lid; C1=male ampullae surround cyclosystem and efferent pores apical), which coincides with the sexual characteristics of the specimens described here.</p> <p>Crypthelia formosa is the only species of the genus found hitherto in the SWA. Previous records are from Cairns (1983a) based on specimens from Scotia Arc, Burdwood Bank and South Georgia, and from Río Iglesias et al. (2012), based on specimens collected from Patagonia, from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not informed). In the Antarctic zone there are only two other species, also present in New Zealand: C. fragilis and C. studeri (see Bax and Cairns 2014). Specimens from the study area differ from C. fragilis in having a larger cyclosystem and gastropore diameter and higher number of dactylotomes per cyclosystem, and they differ from C. studeri in cyclosystem shape, often irregular in C. studeri, and in pseudosepta width, much lower in C. studeri. Besides, neither C. fragilis nor C. studeri develop an additional lid, as occurs in specimens from study area and in C. formosa. Identification of C. formosa specimens from off Mar del Plata provides an extension of the known distribution of this species within SWA.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744945BA32FF044203309FFC96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744943BA32FF0442583032FAF7.text	9E6F95744943BA32FF0442583032FAF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errina Gray 1835	<div><p>Genus Errina Gray, 1835</p> <p>Type species. Millepora aspera Linnaeus, 1767, by monotypy</p> <p>Included species. Errina adornata Cairns; E. altispina Cairns; E. antarctica (Gray); E. argentina Bernal, Cairns, &amp; Lauretta; E. aspera (Linnaeus); E. atlantica Hickson; E. australis Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; E. bicolor Cairns; E. boschmai Cairns; E. capensis Hickson; E. chathamensis Cairns; E. cheilopora Cairns; E. cochleata Pourtalès; E. cooki Hickson; E. cyclopora Cairns; E. dabneyi (Pourtalès); E. dendyi Hickson; E. fissurata Gray; E. gracilis von Marenzeller; E. japonica Eguchi; E. kerguelensis Broch; E. labrosa Pica, Cairns &amp; Puce; E. laevigata Cairns; E. laterorifa Eguchi; E. macrogastra Marenzeller; E. novaezelandiae Hickson; E. reticulata Cairns; E. sinuosa Cairns</p> <p>Distribution. North Atlantic, SWA off Mar del Plata, Mediterranean Sea, Galápagos Islands, South Africa, Antarctic and Subantarctic regions, New Zealand, New Caledonia, southwest Indian Ocean, Japan, and Tristan da Cunha Archipelago, 15–1772 m (see Bernal et al. 2019, Cairns 2015 and Pica et al. 2015).</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 2015.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744943BA32FF0442583032FAF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495EBA2FFF0441A9368BFD90.text	9E6F9574495EBA2FFF0441A9368BFD90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errina argentina Bernal, Cairns, & Lauretta 2018	<div><p>Errina argentina Bernal, Cairns &amp; Lauretta, 2018 in Bernal et al. 2019</p> <p>Distribution. Mar del Plata Submarine Canyon and adjacent area, 1398 m depth.</p> <p>Material examined. MACN-In 41480 (holotype) off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 59 (37º 49.688’ S, 54º 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013; MACN-In 40652 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 59 (37º 49.688’ S, 54º 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013.</p> <p>Description. See Bernal et al. 2019</p> <p>Discussion. Hitherto there are only two species (and possibly a third species, should Errina sp. be confirmed as a new one) of this genus described from off Argentina: E. antarctica (Gray, 1872) and E. argentina. There are probably more species of Errina to be discovered in the study area, considering there are several stylasterid species in common between SWA off Argentina and the circumantarctic zone (see Discussion section).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495EBA2FFF0441A9368BFD90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495EBA2FFF04436932D9FA60.text	9E6F9574495EBA2FFF04436932D9FA60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errinopora Fisher 1931	<div><p>Genus Errinopora Fisher, 1931</p> <p>Type species. Errina pourtalesii Dall, 1884</p> <p>Included species. Errinopora cestoporina Cairns; E. dichotoma Lindner &amp; Cairns; E. disticha Lindner &amp; Cairns; E. fisheri Lindner &amp; Cairns; E. nanneca Fisher; E. porifera (Naumov); E. pourtalesii (Dall); E. stylifera (Broch); E. undulata Lindner &amp; Cairns; E. zarhyncha Fisher</p> <p>Distribution. Central California, 49–183 m; Aleutian Islands, 40–658 m; Okhotsk Sea, 190–250 m; Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; Tierra del Fuego, 359–384 m (see Cairns &amp; Lindner 2011). New record off Mar del Plata, 819 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis (from Cairns &amp; Lindner 2011, changes in bold). Colonies uniplanar to slightly bushy; branches round, elliptical, or lamellar in cross section, often robust with blunt tips. Coenosteal texture reticulate-spinose (with wide slits resulting in a spongy texture) or reticulate-granular; exterior surface of dactylopore spines usually inconspicuously longitudinally ridged; coenosteum orange, pink, and white. One species, Errinopora cestoporina, bears numerous perforated mounds on surface. Dactylopores dimorphic, either with a U-shaped spine or without spine, i.e. flush. The most common, termed the primary dactylopore spine,is U-shaped and usually robust (thick-walled),occurring randomly, in pseudocyclosystems, or often laterally fusing to form rows or taller terraces that flank rows of gastropores. When dactylopore spines flank both sides of a gastropore row and their dactylotomes are directed toward the gastropores it is termed bilateral or distichoporine; if only one row of spines flank a row of gastropores, then unilateral. If isolated, dactylotomes usually abcauline in orientation. Much smaller flush dactylopores, termed secondary dactylopores, which in general lack dactylostyles, commonly scattered over coenosteum of many species. Dactylostyles usually well developed, easily seen from external view. Gastropores also dimorphic, the primary gastropores being circular in outline, flush with coenosteum (having no lip), and arranged in irregular vertical rows, short horizontal rows, or randomly. Tabulae and ring palisades absent. Gastrostyles lanceolate, covered with longitudinal or oblique, spiny ridges. Smaller secondary gastropores much smaller, having only a small gastrostyle or none at all. Female ampullae superficial hemispheres, often without an obvious efferent pore. Male ampullae usually smaller hemispheres and spongy.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495EBA2FFF04436932D9FA60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495EBA2DFF0447193643FAB2.text	9E6F9574495EBA2DFF0447193643FAB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errinopora cestoporina Cairns 1983	<div><p>Errinopora cestoporina Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>(Fig. 4c; Fig. 9)</p> <p>Errinopora cestoporina Cairns 1983a: 123–127, figs. 31e, 33a–g, 34a–b, map 6; Cairns 1983b: 428, table 1, 463, 465, 479; Cairns 2015: 116; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 100, table 1, 106; Cairns &amp; Lindner 2011: 12–17, table 1 and key, 22; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–110, table 1, map 5</p> <p>Distribution. Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; east of Burdwood Bank and south of Tierra del Fuego, 359– 384 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 819 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 60188 (holotype) off Burdwood Bank, Eltanin St. 1593 (54° 43–42’ S, 56° 37–39’ W); USNM 52655 (paratype) off south of Tierra del Fuego, Eltanin St. 1593 (54° 43–42’ S, 56° 37–39’ W); USNM 52655 (paratype) off south of Tierra del Fuego, Eltanin St. 740 (56° 06–07’ S, 66° 19–30’ W); USNM 60141 (paratype) off Burdwood Bank, Eltanin St. 1593; MACN-In-40658 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.736183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.024982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.736183/lat -38.024982)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.736183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.024982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.736183/lat -38.024982)">St.</a> 31 (38° 1.499’ S, 54° 44.171’ W), 819 m, August 2012.</p> <p>Description. Fragment 1.7 cm long and about 2.5 mm wide, lacking base (Fig. 4c). Lateral branchlet 1.1 mm wide. Main branch slightly elliptical in cross section, with largest axis parallel to plane of growth.</p> <p>Coenosteum white and porcellaneous. Microtexture reticulate-granular, with irregularly shaped granules that suggest a transition from an imbricate to a granular pattern. Coenosteal strips poorly delimited by round or very short slits, which penetrate the coenosteum deeply and are spaced from one another 29–85 µm (Fig. 9b).