identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FB87BAFF84086A1BB812C737D1C757.text	03FB87BAFF84086A1BB812C737D1C757.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pavonaria Kolliker. This 1870	<div><p>Pavonaria (junior synonym of Funiculina)</p> <p>Cuvier (1817) referred to all the generic groups cited in his work by nomina vernacula. For already existing genera, he also specified the Latin name in parentheses together with an abbreviation of the author’s name [e.g. Les Éponges (Spongia L.), Les Millépores (Millepora L.), Les Renilles (Renilla L.), Les Pennatules (Pennatula Cuv.)], but he did not devise scientific names for his newly proposed taxa (e.g. Les Pavonaires Cuv., Les Scirpéaires Cuv., Les Ombellulaires Cuv.). According to Article 12.3 of ICZN4, a vernacular name cannot serve as an “indication” to make available a name that lacks a description or definition. For this reason, the name “Les Pavonaires” proposed by Cuvier (1817) is unavailable. In fact, all of the new genus-level names proposed by Cuvier (1817) first became available later, in works using their Latin equivalents (e.g. Umbellula Gray, 1870 for Les Ombellulaires Cuv.).</p> <p>Oken (1817) published a study comparing Cuvier’s classification to his own, listing all genera of the Animal Kingdom and mentioning the name Pavonaria within the group “ Pennatula ”. For reasons mentioned in above in the Introduction, this was a nomem nudum and Schweigger (1819) was the first to make the name Pavonaria available. Although several studies in the 19th century (Cuvier, 1836; Richiardi, 1869; Gray, 1870, and even Schweigger, 1819, 1820) attributed the authorship of Pavonaria to Cuvier, and publications in the 20th century attributed it to Schweigger (1820) (Kükenthal, 1915; Deichmann, 1936, Williams, 1995), the correct citation for this taxon is Pavonaria Schweigger, 1819.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87BAFF84086A1BB812C737D1C757	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva;Williams, Gary C.;Gomes, Paula Braga	Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva, Williams, Gary C., Gomes, Paula Braga (2021): Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 237-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.10
03FB87BAFF84086D1BB81593320AC097.text	03FB87BAFF84086D1BB81593320AC097.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pavonaria Schweigger 1819	<div><p>Kölliker’s Pavonaria and Halipteris</p> <p>Kölliker published the work Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien I. Die Pennatuliden, divided in three parts in two volumes (7 and 8) of the Abhandlungen, ausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen natuforschenden Gesellschaft. While Volume 8 was clearly published in 1872, there has been controversy over the publication date(s) of Volume 7. The Volume 7 has nine continuous manuscripts, without divisions, with 602 pages and 46 plates. The controversy is based on the presence of two Title Pages in Volume 7 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/ 54845#page/9/mode/1up). The first Title Page bears Siebenten bandes drittes und viertes heft, mit XXVII Tafeln (Volume 7, parts 3 and 4, with 27 plates), with 1870 as publication date, and the Second Title Page bears Siebenter band, mit XLVI Tafeln (Volume 7, with 46 plates- including the previous 27 cited in the first Title Page) with the date 1869-1870. The presence of these two title pages hinders interpretation, since the book corresponds to the complete volume 7 (with all papers and plates), even though the first Title Page points only to parts 3 and 4. This suggests that individual papers may been written between 1969 and 1970, but there is no information about specific publication dates for each paper. In the same way, there are no Title Pages with single parts 1 or 2. So, there is no clear evidence of a previous and separate publication of parts 1 and 2.</p> <p>Kölliker’s paper is split into two parts—the fourth and ninth papers in the volume—with the latter being a continuation of the former [“Fortsetzung” (= continuation) on the Summary of the volume; “Schluss” (=end) on its own title page]. It is clear that the two parts were written in different moments, the first (pages 109-255) was written in August 1869 as indicated in the introduction (“Würzburg, in August 1869 ”). Even though these two parts were written in different moments, they seem to have been published together in only one Volume, the 7 (with all four Heft).