taxonID	type	description	language	source
039A87BEFFF47B0029EAFF5DFD63E74F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A genus of Gobiosomatini distinguished by the following combination of characters, not listed in order of taxonomic importance: first dorsal fin with VII spines; pelvic fins completely united by a membrane along their entire length, forming cup-like disc with well-developed, smooth anterior frenum; 27 vertebrae (11 precaudal + 16 caudal); dorsal pterygiophore formula 3 – 221110; hypurals 1 – 2 fused with hypurals 3 – 4 and the terminal caudal vertebral element; one epural; head, nape, abdomen and prepelvic region without scales; head pores D and E always present; supraoccipital with expanded lateral wings; maxilla with no dorsal process on its posterior edge; outer edges of lower jaw without barbels.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFF47B0029EAFF5DFD63E74F.taxon	description	Description Fins. First dorsal fin VII; second dorsal fin I, 9 – 14; anal fin I, 8 – 11; pectoral fin rays 15 – 22; pelvic rays I, 5; pelvic fin rays united by membrane along their entire length, forming a cup-like disc with well-developed anterior frenum and a smooth margin; caudal fin rounded to truncate; segmented caudal fin rays 17; branched caudal fin rays 13 – 16. Scales. Head, nape, abdomen, pre-pelvic area, and pectoral fin base without scales; squamation on truck of body highly variable, ranging from being completely naked, to being heavily scaled posteriorly with scales extending anteriorly to axis of pectoral fin; scales on sides of body ctenoid or cycloid; modified basicaudal scales present in several species. Vertebral and caudal skeleton. Vertebrae 27 (11 precaudal + 16 caudal); pterygiophore formula of first dorsal fin 3 – 221110; first two anal pterygiophores inserted anterior to haemal arch; hypurals 1 – 2 fused with hypurals 3 – 4 and terminal vertebral element; one epural; first 5 – 10 vertebrae with pronounced anterior zygapophyses; ventral post-cleithra absent. Head. Cephalic lateralis pores B', C (s), D (s), E, F, H' typically present; supraopercular pores K', L' present in some species; two to three preopercular pores present (M', O' or M', N, O'); sensory papillae arranged in transverse pattern with four to six suborbital transverse rows; row b usually beginning anteriorly beneath posterior margin of eye; papillae row n in two distinct segments, not continuous across nape; posterior nare on short tube; anterior nare on tube slightly longer and stouter than posterior nare; barbel adjacent to anterior nare present in some species; barbel near anterior margin of eye present in one species (G. seminudum); barbels on snout present in several species, often as a small wart-like projection; mental frenum developed into a pair of barbels in several species; no barbels along outer edge of lower jaw; gill opening as a small slit restricted to just anterior of the pectoral fin base; rostral frenum absent. Cranial osteology. Supraoccipital with prominent lateral wings; lateral wings of supraoccipital articulating with sphenotic in most species; metapterygoid broad, extending over quadrate; maxilla without prominent dorsal process. Teeth. Teeth in both jaws arranged in two or three rows anteriorly, one or two rows posteriorly; outer rows of teeth in both jaws typically as enlarged canines; teeth in outer row of upper jaw typically larger in males than in females. Urogenital papillae. Male papillae triangular, conical, or bilobed (only in G. hildebrandi); male papillae sometimes heavily pigmented; female papillae stout, bulbous, and widely open at its tip, with the edges of the opening being bilobed or crenulate. Sexual dimorphism. Adult males often with slightly longer jaws and larger outer rows of teeth than adult females; some species with elongate filamentous dorsal spines in males; some species with strong sexual dichromatism, with males being dark and drab and females being barred or mottled. Comparisons Gobiosoma can be distinguished from all non-Gobiosomatini gobies by its low vertebral count (11 precaudal + 16 caudal), the presence of seven spines in the first dorsal fin, a dorsal pterygiophore insertion pattern of 3 – 221110, having the first two anal pterygiophores inserted anterior to the haemal arch, and in having an unossified scapula. Gobiosoma (and other Gobiosoma group species) differ from the Microgobius group genera (Akko, Antilligobius, Bollmannia, Microgobius, Palatogobius, Parrella) in having hypurals 1 – 2 fused with hypurals 3 – 4 and the