</p> <p>Gastropores round, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter and scattered uniformly on all surfaces of fragment. Gastropore tubes and gastrostyles were not examined due to scarcity of material, but tip of gastrostyles and a tube constriction are visible. Each gastropore bordered on abcauline margin by a straight or curved row of 5–8 dactylopore spines fused laterally with each other (Fig. 9a). When row is curve and surrounds gastropore forming a pseudocyclosystem, several dactylotomes face the gastropore. These rows protrude from branch surface like terraces arranged radially. Ocasionally a solitary adcauline spine may be present. Dactylopores of two types: those surrounded by a U-shaped spine (dactylotomes), 0.1–0.2 mm wide, whose fused spines form terraces, and those round and flush, around 0.1 mm wide and mostly aligned on the adcauline side of gastropores. Both types have a dactylostyle (Fig. 9c, e). Dactylostyles are simple or double rows of cylindrical bifurcate elements with blunt tips. Those illustrated in Fig. 9c and 9e are around 55 µm and 70 µm high, respectively.</p> <p>Ampullae external and male. Those illustrated in Fig. 9d are around 0.5 mm in external diameter and have a prominent point with several efferent pores. Another two ampullae 1.3 mm wide with numerous pointed zones were observed as well.</p> <p>Discussion. Specimen from the study area belongs to genus Errinopora due to the arrangement of primary dactylopores flanking gastropores in their proximal margin and forming pseudocylosystems, and to the presence of dactylostyles. It coincides with Cairns’ (1983a) original description of Errinopora cestoporina regarding pseudocyclosystem and ampullae characteristics. Errinopora cestoporina and E. fisheri are the only two species of the genus that lack dimorphic gastropores (Cairns &amp; Lindner 2011), which agrees with the description of the studied material. No perforated mounds were observed such as those described for E. cestoporina by Cairns (1983a), probably due to the scarce material collected. Specimen differs from Cairns and Lindner´s (2011) description of secondary dactylopores (those without a spine) for the genus Errinopora, since they state a lack of dactylostyle. Flush dactylopores in the studied specimen do have a dactylostyle, which has the same shape as those present in the primary dactylopores. Here we propose adding in the description of the genus that secondary dactylopores do not always lack dactylostyles. We consider this specimen is indeed E. cestoporina despite this new character.</p> <p>The only previous records of E. cestoporina are from Cairns (1983a) based on specimens from south of Tierra del Fuego and Burdwood Bank, and from Río Iglesias et al. (2012) based on specimens from Patagonia, from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not informed). The present work provides the third record of this species and extends the known distribution of E. cestoporina within SWA.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495EBA2DFF0447193643FAB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495CBA2DFF0444BC3020F958.text	9E6F9574495CBA2DFF0444BC3020F958.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errinopsis Broch 1951	<div><p>Genus Errinopsis Broch, 1951a</p> <p>Type species. Errinopsis reticulum Broch, 1951a</p> <p>Included species. Errinopsis fenestrata Cairns; E. reticulum Broch</p> <p>Distribution. Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; Drake Passage and Shag Rocks, 280–340 m; area between Tierra del Fuego, Burdwood Bank and Malvinas Islands, 250–771 m; South Africa: Eastern Cape Province, 174–250 m (see Río Iglesias et al. 2012, Cairns 1983a and Cairns &amp; Zibrowius 2013). New record off Mar del Plata, 854 m and 1398 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 1983b.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495CBA2DFF0444BC3020F958	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495CBA2BFF044613306FFDBE.text	9E6F9574495CBA2BFF044613306FFDBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errinopsis fenestrata Cairns 1983	<div><p>Errinopsis fenestrata Cairns, 1983a</p> <p>(Figs. 10, 11)</p> <p>Errinopsis fenestrata Cairns 1983a: 80–82, figs. 1i, 10a–g, map 3; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 98, table 1; Cairns 2011: 9, fig. 7a; Cairns &amp; Zibrowius 2013: 18–19, figs. 9a–i, 49, table 2, 51; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–111, table 1, map 6</p> <p>Distribution. Drake Passage and Shag Rocks, 280–340 m; South Africa: Eastern Cape Province, 174– 250 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 1398 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 52693 (holotype) off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Drake Passage</a>, Eltanin St. 254 (59° 49.4’ S, 68° 51.7’ W); MACN-In 40646 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013.</p> <p>Description. Colony uniplanar and 6.0 cm wide, attached to dead specimen of scleractinian Bathelia candida through several non-expansive bases (Fig. 10). Branching dichotomous and highly anastomotic producing a fenestrate fan. Branches rectangular to elliptical in cross section (Fig. 11a), with larger axis perpendicular to plane of growth. Basal branches 1.0– 1.4 mm wide at shorter margin of cross section and around 2.0 mm wide at longer margin. Diameter of branches more or less constant from base towards tips and between branches, except new branchlets, which may be less than 1.0 mm wide.</p> <p>Coenosteum compact, white and porcellaneous. Microtexture more or less linear-granular. Strips 24–59 µm wide and parallel to each other, sometimes more diagonal than parallel to branch axis, ocasionally bifurcating and rejoining. Slits deep, short or long. Granules rounded, flat and sparse in some zones and more conical and clustered in others, resulting in flat or more concave strips, respectively. Fig. 11b illustrates transition from granular-imbricate texture to smoother granular one.</p> <p>Gastropores round, 0.2–0.3 mm wide (n=7) and arranged in anterior and antero-lateral surface of branches (Fig. 11a). Branchlet usually forms at margin of gastropore (Fig. 11a). In more or less horizontal branches, branchlets generally originate at right margin of gastropore and develop diagonally downwards towards left on inferior face of branch and diagonally upwards towards left on superior face of branch. In more or less vertical branches, branchlets originate at superior margin of gastropore and develop downwards. Gastropore tube peripheral and short, around 0.54 mm long, with spherical basal section which occupies about 2/3 of tube and encompasses most of gastrostyle (Fig. 11e). Towards surface of coenosteum a significant constriction transforms shape of superior section of tube to cylindrical, which surrounds gastrostyle tip. Gastrostyle robust (H:W=2), around 0.41 mm high and spindle-shaped, with wide smooth base; central section 0.22 mm wide at maximum diameter, bearing diagonal rows of blunt spines fused with each other, and tip that reaches beginning of cylindrical section of gastropore tube.</p> <p>Dactylopores of two types: those round, 32–48 µm wide (n=6), scattered uniformly on coenosteum and partially raised from surface (Fig. 11a, b) and those slit-like, 50–70 µm wide, placed along side of slender spines (Fig. 11c). Following direction of a branchlet developing downwards into a fenestrum, dactylotomes (slits) are oriented towards distal end of branchlet, thus spines bearing them are abcauline with respect to that branchlet. Spines lacking slit often present as well and higher and more slender than slitted ones (Fig. 11d). Dactylopore spines and branchlets more frequent at lateral and antero-lateral faces of branches. Branchlets seem to originate from dactylopore spines that extend and divide producing, first, additional dactylopores and, secondly, a new gastropore. Ampullae absent.</p> <p>Discussion. Errinopsis fenestrata was originally described by Cairns (1983a) based on specimens from Drake Passage at 280–340 m depth. Cairns and Zibrowius (2013) described specimens from South Africa at 250 m depth. The specimen from off Mar del Plata differs from the one described by Cairns (1983a) only in the width of coenosteal strips and of dactylopores. It is necessary to study more material in order to conclude whether this is normal variability within the species. The same differences exist between the Mar del Plata specimen and the material described by Cairns and Zibrowius (2013). Regarding coenosteum colour, it is orange in specimens from South Africa and white in those from off Mar del Plata and in type material. This may be due to natural variability within species. Cairns and Zibrowius (2013) mention Shag Rocks within the distribution range of E. fenestrata, but this location is not represented by specimens described in that paper nor in papers they cite. Bax and Cairns (2014) mention new records of this species in Burdwood Bank, South Georgia and Shag Rocks, but hitherto descriptions of this material haven´t been published. This publication provides an extension of the known geographical and bathimetric distribution of E. fenestrata.