</p> <p>Some authors have treated these two parts of Kölliker’s work independently of each other, considering, arbitrarily, the first to have been published in 1869 and the second in 1870 (Deichmann, 1936; Williams, 1990, 1995). Williams (1990, 1995) considered that Kölliker had named Pavonaria and Halipteris in 1869 since both genera are listed in the first part of the work (pp. 123 and 124, respectively) with brief characterizations but without any associated species. This would be enough to establish availability, even though detailed descriptions of these taxa and the inclusion of species are found in the second part, Pavonaria on p. 578 and Halipteris on p. 583. However, as said before, there is no evidence that the first part of Kolliker’s work was published in 1869. In fact, a publication date of 1870 has been attributed to other genera created by Kölliker in the same work, such as Sarcophyllum and Godeffroyia, which had similar preliminary mentions in the first half (see Williams, 1995; WoRMS Editorial Board, 2021).</p> <p>We contacted libraries and tracked this publication and all citations of it, and there is no evidence of prior publication of parts 1 and 2 separately. Thus, we assume that Volume 7 has been published in full (parts 1 to 4) and considered the date printed in the title page of the whole Volume 7, 1969-1970, as publication date. Therefore, 1869- 1870 should be considered as the date of publication for both of Kölliker’s papers.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87BAFF84086D1BB81593320AC097	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva;Williams, Gary C.;Gomes, Paula Braga	Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva, Williams, Gary C., Gomes, Paula Braga (2021): Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 237-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.10
03FB87BAFF82086F1BB8174636DFC3E3.text	03FB87BAFF82086F1BB8174636DFC3E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balticinidae Balss 1910	<div><p>Family Balticinidae Balss, 1910</p> <p>Pavonaridae Jungersen, 1904 (invalided by the homonymy of its type genus, Pavonaria Kölliker, 1870, preoccupied by Pavonaria Schweigger, 1819)</p> <p>Pavonariinae Kükenthal &amp; Broch, 1911; Kükenthal, 1915? Pavonaridae Dana (Verrill, 1922: 12) [Verrill placed Verrillia (= Balticina) in the family Pavonaridae Dana, but Dana never described that family and whenever he mentioned the family Pavonaridae it was in reference to the group of “Pavonarias”</p> <p>(i.e. “Pavonaires” in the original French) of Cuvier (= Funiculina)]. Balticinidae Balls, 1910; Deichmann, 1936; Bayer, 1958 Balticininae: Bayer, 1956; Williams, 1990 Halipteridae Williams, 1995 Non Pavonaridae (type genus: Pavonaria Schweigger, 1819): Leuckart, 1864: 185, 1866: 115; Teney, 1865: 519; Dana, 1890:</p> <p>93.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87BAFF82086F1BB8174636DFC3E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva;Williams, Gary C.;Gomes, Paula Braga	Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva, Williams, Gary C., Gomes, Paula Braga (2021): Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 237-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.10
03FB87BAFF81086F1BB811C7330AC0AB.text	03FB87BAFF81086F1BB811C7330AC0AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Balticina Gray 1870	<div><p>Genus Balticina Gray, 1870</p> <p>Halipteris Kölliker, 1870</p> <p>Norticina Gray, 1870</p> <p>Osteocella Gray, 1870</p> <p>Pavonaria Kölliker, 1870 (invalid, preoccupied by Pavonaria Schweigger, 1819)</p> <p>Verrillia Stearns, 1873</p> <p>Rakollikeria nom. nov. (substitute name for Pavonaria Kölliker, 1870 preoccupied by Pavonaria Schweigger, 1819)</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87BAFF81086F1BB811C7330AC0AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pérez, Carlos Daniel;Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva;Williams, Gary C.;Gomes, Paula Braga	Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Cordeiro, Ralf Tarciso Silva, Williams, Gary C., Gomes, Paula Braga (2021): Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 237-244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.10