terminal vertebral element, having papillae row n comprised of two sections that do not unite across the dorsum, a round or truncate caudal fin, and a metapterygoid process that does not overlap the quadrate. Among fellow Gobiosoma group genera, Gobiosoma can be distinguished from Chriolepis, Eleotrica, Gobulus, Gymneleotris, Psilotris, Pycnomma, Robinsichthys and Varicus, in having completely united pelvic fins, which form a cup-like disc with a well-developed frenum, versus having incompletely united or completely separate pelvic fins. Gobiosoma is easily distinguished from the eastern Pacific Ophiogobius and the western Atlantic Pariah in having seven dorsal spines (versus eight), having 27 vertebrae (versus 32 in Ophiogobius, 29 in Pariah). Ophiogobius also has a bilobed tongue, whereas the tongue is truncate in Gobiosoma. Vertebral counts, and in come cases, first dorsal fin elements also distinguish Gobiosoma from species of Evermannichthys, which possess three to seven dorsal spines and 29 – 36 vertebrae. Gobiosoma differs from Aboma in having fused hypurals (hypurals 1 – 2 not fused to hypurals 3 – 4 and terminal vertebral element in Aboma), and in lacking head pore G (pore G present in Aboma). Gobiosoma is distinguished from the genera Elacatinus and Tigrigobius by having 27 vertebrae (11 + 16) versus 28 (11 + 17). Unlike Gobiosoma, all species we have examined of Elacatinus, and most species of Tigrigobius, also have a reduced supraoccipital that does not possess prominent lateral wings (supraoccipitals often round or oval instead; exceptions being T. macrodon and T. zebrella). Similarly, Ginsburgellus and Risor also differ from Gobiosoma in having 28 vertebrae and a reduced supraoccipital. Gobiosoma differs from the genera Aruma, Nes and Barbulifer primarily in configuration of the head pores. Nes lacks all head pores. Aruma lacks pores C and E (Hoese 1976), and Barbulifer lacks pores C, D and E. Pores D and E are present in all species of Gobiosoma, and pore C is present in nearly all species (sometimes missing in G. seminudum and G. homochroma). The number and distribution of barbels is also more extensive in Barbulifer than Gobiosoma. Gobiosoma species never have prominent barbels on the edges of the lower jaw or behind the jaw whereas these regions have barbels in at least one species of Barbulifer.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	vernacular_names	White-margined goby	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	description	(Figures 2 and 3 A)	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Miraflores Locks, Panama Canal Material examined AMNH 233125, 1, 32.7 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 7 March 2001; AMNH 254723, 1, 36.5 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; AMNH 256675, 1, 19.6 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; AMNH 256676, 1, 36.8 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 7 March 2001; AMNH 258323, 1, 21.2 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; USNM 407415, 1 of 5, 22.25 mm SL, El Salvador, C. Baldwin et al., March 2001; USNM 407034, 1 of 2, 13.1 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Martin Perez, Golfo de Fonseca, C. Baldwin et al., 9 March 2001; USNM 408893, 4 of 5, 13.6 – 22.55 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, C. Baldwin et al., 7 March 2001; USNM 107298, Holotype, 1, 31.79 mm SL, Panama, Canal Zone: Miraflores Locks, Lower Chamber, Hildebrand, S. F., 26 – 29 March 1937; USNM 123185, Paratype, 1, 27.38 mm SL, Panama, Canal Zone: Pacific Coast of Panama probably Miraflores Locks, Hildebrand, S. F., 1937; USNM 123184, Paratype, 6 alc and 1 C & S, 24.89 – 36.86 mm SL, Panama, Canal Zone: Miraflores Locks, Lower Chamber, Hildebrand, S. F., 26 – 29 March 1937; USNM 81835, Paratype, 1, 36.18 mm SL, Panama (Pacific), Tide Pools, Meek, S. E., Hildebrand, S. F., 22 March 1912; USNM 368118, 1, 32.68 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, C. Baldwin et al., 7 March 2001.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A species of Gobiosoma distinguished from congeners by the following characters: prominent barbel adjacent to anterior nare; mental frenum produced into two prominent barbels; second dorsal fin I, 13; side of body heavily scaled from caudal peduncle extending to or just falling short of axil of pectoral fin; scales on body ctenoid posteriorly, with ctenii reduced or absent anteriorly; sensory head pores B', C (s), D (s), E, F, H' present; three preopercular pores present; all sensory pores greatly enlarged; body with prominent wide, dark vertical bands on pale background.