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495CBA2BFF044613306FFDBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574495BBA2AFF0441A93700F86F.text	9E6F9574495BBA2AFF0441A93700F86F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errinopsis reticulum Broch 1951	<div><p>Errinopsis reticulum Broch, 1951a</p> <p>(Fig. 12b; Fig. 13)</p> <p>Errinopsis reticulum Broch 1951a: 37–41, pl. 2, fig. 2, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, text figs. 3–7; Boschma 1957: 59; Boschma 1966: 117; Lowe 1967: 93–95, pl. 8, fig. a, text figs 14a–c; Boschma &amp; Lowe 1969: 15, pl. 5, map 4; Cairns 1983a: 78–80, figs. 1g –h, 9a–h, map 3; Cairns 1983b: 428, 457–458, figs. 10a–h, 502, fig. 27c; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 98, table 1; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–110, table 1, map 6</p> <p>Distribution. Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; area between Tierra del Fuego, Burdwood Bank and Malvinas Islands, 250– 771 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 854 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 1099407 off Burdwood Bank, Lawrence M. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.987633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6906/lat -37.987633)">Gould</a> St. 8 (54° 22.9’ S, 61° 53.0’ W); MACN-In 40645 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 11 (37° 59.258’ S, 54° 41.436’ W), 854 m, August 2012.</p> <p>Description. Uniplanar growth. Branch anastomosis frequent and regular, producing fenestrate fans. Two main fans fuse at base, resulting in a basket-shaped colony. Secondary, more fragile fans grow between them, more or less transverse to them. (Fig. 12b). Branches rectangular to elliptical in cross section, with larger axis transverse to plane of fan and width relation of up to 1:4 between axis. Thickest branch, measured at base where main fans fuse, is 7.3 x 5.0 mm wide. New branchlets may measure down to 1.0 mm. Fenestrae variable in size and shape (Fig. 13a).</p> <p>Cenosteum compact, grey and eroded, smooth on posterior side of main fans. Coenosteal strips 36–74 µm wide and poorly granular, placed longitudinally along branches where linear slits are present (Fig. 13c). In more eroded parts of colony slits are reduced to pores and strips are poorly defined.</p> <p>Gastropores round, 0.26–0.46 mm wide (average 0.38 mm, n=18, σ=0.05), more or less aligned at anterior and antero-lateral face of branches, mainly at the latter (Fig. 13d). Gastropore tube short and peripheral (Fig. 13b). Basal two-thirds of tube consist of cylindrical chamber rounded at the top, which encompasses almost entire gastrostyle. At level of gastrostyle tip, tube constricts considerably into an upper cylindrical chamber. Gastrostyle in Fig. 13b spindle-shaped, 0.37 mm tall and 0.14 mm in maximum width (H:W=2.6). Although eroded, vertical ridges of spines are distinguishable. Gastrostyle in Fig. 13e more elongate, (H:W=2) and bears blunt spines fused with each other in horizontal layers.</p> <p>Dactylopores of two types: those round, 40–60 µm wide and raised on mounds and those surrounded by a Ushaped spine. They are distributed in all surfaces of branches, although less frequent at posterior side. Only one Ushaped spine, with a dactylotome around 67 µm wide, was identified under a dissecting microscope in a less eroded zone of colony. Anterior and antero-lateral sides of branches bear rounded porous stumps which may be eroded bases of dactylopore spines, approximately as wide as gastropores.</p> <p>Ampullae spherical, total or partially sunken in coenosteum, and up to 1.1 mm in external diameter. Sex unknown. The silhouette of a scapellid barnacle attached to one of branches was identified, completely covered in coenosteum.</p> <p>Discussion. Errinopsis reticulum was originally described by Broch (1951a) based on specimens collected off South of Malvinas Islands at 200 and 267 m depth. The next records were from Cairns (1983a) in Malvinas, Burdwood Bank and Tierra del Fuego. Cairns (1983b) differs with Broch (1951a) in the description of dactylopore spines, stating that there are two types: the low, round ones with an apical pore (dactylopores on mounds) and the long, conical spines with a slit on one side, in contrast with Broch (1951a), who states there is no dimorphism, that long spines derive from low ones with an apical pore, and that there are intermediate forms of spine as evidence of this hypothesis. The specimen from off Mar del Plata has both types of dactylopore and coincides with Errinopsis reticulum in growth and branching form, pore arrangement, gastrostyle and gastropore tube characteristics and in its robustness. Slitted dactylopore spines were not analyzed since most of them were worn. The specimen differs with material described by Cairns (1983a) in coenosteum color, which he described as bright orange to pink but is mainly grey or pale orange in the Mar del Plata specimen. Gastropores and dactylopores are wider than those reported by Cairns (1983a). The faded color, larger pore diameter and lack of almost all U-shaped dactylopore spines in specimen from Mar del Plata are probably due to erosion. It was probably already dead when collected, since it was mostly covered by a layer of sponge and material in decay. Río Iglesias et al. (2012) reported a new record of this species since Cairns and Macintryre (1992) based on specimens from Patagonia from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not stated). Bax and Cairns (2014) mentioned the occurence of E. reticulum in South Georgia and Cape Horn, but hitherto the descriptions and specific locations of these specimens have not been published. This new record off Mar del Plata extends the known distribution of E. reticulum within SWA.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574495BBA2AFF0441A93700F86F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744958BA28FF04464F3032FEC2.text	9E6F95744958BA28FF04464F3032FEC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inferiolabiata Broch 1951	<div><p>Genus Inferiolabiata Broch, 1951b</p> <p>Type species. Errina labiata Moseley, 1879, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species. Inferiolabiata africana Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; I. cervicornis (Broch); I. cestospinula Cairns; I. labiata (Moseley); I. limatula Cairns; I. lowei (Cairns); I. rhabdion Cairns; I. spinosa Cairns</p> <p>Distribution. Circum-Antarctic and Subantarctic, South Africa, New Zealand, New Caledonian region; 87– 2100 m (see Cairns 2015).</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 2015.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744958BA28FF04464F3032FEC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744959BA25FF04470136EDFA42.text	9E6F95744959BA25FF04470136EDFA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inferiolabiata labiata (Moseley 1879)	<div><p>Inferiolabiata labiata (Moseley, 1879)</p> <p>(Figs. 14, 15)</p> <p>Errina (Inferiolabiata) labiata Broch 1951b: 125; Boschma 1963: 337–338; Cairns 1983a: 111–113, map 8, figs. 22d–e, 26a–i, 27a–c</p> <p>Errina labiata Moseley 1879: 443–447, pl. 34, fig. 7, pl. 37, pl. 44, figs. 9–11; Moseley 1881: 50–55, 80, pl. 1, fig. 7, pl. 4, pl. 11, figs. 9–11; Hickson 1892: 238; Boschma 1957: 55; Boschma 1964: 287–299, pl. 1, text figs. 1–3; Boschma 1966: 109, 117; Boschma &amp; Lowe 1969: 15, pl. 5, map 2; Cairns 1983a: 156; Zamponi 2008: 188, 198, fig. 9</p> <p>Errina (Errina) labiata: Hickson 1912: 880</p> <p>Errina (Labiata) labiata: Broch 1942: 39</p> <p>Inferiolabiata labiata: Cairns 1991: 16, 40, pl. 23d–h, 24a–b</p> <p>Distribution. Antarctic and Subantarctic regions, including southeastern South America, Scotia Sea, Ross Sea, Scott Island, Balleny Islands, and Antipodes Islands; 87–2100 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 819–1398 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 59954 off Antarctica, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Eltanin St.</a> 1870 (71° 17–16’ S, 171° 33–29’ E); MACN-In 40656 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013; MACN-In 40659 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.403435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.997467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.403435/lat -37.997467)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 37 (37° 59.848’ S, 54° 24.206’ W), 1275 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42513 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.39982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.958466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.39982/lat -37.958466)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 36 (37° 57.508’ S, 54° 23.989’ W), 1289 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42514 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.736183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.024982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.736183/lat -38.024982)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 31 (38° 1.499’ S, 54° 44.171’ W), 819 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42515 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.532017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.96512" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.532017/lat -37.96512)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 12 (37° 57.907’ S, 54° 31.921’ W), 1144 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42516 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.987633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6906/lat -37.987633)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 11 (37° 59.258’ S, 54° 41.436’ W), 854 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42517 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.98517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6856/lat -37.98517)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 42 (37° 59.110’ S, 54° 41.136’ W), 877 m, May 2013.</p> <p>Description. Colonies uniplanar to bushy, robust or delicate.Anastomosis in basal branches. Branches generally round in cross section, although they may also be flattened in anterior-posterior axis (Fig. 14a). Thinnest branchlet 0.8 mm wide and thickest branch 7.0 mm wide. Colonies attach to dead specimens of Bathelia candida through an expansive base (Fig. 14b, c). Polychaete tube present (Fig. 14b, c), cage-like with reticulate walls (Fig. 14c). Branches proximal to tube anastomose and those bearing it flatten.</p> <p>Coenosteum white and porous, with an irregular surface. Round to oval coenosteal pores (20–63 µm maximum width) aligned within longitudinal coenosteal canals of a similar diameter, that ocassionally communicate (Fig. 15b). Largest axis of elliptical coenosteal pore is parallel to axis of canal. Imbricate platelets cover surface of coenosteal canals and rest of coral surface (Fig. 15c). In some specimens, longitudinal coenosteal canals are less defined and a more reticular-imbricate pattern is visible, with coenosteal pores arranged randomly. Coenosteal ridges form between two adjacent longitudinal canals and continue along the surface of dactylopore spines.</p> <p>Gastropores round and flush, 0.10–0.48 mm wide (average 0.33 mm, n=57, σ=0.08). In more basal branches that are smoother, they display a pentagonal shape (Fig. 15e). Gastropore tubes short and peripheral. Gastrostyle spindle to needle shaped and sparsely ornamented with around four ridges of rudimentary spines (Fig. 15d). Its tip is easily seen from surface opening of the gastropore. Ring palisade not identified.</p> <p>Dactylopore spines abcauline and long, with a truncated tip (Fig. 15b). They are 0.65–0.90 mm high, with a dactylotome 0.16–0.29 mm wide (n=8). The remains of two dactylostyles were identified in some spines (Fig. 15f). Towards base of branches, dactylopore spines are lower and sparser. Eroded spines often resemble short cylindrical tubes raised from the surface, that may be confused with bryozoan structures at first sight. Dactylopores may also be seen as flush round structures due to complete erosion of the spine surrounding them (Fig. 15a).</p> <p>Ampullae spherical and very conspicuous, half sunken in branch. Their coenosteum is thin and loosely packed; large craters are left in places where they have ruptured (Fig. 15a). Largest ampullae measured 1.00– 1.25 mm wide, which suggests specimens bearing them are female. Other specimens bore smaller ampullae, which are probably male.</p> <p>Discussion. The studied specimens agree with Moseley (1879) and Cairns (1983a, 1991) in their description. As regards dactylostyles, they are absent, according to Moseley (1879). The specimens here described scarcely bear remains of dactylostyles in some spines, and in others they were probably entirely absent. Moseley (1879) mentions the “irregularly circular” and “indented” gastropores, which coincides with the pentagonal shape here described for these structures. Cairns (1983a, 1991) does not mention this singularity of the gastropores in I. labiata, although it was also identified in specimen USNM 59954. The described material was rather eroded and few healthy dactylopore spines were present, so the lateral fusion of spines mentioned by Moseley (1879) and Cairns (1983a, 1991) was not identified.</p> <p>Moseley´s original description was based on one specimen and fragments from off Río de la Plata. His record (Moseley, 1881) from Tristan da Cunha was erroneus, according to Boschma (1964). Lowe´s (1967) records were also misidentifications according to Cairns (1983a). Boschma (1966) reported the second valid occurrence of E. labiata in Antarctic zone and Cairns provided the following two records in 1983a and 1991 in Scotia Ridge, Antarctica and New Zealand. The present work provides a new record of I. labiata off Argentina.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744959BA25FF04470136EDFA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744954BA25FF04472C3032F85B.text	9E6F95744954BA25FF04472C3032F85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidopora Pourtales 1871	<div><p>Genus Lepidopora Pourtalès, 1871</p> <p>Type species. Errina glabra Pourtalès, 1867</p> <p>Included species. Lepidopora acrolophos Cairns; L. biserialis Cairns; L. carinata (Pourtalès); L. clavigera Cairns; L. concatenata Cairns; L. cryptocymas Cairns; L. decipiens (Boschma); L. dendrostylus Cairns; L. diffusa Boschma; L. eburnea (Calvet); L. fistulosa † Cairns; L. gelanes Cairns; L. glabra (Pourtalès); L. granulosa (Cairns); L. iwasakii Pica &amp; Puce; L. leptoclados Cairns; L. polygonalis Cairns; L. polystichopora Cairns; L. pusilla Cairns; L. sarmentosa Boschma; L. spinosa Cairns; L. symmetrica Cairns; L. unicaulis Cairns.</p> <p>Distribution. New Caledonia, Barbados, Lesser Antilles, the Azores, Strait of Florida, Cuba, New Zealand, Antarctica, South Africa, the Galápagos Islands, Japan, Patagonia, 47–2330 m (see Río Iglesias et al. 2012 and Pica et al. 2018). New record off Mar del Plata, 1200 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 2015.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744954BA25FF04472C3032F85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744955BA23FF0441A93714FB92.text	9E6F95744955BA23FF0441A93714FB92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidopora granulosa (Cairns 1983)	<div><p>Lepidopora granulosa (Cairns, 1983a)</p> <p>(Fig. 16)</p> <p>Sporadopora granulosa Cairns, 1983a: 67–72, figs. 1c, 4a–g, 5a–c, map 2</p> <p>Distribution. Malvinas Plateau; Scotia Ridge from Tierra del Fuego to Shag Rocks, 357–1874 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 1200 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 52697 (holotype) off south of Tierra del Fuego, Eltanin St. 740 (56° 06–07’ S, 66°19–30’ W); USNM 52698 (paratype) off south of Tierra del Fuego, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.417816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.008335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.417816/lat -38.008335)">Eltanin St.</a> 740; MACN-In 42509 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 15 (38° 0.500’ S, 54° 25.069’ W), 1200 m, August 2012.</p> <p>Description. Colony uniplanar to slightly bushy, since some branches curve forward or sideways (Fig. 16a). It is broken at base, with thick smooth branches that thin gradually from base to bluntly-rounded tips. It is 7.0 cm wide and 5.5 cm tall. Branches round to oval in cross section (basal branches tend to be more oval), with larger axis parallel to plane of fan. No anastomosis. Basal branch 0.7 x 0.5 cm wide and thinnest branch 0.3 cm wide at its base. Polychaete tube absent. Anemone attached to one of the branches.</p> <p>Coenosteum white and compact, with a more or less reticulate pattern of coenosteal canals, and covered in round, protuberant granules small and large (15 to 39 µm wide) (Fig. 16c). Some of the large granules are clustered together forming curved ridges. Granules may also have a more conical shape, in probably more eroded parts of the branch. Coenosteal canals are perforated by short slits 8–20 µm wide.</p> <p>Gastropores and dactylopores spread randomly on branches (Fig. 16c), more frequent in anterior face and sparser towards base. Tubes axial, the longest clustered at branch axis (Fig. 16d). Gastropores round and flush, 0.24–0.48 mm wide (average 0.37 mm, n=59, σ=0.05). Gastrostyle needle-shaped and covered from base to tip with long spines that may bear one or more bifurcations (Fig. 16b). Ring palisade not identified. Gastrostyle not as long as gastropore tube (it is not seen from branch surface). Dactylopores round and rimmed, 0.07–0.14 mm wide at their opening (n=12). Dactylostyles absent.