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	description	Description Body and head slightly dorsoventrally depressed; body depth at origin of first dorsal fin 19.7 – 24.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 11.6 – 14.5; caudal peduncle length 16.9 – 20.1. Fins. First dorsal fin VII * (21); dorsal fin spines 1 – 5 sometimes with short filaments that extend slightly beyond interspinal membrane; second dorsal fin I, 13 * (16); anal fin I, 10 * (16); pectoral fin rays 20 (2), 21 * (5), 22 (7), 23 (2); pectoral fin length 19.6 – 31.4; pelvic fin I, 5 * (20); pelvic fins completely united by a membrane along their entire length, forming cup-like disc with well-developed, smooth anterior frenum; caudal fin rounded to truncate; segmented caudal fin rays 17 * (16), 18 (1); branched caudal fin rays 14 (1), 15 * (15), 16 (1); caudal fin length 21.4 – 27.6. Scales. Head, nape, abdomen, pre-pelvic area and pectoral fin base without scales; side of body with scales extending from base of caudal fin anteriorly to, or just short of, axis of pectoral fin; scales on side of the body ctenoid, cteni becoming gradually reduced or absent entirely anteriorly; lateral scale rows 32 – 55 (36 in holotype); transverse scale rows 11 – 18 (11 in holotype); base of caudal fin typically with four to six scales with reduced cteni; two scales at dorsal and ventral edge of base of caudal fin slightly larger than other basicaudal scales. Head. Head length 29.7 – 34.7; post orbital length 17.1 – 20.4; eye diameter 6.4 – 7.9; upper-jaw length 9.1 – 13.3; snout length 5.1 – 7.8; interorbital width 1.4 – 3.6; tongue broadly truncate in all but one individual, which was bilobed (possibly due to damage); teeth in upper jaw typically in three rows anteriorly, becoming two rows posteriorly, with inner and outermost rows enlarged and regularly spaced, middle row irregularly spaced and much smaller; outermost row of teeth in upper jaw extending to end of premaxilla or nearly so; teeth in lower jaw arranged in three rows anteriorly, becoming two rows posteriorly; teeth at anterior of lower jaw enlarged and regularly spaced in innermost and outermost rows, middle row irregularly spaced and much smaller; gill opening extends ventrally to just anterior of the pectoral fin base; anterior nare on short stout tube, often with tiny projections or single flap on rim; posterior nare on a tube shorter than anterior nare, lacking flap but sometimes with tiny projections on rim; no barbels on tip of snout; barbel present adjacent to anterior nare, length approximately equal to half to two-thirds the diameter of pupil; lateral edges of mental frenum produced into two prominent barbels, length approximately equal to half to entire diameter of pupil. Sensory pores and papillae (Figure 3 A). Head pores B', C (s), D (s), E, F, H' present (pore G present on right side of a single specimen); preopercular pores M', N, O' present; pores on head and preopercle very large and easily visible; six transverse rows of papillae beneath eye; first transverse row beginning beneath anterior margin of eye; last two transverse rows short, beginning at posteroventral corner of eye, just anterior to pore F; longitudinal papillae row b beginning at vertical throw posterior margin of eye; longitudinal papillae row d terminating at transverse row that bisects papillae row b; papillae row n not continuous across nape, but in two separate segments. Select osteological characters. Vertebrae 27 (11 precaudal + 16 caudal); pterygiophore formula of first dorsal fin 3 – 221110; first two anal pterygiophores inserted anterior to haemal arch; hypurals 1 – 2 fused with hypurals 3 – 4 and terminal vertebral element; one epural; ventral post-cleithra absent; braincase circular in shape; supraoccipital with prominent lateral wings that articulate with sphenotic. Colour (Figure 2). Background of body and head pale grey; side of body with seven dark vertical bars, approximately equal to eye diameter in width; first vertical bar over nape; bars 2 – 3 beneath first dorsal fin, with pigmentation of bars extending vertically onto fin; vertical bars 4 – 5 beneath second dorsal fin, with pigmentation of bars extending vertically onto fin; vertical bar 7 over posterior margin of caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin rays, with pigmentation of bar extending vertically onto dorsal procurrent caudal rays; remaining portion of caudal rays variously pigmented, either with broken dark vertical bars or uniformly dusky; side of face mottled with areas of dark pigment on pale background, with dark areas frequently arranged into two or three vertical or diagonal bars extending from beneath eye; pectoral fin base uniformly dark or mottled; posterior margin of operculum and region between operculum and pectoral fin base frequently with reddish-orange hue; belly and body under pectoral fin base often with yellowish-orange hue; first dorsal fin with two dark blotches roughly positioned over corresponding dark vertical bars on truck, blotches typically separated at least partially by a pale region; second dorsal fin pale at base, uniformly dark across remainder of fin, with pale region at base interrupted by dark blotches that are continuations of vertical bars on truck of body; pectoral fin mottled, distal margin pale.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat Gobiosoma aceras is known from shallow intertidal areas, including rocky and mangrove tide pools. This species has also been collected from rotenone stations on shallow scuba dives (<12 m) around gorgonian covered boulders and barnacle rubble, and from scree fields that slope down to silty mud.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Gobiosoma aceras is known only from the Pacific coast of Central America, from El Salvador to Panama, including in the Canal Zone.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFA7B0529A5FB1EFC04E18C.taxon	discussion	Comparisons Gobiosoma aceras can be distinguished from its eastern Pacific congeners G. paradoxum, G. hildebrandi and G. chiquita by the presence of barbels near the anterior nare and on the mental frenum. The eastern Pacific G. homochroma also lacks barbels on the mental frenum. Gobiosoma aceras can also be distinguished from all other congeners except G. nudum in having enlarged headpores. Gobiosoma nudum can be easily distinguished from G. aceras by the lack of scales on the side of the body (with the exception of a small patch under the pectoral fin base) versus being heavily scaled, as in G. aceras. The high number of elements in the second dorsal fin of G. aceras (I, 13) further distinguish it from all other eastern Pacific Gobiosoma (second dorsal I, 12 or less) except G. seminudum. Only G. hildebrandi and G. nudum have vertical banding on the body that is as prominent as the banding in G. aceras. In addition to lacking barbels, G. hildebrandi differs from G. aceras in having fewer lateral scale rows (25 – 28 versus> 30 in G. aceras). Gobiosoma aceras is most closely related to G. seminudum (Rüber et al. 2003). The two species were previously considered to belong to a distinct genus Enypnias (also as a subgenus of Garmannia). Both species are heavily scaled, possess barbels near the anterior nare and on the mental frenum, and have elevated second dorsal counts. Gobiosoma aceras differs from G. seminudum in lacking the supraopercular segment of the sensory canal (pores K', L'), and in having predominately ctenoid scales on the body versus cyloid. There are also prominent barbels on the tip of the snout in G. seminudum that are not present in G. aceras. Overall body pigmentation readily separates the two species as well, as G. aceras has distinct, wide vertical bars that are present in both sexes, whereas male G. seminudum are uniformly dark and females are either mottled or have broken or diagonal bars along the trunk.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFF7B1A29D7FD5CFE7BE212.taxon	description	(Figures 3 B – 5)	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFF7B1A29D7FD5CFE7BE212.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Pacific coast of Central America. Material examined USNM 407407, 1 of 2, 29.99 mm SL, El Salvador, Jiquilisco Bay, Bahia De Jiquilisco, C. Baldwin et al., 31 March 2001; USNM 407106, 1, 29.03 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, C. Baldwin et al., 9 March 2001; AMNH 254722, 1, 20.1 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; AMNH 256784, 1, 29.0 mm SL, Panama, Bahia Piña, J. Van Tassell et al., 21 December 2002; AMNH 256871, 4 of 8, 19.6 – 24.2 mm SL, Panama, Rio Mosquitos, Isla del Rey, J. Van Tassell et al., 22 December 2002; AMNH 258315, 1, 28.6 mm SL, El Salvador, Gulf of Fonseca, Isla Martin Perez, J. Van Tassell et al., 9 March 2001; AMNH 258316, 1, 34.5 mm SL, Panama, La Palma, San Miguel Estuary, J. Van Tassell et al., 19 December 2002; AMNH 258317, 1, 22.5 mm SL, Panama, Rio Mosquitos, Isla del Rey, J. Van Tassell et al., 22 