</p> <p>Ampullae internal and ovoid in shape, with greater axis parallel to branch surface, or slight protuberances with an apical zone. No efferent pores identified. Sex unknown.</p> <p>Discussion. Lepidopora granulosa was originally described by Cairns (1983a) as Sporadopora granulosa based on specimens from Malvinas and Scotia Ridge. Cairns (1983b) then transferred this species to the genus Lepidopora. The present record is the second for L. granulosa and extends its distribution further north.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744955BA23FF0441A93714FB92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744952BA23FF04455C3032FA14.text	9E6F95744952BA23FF04455C3032FA14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporadopora Moseley 1879	<div><p>Genus Sporadopora Moseley, 1879</p> <p>Type species. Polypora dichotoma Moseley, 1876</p> <p>Included species. Sporadopora dichotoma (Moseley); S. faxensis † Nielsen; S. marginata † Tenison-Woods; S. micropora Cairns; S. mortenseni Broch</p> <p>Distribution. SWA off Argentina, Antarctica, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 119–1498 m (see Cairns 2015).</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 1991.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744952BA23FF04455C3032FA14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744952BA22FF0444D731A7F8AA.text	9E6F95744952BA22FF0444D731A7F8AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporadopora dichotoma (Moseley 1876)	<div><p>Sporadopora dichotoma (Moseley, 1876)</p> <p>(Fig. 12a; Fig. 17)</p> <p>Polypora dichotoma Moseley, 1876: 94–95</p> <p>Sporadopora dichotoma: Moseley 1879: 429–440, pl. 34, figs. 1–2, pl. 35, figs. 1, 2, 9, pl. 36, pl. 43, figs. 1–9, 12, pl. 44, figs. 13–14; Moseley 1881: 36–47, 83, pl. 1, figs. 1– 2, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 9, pl. 3, pl. 10, figs. 1–9, 12, pl. 11, figs. 13–14; Boschma 1957: 60–61; Boschma 1964: 61–62; Cairns 1983a: 65–67, figs. 1a–b, 2a–i, 3a–b, map 1; Cairns 1983b: 436–438, figs. 2a–h, 24f, 25h, 27a, 28c; Cairns 1991: 44–46; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 98, table 1; Zamponi 2008: 188, 198, fig. 9; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–111, table 1, map 4</p> <p>Distribution. Off Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1097 m; Patagonia, 42° S to 48° S; Scotia Arc from Tierra del Fuego to South Georgia, Malvinas Islands and Shetland Islands, 250–1498 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 854–2204 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 60098 off Burdwood Bank, Eltanin St. 1593 (54° 43–42’ S, 56° 37–39’ W); USNM 60100 off South Georgia, ARA Islas Orcadas St. 575–34 (54° 41.6’ S, 34° 51.1’ W); MACN-In 40650 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.401516&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.90075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.401516/lat -37.90075)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 35 (37° 54.045’ S, 54° 24.091’ W), 1245 m, May 2013; MACN-In 40651 off Mar del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013; MACN-In 42502 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.987633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6906/lat -37.987633)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 11 (37° 59.258’ S, 54° 41.436’ W), 854 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42503 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.98517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6856/lat -37.98517)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 42 (37° 59.110’ S, 54° 41.136’ W), 877 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42504 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.403435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.997467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.403435/lat -37.997467)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 37 (37° 59.848’ S, 54° 24.206’ W), 1275 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42505 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.50458&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.027184" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.50458/lat -38.027184)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 41 (38° 01.631’ S, 54° 30.275’ W), 997 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42506 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.175835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.861465" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.175835/lat -37.861465)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 25 (37° 51,688’ S, 54° 10,550’ W), 1950 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42507 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.04117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.914" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.04117/lat -37.914)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 56 (37° 54.840’ S, 54° 2.470’ W), 2204 m, September 2013; MACN-In 42508 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.07638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.861668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.07638/lat -37.861668)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 60 (37° 51.700’ S, 54° 4.583’ W), 1584 m, September 2013.</p> <p>Description. Colonies robust and large. Uniplanar growth, although some deviations from main plane may occur. Branching dichotomous with ocassional anastomosis. Initial growth form is a branchless column. First dichotomous division occurs at around 5 cm height. Branches round to slightly elliptical in cross section, with larger axis generally parallel to plane of growth. Largest basal fragment 3.2 x 3.0 cm wide in cross section, whereas thinnest branches may measure only 7 mm. Branches round-tipped so that at an incipient dichotomic division new ones resemble lobes (Fig. 12a). No lateral branchlets, only apical division, so decrease in diameter from main to secondary branches is gradual. Some colonies grow attached to small rocks through non-expansive base and new coenosteum may form over dead one.</p> <p>Branches smooth and spineless, although some specimens may bear a more granulate apical zone. Coenosteum white and porous, with a rudimentary texture under SEM. Coenosteal strips 25–60 µm wide, lack granules or platelets, and form reticulate pattern.</p> <p>Pores of two kinds: round ones and irregularly-shaped ones. Larger round pores are gastropores and smaller ones are dactylopores (Fig. 17e, c). Irregular pores are the openings of efferent ducts, variable in size (Fig. 17f, c). All types of pores uniformly distributed on surface of terminal branches, but in thicker branches pores concentrate on anterior face, and in basal branches a considerable section of basal zone may lack pores entirely. Gastropores 0.26–0.66 mm in diameter (average 0.49 mm, n=46, σ=0.09). Gastropore tubes cylindrical, long and axial and curve towards surface of coenosteum in upper section (Fig. 17b). Dactylopores 0.16–0.23 mm wide (average 0.19 mm, n=31, σ=0.01). Dactylopore tubes long and axial and curve towards surface like gastropore tubes. Dactylopores slightly raised from surface in apical zone of some specimens, resulting in a rough surface of coenosteum. No tabulae or dactylostyles.</p> <p>Gastrostyles needle-shaped and almost as long as tube. Gastrostyle illustrated in Fig. 17d is 1.1 mm high and bears longitudinal ridges of short spines fused with each other.</p> <p>Ampullae elliptical and completely sunken in coenosteum, with larger axis perpendicular to surface (Fig. 17a). They may measure up to 1.2 mm x 1.0 mm. Given the size of ampullae and of efferent pores, specimens are probably female.</p> <p>Discussion. Genus Sporadopora was originally described by Moseley (1876) as Polypora based on specimens collected off Mar del Plata in the Challenger expedition, but Moseley (1879) replaced this name by Sporadopora, since Polypora was preoccupied for a genus of bryozoans. Cairns (1983a) provided the second record of this species based on specimens from Mavinas Islands, Scotia Arc from Tierra del Fuego to South Georgia and Shetland Islands. The next record is from Río Iglesias et al. (2012) based on specimens from Patagonia from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not informed). The present work provides the fourth record of S. dichotoma and extends its known bathymetric range of occurence to 2204 m depth.