December 2002; AMNH 258318, 1, 25.5 mm SL, Panama, Rio Mosquitos, Isla del Rey, J. Van Tassell et al., 22 December 2002; AMNH 258319, 3 + 1 C & S, 21.3 – 35.56 mm SL, Panama, Rio Mosquitos, Isla del Rey, J. Van Tassell et al., 22 December 2002; AMNH 258320, 3 of 5, 20.5 – 33.0 mm SL, El Salvador, Estero north of Isla Perico, Bahia de La Union, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 12 March 2001; AMNH 258423, 2, 24.13 – 25.78 mm SL, El Salvador, Estero El Tamarindo, north entrance to Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 10 March 2001; AMNH 258321, 1 of 5, 26.1 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; AMNH 258322, 1 of 5, 25.1 mm SL, El Salvador, Isla Meanguera, Golfo de Fonseca, J. Van Tassell et al., 8 March 2001; BMNH 1861.8. 13.22, syntypes, 8, west coast of Central American, Capt. Dow.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFF7B1A29D7FD5CFE7BE212.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A species of Gobiosoma distinguished by the following characters: prominent barbel adjacent to anterior nare; a pair of barbels on the tip of snout; mental frenum produced into two prominent barbels; first dorsal fin without greatly elongate or filamentous spines; second dorsal fin I, 13 – 14; side of body heavily scaled from caudal peduncle extending to or just falling short of axil of pectoral fin; scales on body cycloid; sensory head pores B', C (s), D (s), E, F, H', K', L' usually present (pore C sometimes absent); three preopercular pores present.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFF7B1A29D7FD5CFE7BE212.taxon	description	Description Body and head slightly dorsoventrally depressed; body depth at origin of first dorsal fin 16.8 – 25.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 11.3 – 14.8; caudal peduncle length 17.97 – 22.8. Fins. Counts for first and second dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins include counts from Böhlke and Robins (1968): first dorsal fin VII * (32); second dorsal fin I, 12 (1), I, 13 * (12), I, 14 * (26); anal fin I, 9 (2), I, 10 * (34), I, 11 (1); pectoral fin rays 19 (4), 20 (23), 21 (20); pectoral fin length 19.9 – 26.0; pelvic fin I, 5 * (20); pelvic fins completely united by a membrane along their entire length, forming cup-like disc with well-developed, smooth anterior frenum; caudal fin rounded to truncate; segmented caudal fin rays 17 (17); branched caudal fin rays 14 (2), 15 (10), 16 (5); caudal fin length 21.2 – 26.8. Scales. Head, nape, abdomen, pre-pelvic area and pectoral fin base without scales; side of body with scales extending from base of caudal fin anteriorly to, or just short of, axis of pectoral fin; scales on side of the body cycloid; lateral scale rows 33 – 59; transverse scale rows 11 – 17; base of caudal fin typically with four to six scales; two scales dorsal and ventral edge of base of caudal fin slightly larger than other basicaudal scales, sometimes with very reduced cteni. Head. Head length 28.4 – 32.4; post orbital length 06.7 – 19.2; eye diameter 6.7 – 8.8; upper-jaw length 8.2 – 14.1; snout length 5.1 – 8.1; interorbital width 2.2 – 4.7; tongue broadly truncate; teeth in upper jaw typically in three rows anteriorly, becoming two rows posteriorly, with inner and outermost rows enlarged and regularly spaced, middle row irregularly spaced and much smaller; outermost row of teeth in upper jaw extending to end of premaxilla or nearly so; teeth in lower jaw arranged in three rows anteriorly, becoming two rows posteriorly; teeth at anterior end of lower jaw with enlarged and regularly spaced inner and outermost rows, middle row irregularly spaced and much smaller; gill opening extends ventrally to just anterior of the pectoral fin base; anterior nare on short stout tube; anterior nare with flap on rim of tube in one specimen; posterior nare on a tube shorter than anterior nare, often nearly flush with snout; tip of snout with pair of barbels, length approximately equal to onethird to two-thirds diameter of pupil; barbel present adjacent to anterior nare, length approximately equal to one-third to one-half diameter of pupil; lateral edges of mental frenum produced into two prominent barbels, length approximately equal to half to entire diameter of pupil. Sensory pores and papillae (Figure 3 B). Head pores B', C (s), D (s), E, F, H', K', L' present in most individuals; interorbital pore C absent in several individuals from El Salvador; preopercular pores M', N, O' present; six transverse rows of papillae beneath eye; first transverse row