</p> <p>Dactylopore size range of our specimens is higher than that reported by Cairns (1983a). However, Cairns (1983a) stated that the upper limit of dactylopore size range is unknown and that it may overlap with that of gastropores. Tabulae were not found along the examined gastropore tubes, contrary to what Cairns (1983a) described in some cases. It is probably necessary to examine more material and to use an alternative method of wearing down the gastropore tube wall, since sandpaper may have caused tabulae to dissapear in the examined fragments. Despite these differences, specimens coincide with S. dichotoma in growth form, coenosteal texture, pore types and shapes, gastropore and dactylopore tube shape and ampullae characteristics.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744952BA22FF0444D731A7F8AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744951BA20FF0441A93020FE2B.text	9E6F95744951BA20FF0441A93020FE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellapora Cairns 1983	<div><p>Genus Stellapora Cairns, 1983b</p> <p>Type species. Spinipora echinata Moseley, 1879</p> <p>Included species. Stellapora echinata (Moseley)</p> <p>Distribution. SWA off Argentina, 357–1647 m (see Cairns 1983a). New record off Mar del Plata, 1144–1289 m.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 1983b.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744951BA20FF0441A93020FE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744951BA1DFF0440C732C5FC02.text	9E6F95744951BA1DFF0440C732C5FC02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellapora echinata (Moseley 1879)	<div><p>Stellapora echinata (Moseley, 1879)</p> <p>(Figs. 18, 19)</p> <p>Spinipora echinata Moseley 1879: 447–449, pl. 34, fig. 3, pl. 35, fig. 4, pl. 38; Moseley 1881: 55–57, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 4, pl. 5; Boschma 1964: 293</p> <p>Errina (Spinipora) echinata: Hickson 1912: 881, pl. 95, fig. 8</p> <p>Not Spinipora echinata: Hickson &amp; England 1909: 352, pl. 44, fig. 8</p> <p>Errina echinata: Boschma 1964: 293, 298; Boschma 1957: 53; Boschma &amp; Lowe 1969: 15, pl. 5, map 2; Broch 1951b: 125– 126; Zamponi 2008: 188, 198, fig. 9</p> <p>Errina (Inferiolabiata) echinata: Boschma 1956: F102–F103, figs. 84, 1b–c; Boschma 1964: 294; Cairns 1983a: 107–109, figs. 22b–c, 24a–h, 25a–b, map 7; Río Iglesias et al. 2012: 191</p> <p>Stellapora echinata: Cairns 1983b: 428, table 1, 454–455, figs. 9a–i, 25i; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 98, table 1; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–110, table 1, map 4</p> <p>Distribution. Off Mar del Plata, 1097 m; Patagonia, 42 S to 48 S; Burdwood Bank, 357–1647 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 1144–1289 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 59945 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.39982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.958466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.39982/lat -37.958466)">Burdwood Bank</a>, Eltanin St. 1593 (54° 43–42’ S, 56° 37–39’ W); MACN-In 40657 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 36 (37º 57.508’ S, 54º 23.989’ W), 1289 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42511 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.401516&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.90075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.401516/lat -37.90075)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 35 (37º 54.045’ S, 54º 24.091’ W), 1245 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42512 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.532017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.96512" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.532017/lat -37.96512)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 12 (37º 57.907’ S, 54º 31.921’ W), 1144 m, August 2012.</p> <p>Description. Colonies robust and large (Fig. 18). Branches thick, blunt-tipped and very close to each other, sometimes anastomosing. Growth mainly uniplanar. Branches round to slightly elliptical in cross section, with larger axis generally parallel to plane of growth. Largest basal branch measured 2.2 x 1.8 cm wide, attached to dead specimen of Bathelia candida by expansive base.</p> <p>Coenosteum white and prickly. Microtexture granular to imbricate in some sections. Granules irregularlyshaped, sometimes pyramidal. Coenosteal strips poorly defined. Ocassionally short, straight and shallow slits are present, perforated by one or two pores 22–55 µm wide aligned within them (Fig. 19f). In these cases the width of a strip delimited by two parallel slits may be measured (around 0.1 mm). These pores are also present in a random distribution on coenosteum surface (Fig. 19g).</p> <p>Gastropores and dactylopores abundant, distributed uniformly on coenosteal surface, although less abundant on posterior side. Gastropores 0.33–0.61 mm wide (average 0.48 mm, n=45, σ=0.07) and of two types: round and stellate (Fig. 19g). Stellate gastropores similar to cyclosystems, but lack dactylopore in each groove. These grooves, unlike dactylopores, are only present at surface opening of gastropore and do not extend downwards into gastropore tube. Up to four grooves were counted in stellate gastropores. Gastropore tubes short and peripheral. Gastrostyles needle-shaped (H:W up to 5.5), 0.9–1.0 mm tall and almost reach coenosteal surface (Fig. 19a). They bear longitudinal ridges of cylindrical to conical spines fused with each other. Ridges in gastrostyle base lack spines (Fig. 19b).</p> <p>Dactylopores of two kinds (Fig. 19c): a longitudinal slit on a tall U-shaped spine (Fig. 19d) and a round pore slightly raised from coenosteal surface. U-shaped dactylopore spines bear thin transluscent walls that extend laterally like lamella, surpassing dactylotome limits. They may reach 2.4 mm high. Three to four spines adjacent to round gastropore often fuse laterally, forming a translucent sheet up to 3.7 mm wide, where dactylotome limits are still noticeable (Fig. 19e). Dactylotomes 0.13–0.20 mm wide, and round dactylopores around 0.1 mm in diameter. Most U-shaped dactylopore spines abcauline. In stellate gastropores septa often extend upwards, which suggests them being precursors of dactylopore spines.</p> <p>Ampullae spherical and conspicuous on coenosteal surface, some slightly sunken. External and internal diameter up to 1.4 mm (Fig. 19c) and 1.1 mm (Fig. 19a), respectively. Judging by size of ampullae, the described specimens are probably female.</p> <p>Discussion. Stellapora echinata was originally described by Moseley (1879) as Spinipora echinata based on a specimen from station n 320 of the Challenger expedition, off Mar del Plata. Hickson (1912) placed this species within the genus Errina due to the presence of U-shaped dactylopore spines and the genus Spinipora Moseley, 1879 became a subgroup (Spinipora group) within Errina. Hickson and England (1909) described a specimen from the Indian Ocean which, according to Boschma (1964) and Cairns (1983a), is an incorrect identification. Broch (1951b) proposed to eliminate the Spinipora category, divided the genus Errina in two subgenera: Eu-Errina and Inferiolabiata, and suggested including Errina echinata in the latter, due to the abcauline orientation of most of the spines. Boschma 1956 also proposed fusing the category Spinipora with the subgenus Inferiolabiata, which included all species within the genus Errina that bore abcauline spines. Cairns (1983a) described specimens from Burdwood Bank, establishing the second record of this species since Moseley (1879). Cairns (1983b), in his revision of Stylasteridae genera, discarded the subgenus Inferiolabiata and arranged the species within this group in three genera: Inferiolabiata, Lepidotheca and Stellapora, S. echinata hitherto being the only known species of the latter. Río Iglesias et al. (2012) reported the third record of S. echinata based on the identification of specimens from Patagonia, from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not informed).</p> <p>The studied specimens differ with those described by Cairns (1983a) in the amount of grooves in stellate gastropores. Those here described bear up to four grooves whereas those described by Cairns (1983a) bear up to seven. This difference is probably intraspecific variability. The present work provides the fourth record of this species.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744951BA1DFF0440C732C5FC02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574496CBA1DFF0442EC3032F830.text	9E6F9574496CBA1DFF0442EC3032F830.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylaster Gray 1831	<div><p>Genus Stylaster Gray, 1831</p> <p>Type species. Madrepora roseus Pallas, 1766</p> <p>Included species. Stylaster alaskanus Fisher; S. amphiheloides Kent; S. antillarum Zibrowius &amp; Cairns; S. antiquus † Sismondi; S. asper Kent; S. atlanticus Broch; S. aurantiacus Cairns; S. bellus (Dana); S. biflabellum Cairns; S. bilobatus Hickson &amp; England; S. bithalamus Broch; S. blatteus (Boschma); S. bocki Broch; S. boreopacificus Broch; S. boschmai (Eguchi); S. brochi (Fisher); S. brunneus Boschma; S. californicus (Verrill); S. campylecus (Fisher); S. carinatus Broch; S. chibaensis † Eguchi; S. cocosensis Cairns; S. complanatus Pourtalès; S. compressus † Roemer; S. corallium Cairns; S. crassio r Broch; S. crassiseptum Cairns &amp; Lindner; S. cretaceous † Jell, Cook &amp; Jell; S. densicaulis Moseley; S. dentatus Broch; S. diastemata Cairns; S. digitiformis † Cairns; S. divergens Marenzeller; S. duchassaingi Pourtalès; S. eguchii (Boschma); S. elassotomus Fisher; S. erubescens Pourtalès; S. filogranus Pourtalès; S. flabelliformis (Lamarck); S. fundatus Cairns; S. galapagensis Cairns; S. gemmascens (Esper); S. gigas † Cairns &amp; Grant-Mackie; S. gracilis Milne Edwards &amp; Haime; S. granulosus Milne Edwards &amp; Haime; S. griggi Cairns; S. griseus Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; S. hattorii (Eguchi); S. horologium Cairns; S. ibericus Zibrowius &amp; Cairns; S. imbricatus Cairns; S. incompletus (Tenison-Woods); S. incrassatus Broch; S. infundibuliferus Cairns; S. inornatus Cairns; S. kenti Cairns &amp; Zibrowius; S. laevigatus Cairns; S. leptostylus (Fisher); S. lindneri Cairns; S. lonchitis Broch; S. marenzelleri Cairns; S. maroccanus Zibrowius &amp; Cairns; S. marshae Cairns; S. microstriatus Broch; S. milleri † Durham; S. miniatus (Pourtalès); S. mooraboolensis † (Hall); S. multicavus † Cairns; S. multiplex Hickson &amp; England; S. nobilis (Saville-Kent); S. norvegicus (Gunnerus); S. obtusus Cairn s; S. omanensis Cairns &amp; Samimi- Namin; S. papuensis Zibrowius; S. parageus (Fisher); S. polymorphus (Broch); S. polystomos Cairns; S. priscus † Reuss; S. profundiporus Broch; S. profundu s (Moseley); S. pulcher Quelch; S. purpuratus (Naumov); S. ramosus Broch; S. repandus Cairns &amp; Lindner; S. robustus (Cairns); S. rosaceus (Greeff); S. roseus (Pallas); S. sanguineus Valenciennes; S. scabiosus Broch; S. sinuosus (Cairns); S. solidus Broch; S. spatula Cairns; S. stejnegeri (Fisher); S. stellulatus Stewart; S. subviolacea (Kent); S. tenisonwoodsi Cairns; S. tuberosus † Cairns; S. trachystomus (Fisher); S. venustus (Verrill); S. verrillii (Dall).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan, 0–1485 m (see Cairns 2015).</p> <p>Diagnosis. See Cairns 1986.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574496CBA1DFF0442EC3032F830	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F9574496DBA1BFF0441A93197F8CE.text	9E6F9574496DBA1BFF0441A93197F8CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylaster densicaulis Moseley 1879	<div><p>Stylaster densicaulis Moseley, 1879</p> <p>(Figs. 20–22)</p> <p>Stylaster erubescens: Moseley 1876: 94</p> <p>Styalaster densicaulis Moseley 1879: 449–454, pl. 34, fig. 5, pl. 35, fig. 3, pl. 40; Moseley 1881: 57–62, 81, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2, fig. 3, pl. 7; Boschma 1957: 4, 8; Cairns 1983a: 136–142, figs. 41a, 42a–i, 43a–b, map 13; Cairns &amp; Macintryre 1992: 102, table 1; Pettibone 1993: 11, 14; Zamponi 2008: 188, 198, fig. 9; Roberts et al. 2009: 43, table 2.6; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–111, table 1, map 4; Molodtsova et al. 2016: 392, table 25.1</p> <p>Not Stylaster densicaulis: Hickson &amp; England 1905: 7, 8, 12</p> <p>Distribution. SWA off Argentina from Río de la Plata to Tierra del Fuego and Scotia Arc to South Georgia, 357– 1244 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 819–1289 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 60016 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.39982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.958466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.39982/lat -37.958466)">Burdwood Bank</a>, Eltanin St. 1593 (54° 43–42’ S, 56° 37–39’ W); MACN-In 40639 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 36 (37° 57.508’ S, 54° 23.989’ W), 1289 m, May 2013; MACN- <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.401516&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.90075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.401516/lat -37.90075)">In</a> 40640 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 35 (37° 54.045’ S, 54° 24.091’ W), 1245 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42485 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.736183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.024982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.736183/lat -38.024982)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 31 (38° 1.499’ S, 54° 44.171’ W), 819 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42486 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.417816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.008335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.417816/lat -38.008335)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 15 (38° 0.500’ S, 54° 25.069’ W), 1200 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42487 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.532017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.96512" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.532017/lat -37.96512)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 12 (37° 57.907’ S, 54° 31.921’ W), 1144 m, August 2012; MACN-In 42488 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.98517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6856/lat -37.98517)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 42 (37° 59.110’ S, 54° 41.136’ W), 877 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42489 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.403435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.997467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.403435/lat -37.997467)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 37 (37° 59.848’ S, 54° 24.206’ W), 1275 m, May 2013.</p> <p>Description. Specimens belong to Group C within Stylaster, given arrangement of cyclosystems exclusively on sides of branches (Cairns 1983b). Growth uniplanar, although some branches may deviate from plane. Branching dichotomous. Branches round to slightly elliptical in cross section, with larger axis perpendicular to fan. Largest specimen examined has a basal branch 20 x 15 mm wide and a non-expansive base. Branchlets rounder in cross section, may be down to 2 mm thick and loaded with ampullae and sympodial cyclosystems. Anastomosis frequent, as well as presence of polychaete tube along anterior or posterior face of branches (Fig. 20). External wall of polychaete tubes smooth and porcellaneous like rest of branches and bears lateral openings through which the worm is visible.</p> <p>Coenosteum white, with reticulate-granular microtexture that may be reticular-imbricate (or a transition between both) in some sections (Fig. 21e). Coenosteal strips 63–95 µm wide. Slits curved, continuous and deep. In eroded sections granules may be rounder, smaller, sparser, and strips poorly delimited, probably because slits become shallower and only the deeper pores that pierced them remain (Fig. 21f). In other eroded fragments strips may be completely smooth (Fig. 21e). One or two large pores, possibly vestigial dactylotomes, are frequently present near cyclosystems (Fig. 21b).</p> <p>Thinnest branches bear cyclosystems in sympodial arrangement whereas in thicker ones they are aligned along laterals. Cyclosystems round to elliptical shaped, 0.7–1.9 mm wide (average 1.4 mm, n=45, σ= 0.3), either flush with branch surface or raised, possibly originating a new branch. Gastropores 0.53–1.24 mm wide (average 0.82 mm, n=45, σ=0.18). Number of dactylotomes per cyclosystem 2–13 (mode 11, n=45). They are 74–146 µm wide, although there may be a dactylotome 50 µm wide. Dactylotomes extend downwards until around 1/5 of total gastropore tube height. Pseudosepta variable in width. Frequently one or two considerably wider than the rest are present in a cyclosystem (Fig. 21a, b). Cyclosystems from basal zones of colony bear less dactylotomes due to presence of diastema in adcauline margin.</p> <p>Dactylostyle rudimentary, bearing two or three adjacent rows of rod-like elements up to 40 µm tall and 10–14 µm in diameter (Fig. 22b). Dactylostyle around 45 µm wide and extends downwards into depths of dactylotome.</p> <p>Gastropore tube peripheral, mainly straight (Fig. 21c). Gastrostyle robust (H:W=1.8), conical in upper section and cylindrical at base, occupying 1/4 of gastropore tube height. Its conical section is covered uniformly in smooth spines with 2–4 tips that resemble deer horns (Fig. 21d). At about gastrostyle tip height a diffuse ring palisade is present.</p> <p>Ampullae ovoid and conspicuous on surface of branches. Female ampullae up to 1.6 mm in external maximum diameter, bear a large lateral efferent pore and are undercut, which makes them protrude significantly (Fig. 22c, d). Male ampullae up to 0.9 mm in external maximum diameter, bear apical efferent pores which make them more conical in shape and are not undercut (Fig. 22a). Two or more ampullae often cluster, making it hard to quantify them. Male ampullae tend to align along branches whereas female ampullae tend to cover branch surfaces uniformly.