beginning beneath anterior margin of eye; last two transverse rows short, beginning at posteroventral corner of eye just anterior to pore F; longitudinal papillae row b beginning at vertical through posterior margin of eye; longitudinal row papillae row d terminating at transverse row that bisects papillae row b; papillae row n not continuous across nape, but in two separate segments. Select osteological characters. Vertebrae 27 (11 precaudal + 16 caudal); pterygiophore formula of first dorsal fin 3 – 221110; first two anal pterygiophores inserted anterior to haemal arch; hypurals 1 – 2 fused with hypurals 3 – 4 and terminal vertebral element; one epural; ventral post-cleithra absent; braincase circular in shape; supraoccipital with prominent lateral wings that articulate with sphenotic. Colour in females (Figure 4). Background of body grey; body with a series of dark dots down lateral midline, several dots often connected appearing as dashes; side of body with pale areas that vary in intensity and shape, sometimes appearing as distinct pale diagonal bars on dark background (Figure 4 A, B), other times appearing as haphazardly spaced pale blotches on dark background (Figure 4 D), or as a mottling of indistinct light and dark grey patches (Figure 4 C, E); first dorsal fin uniformly dusky with very narrow pale stripe near distal margin, and two small pale patches near base; second dorsal fin highly variable, ranging from mottled to possessing completely or broken pale horizontal stripes on a dark background; caudal fin variously pigmented with broken dark vertical bars or densely mottled; side of face, operculum, and nape mottled with areas of dark pigment on pale background; pectoral fin base uniformly pale or lightly mottled with prominent dark spot on upper portion on base; pectoral rays dusky, with pigment slightly darker near base of rays than on remainder of fin; anal fin lightly pigmented to uniformly pale. Colour in males (Figure 5). Head, body and pectoral fins uniformly drab brown or dark grey; body often with a series of dark dots down lateral midline, several dots often connected appearing as dashes; dorsal fin dark brown, often with narrow pale stripe near distal margin; second dorsal fin with heavy mottling to uniformly dark brown; caudal fin dusky to dark brown, with distal tips of rays lighter than remainder of fin; dark vertical bar over base of caudal rays and poster margin of caudal peduncle; anal fin typically uniformly dark brown. Habitat Gobiosoma seminudum is known to occur in rocky or mangrove tide pools, as well as other intertidal and shallow subtidal areas where rock, shell and mud are present.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
039A87BEFFFF7B1A29D7FD5CFE7BE212.taxon	distribution	Distribution Gobiosoma seminudum is known only from the Pacific coast of Central America as far south as southern Panama. Two lots of specimens exist from the Gulf of California, Mexico: UAZ 69 - 42 - 8, Sinaloa; and UCLA W 51 - 36 (currently at SIO), Mazatlan. These records represent the northernmost extent of the range. Comparisons Gobiosoma seminudum can be distinguished from its eastern Pacific congeners G. paradoxum, G. hildebrandi and G. chiquita by the presence of barbels near the anterior nare, on the tip of the snout, and on the mental frenum. Gobiosoma homochroma also lacks barbels on the mental frenum. Gobiosoma nudum possess barbels near the anterior nare and mental frenum, but differs from G. seminudum primarily in lacking scales on the side of the body (with the exception of a small patch under the pectoral fin base) versus being heavily scaled. The elevated number of second dorsal fin elements in G. seminudum (primarily I, 13 – 14) further distinguish it from all other eastern Pacific Gobiosoma (I, 12 or less) except G. aceras. This species is the only eastern Pacific species of Gobiosoma to possess sensory pores K' and L' and the associated canal segment over the operculum. This character coupled with the absence of distinct dark and light wide vertical bars on the body of both sexes, and the presence of cycloid versus ctenoid scales, easily distinguish G. seminudum from its closest relative G. aceras.	en	Tornabene, Luke, Van Tassell, James L. (2014): Redescription of the goby genus Gobiosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini), with the synonymy of the genus Enypnias. Journal of Natural History 48 (23 - 24): 1413-1437, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.840938, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840938