</p> <p>Small Gorgonocephalidae ophiuroids were clinging to one of the examined S. densicaulis specimens.</p> <p>Discussion. Stylaster densicaulis was originally described by Moseley (1879) based on specimens from off Mar del Plata, collected in station 320 of the Challenger expedition. In his preliminary notes, Moseley (1876) mistook the specimens for S. erubescens Pourtalès, 1868. In 1879 he corrected this, naming the specimens S. densicaulis. Cairns (1983a) examined the holotype and specimens from New Guinea and Seram identified by Hickson and England (1905) as S. densicaulis and concluded that this identification was incorrect. He also described specimens from Scotia Arc, south of Tierra del Fuego and off Península Valdés, establishing the second record of this species. Río Iglesias et al. (2012) placed the third record of this species based on the identification of specimens from off Patagonia, from 42° S to 48° S within a depth range of 200–1500 m (specific depth not stated). Bax and Cairns (2014) show in Map 4 the occurence of S. densicaulis in Drake Passage and Antarctic Peninsula, but specific location of these stations and description of the specimens have not been published hitherto.</p> <p>The examined specimens agree with S. densicaulis in growth form and cyclosystem, coenosteum and ampullar characteristics. The conical shape male ampullae adopt is here added to the description, since hitherto ampullae of this species have only been described as hemispherical or rounded (Moseley 1879, Cairns 1983a). The rectangular ridge Cairns (1983a) described was not identified in these specimens.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F9574496DBA1BFF0441A93197F8CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
9E6F95744969BA16FF0441A936F2F98A.text	9E6F95744969BA16FF0441A936F2F98A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylaster profundus (Moseley 1879)	<div><p>Stylaster profundus (Moseley, 1879)</p> <p>(Figs. 23, 24)</p> <p>Allopora profunda Moseley 1879: 454–457, pl. 34, fig. 6, pl. 35, fig. 13, pl. 39, pl. 44, fig. 12; Moseley 1881: 62–65, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 2, fig. 13, pl. 6, pl. 11, fig. 12; Boschma 1957: 27; Cairns 1983a: 142–143, figs. 41b, 44a–f, 45a–c, map 14</p> <p>Stylaster (Allopora) profundus: Boschma 1951: 457</p> <p>Stylaster profundus: Hickson &amp; England 1905: 8; Cairns 2011: 3, fig. 2c, 9, fig. 7e; Bax &amp; Cairns 2014: 108–110, table 1, map 4</p> <p>Distribution. SWA off Argentina near Río de la Plata; South Georgia; Southwestern Chile. Depth: 631–1097 m. New record off Mar del Plata, 877–1398 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM 62571 off South Georgia, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.98517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6856/lat -37.98517)">Eltanin St.</a> 1536 (54° 29–31’ S, 39° 22–19’ W); MACN- In 40642 off Mar del Plata, Argentina, St. 42 (37° 59.110’ S, 54° 41.136’ W), 877 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42490 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.39982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.958466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.39982/lat -37.958466)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 36 (37° 57.508’ S, 54° 23.989’ W), 1289 m, May 2013; MACN-In 42491 off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.087265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.828133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.087265/lat -37.828133)">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina, St. 59 (37° 49.688’ S, 54° 5.236’ W), 1398 m, September 2013.</p> <p>Description. Specimens belong to Group A, given the arrangement of cyclosystems on lateral and anterior face of branches. Some cyclosystems may be present on posterior face as well. Branching dichotomous, without anastomosis, except where a polychaete tube is present. Colonies robust and mainly uniplanar. Branches round to slightly ovoid in cross section, with larger axis perpendicular to plane of fan. Branches bearing a polychaete tube flatten so that larger axis is parallel to plane of growth. Largest specimen measured is 6 cm wide and 6 cm tall, with basal branch 7 mm wide. Colonies grow attached to dead specimens of Bathelia candida or small rocks through an expansive base. Thinnest branches may measure down to 2 mm. Reduction in diameter from main to terminal branches is gradual. Polychaete tube may develop along anterior or posterior face of branches. Its surface is smooth, bearing lateral openings through which worm is visible (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Coenosteum white, smooth and porcellaneous, with a reticulate-granular microtexture. Coenosteal strips 71– 114 µm wide, delimited by curved, more or less continuous slits. Within slits there are deeper zones, possibly deep pores. Granules within coenosteal strips are clustered and irregularly-shaped (Fig. 24c). In some zones of the colony granules are less defined, strips are flatter, and slits are reduced to their deeper zones.</p> <p>Cyclosystems round, elliptical or irregularly shaped, especially in branch axils. They are 1.2–2.8 mm wide (average 2.0 mm, n=50, σ=0.3). Gastropores round to slightly oval, 0.80–2.00 mm wide (average 1.19 mm, n=50; σ=0.22). Cyclosystems either flush or slightly raised, possibly originating a new branch. Number of dactylotomes per cyclosystem 9–19 (mode 13, n=50). They are 91–208 µm in diameter. Pseudosepta variable in width and occupy about 1/10 of total gastropore tube height. Basal and flush cyclosystems tend to bear less dactylotomes, but diastema is generally absent. Instead, a lone dactylopore may be present behind or on a pseudoseptum, possibly the case of a vestigial dactylotome (Fig. 24b).</p> <p>Dactylostyle rudimentary, made up of one or two more or less adjacent rows of cylindrical rods, and extends towards depths of dactylopore tube. Rods up to 46 µm tall and 14 µm thick (Fig. 24d) and dactylostyle around 64 µm wide.</p> <p>Gastropore tube long and mainly straight, lacking ring palisade (Fig. 24a). Gastrostyle robust, conical and flattened in antero-posterior direction (Fig. 24e, f). It occupies 1/4–1/5 of total gastropore tube hight and is covered uniformly in robust spines that fuse with each other forming multi-tipped lamella, similar to spine clusters in S. densicaulis gastrostyles.</p> <p>Ampullae ovoid in shape and mainly internal, sometimes protruding slightly as hemispherical bumps. They are 0.8–1.0 mm in maximum internal diameter (n=5) and efferent pore is 0.4–0.5 mm wide, placed on gastropore tube wall as a circular depression (Fig. 24a, f). Two or more efferent pores may lead to the same gastropore tube (Fig. 24f). Given the size of ampullae and efferent pores, this is possibly the case of a female specimen (specimen MACN-In 40642).</p> <p>Discussion. Stylaster profundus was originally described by Moseley (1879) as Allopora profunda, based on a specimen from station 320 of the Challenger expedition, off Mar del Plata. Cairns (1983a) examined specimens from stations 320 and 306 of the Challenger expedition and concluded that Moseley´s description from 1879 and 1881 corresponds with a specimen from station 306 in Golfo de Peñas, Chile. Therefore, the specimen from station 320 became a lectotype and the one from station 306, a paralectotype. Cairns (1983a) also examined specimens from South Georgia islands, establishing the second record of this species. Cairns (1983b) analysed genera Stylaster and Allopora Ehrenberg, 1834 and synonymised them, using Stylaster as the valid name for the genus. He created three subgroups within this genus, with main differences between them based on the arrangement of cyclosystems: Group A, which includes species previously belonging to Allopora, with cyclosystems on all surfaces of branches; Group C, which includes species belonging to Stylaster before this group was synonymised with Allopora, with cyclosystems exclusively arranged on laterals of branches; and Group B, which includes species with an intermediate arrangement between Group A and Group C.</p> <p>To the description of S. profundus done by Cairns (1983a) we add further information about female ampullae, since hitherto the efferent pore had not been described. As regards the dactylostyle rods, their length is lower than the one informed by Cairns (1983a). It is probably necessary to examine more material in order to decide if this difference is significant. The specimens here described establish the third record of this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E6F95744969BA16FF0441A936F2F98A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bernal, M. C.;Cairns, S. D.;Penchaszadeh, P. E.;Lauretta, D.	Bernal, M. C., Cairns, S. D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., Lauretta, D. (2021): Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina. Zootaxa 4969 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1
