taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E3224DFFB82837FC9EF9E4FE6FA624.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Parilia alcocki Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, subsequent designation under Article 68.2.1 [ICZN, 1999]; gender feminine).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB82837FC9EF9E4FE6FA624.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace transversely subovate, ovate or longitudinally ovate; dorsal surface covered with small rounded granules or appearing smooth. Cardiac region with posteriorly directed spine; intestinal region with 2 spines. Exopod of third maxilliped very broad, much wider than ischium and merus, with outer margin strongly convex; coxa very wide, appearing almost semicircular, bracketing base of exopod. Suborbital region prominently compressed by expanded buccal cavity. Adult male chelipeds elongate, at least 3 times longer than carapace length; chela elongate, fingers distinctly shorter than palm, in large male individuals, fingers forming basal gape when closed. Male pleon with somites 1 and 2 free, somites 3 – 5 completely fused, somite 6 and telson free; surface of somite 6 smooth; telson triangular, subequal in length to somite 6. G 1 elongate, slender, subdistal part bifurcated, longer subdistal lateral projection directed laterally inwards towards median of thoracic sternum; projections flared, forming distinct serrulate or denticulate flange. G 2 distal segment as long as basal segment, with curved flagelliform tip.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB82837FC9EF9E4FE6FA624.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, is here restricted for three species, with P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961, referred to its own genus (see remarks for next genus). Parilia alcocki and P. major are the two largest leucosioids known in the world, with adults exceeding 70 mm in carapace width. Alcock (1899: 29) recorded males of P. alcocki 56 mm in carapace width with a largest male in the present study measuring 70.6 mm (CASAU). For P. major, Chen & Sun (2002: 366) recorded a large male 60.1 mm in carapace width while in the present material, there is a male measuring 70.0 mm (ZRC 2001.552). Myropsis quinquespinosa Stimpson, 1871, from the western Atlantic coast has been reported to grow to carapace widths of 65.0 mm and 68.0 mm by Rathbun (1937: 166) and Williams (1984: 287), respectively.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92837FF1CFBD5FB05A184.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 4 A, B, 5 A – C, 6 A, 7 A, B, 8 A – D, 9 A, B)	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92837FF1CFBD5FB05A184.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 14 males (largest 70.6 × 52.2 mm, smallest 43.0 × 36.5 mm), 10 ovigerous females (largest 47.4 × 38.8 mm, smallest 41.2 × 34.4 mm) (CASAU), 1 male (66.1 × 57.4 mm), 2 ovigerous females (45.2 × 37.0 mm, 41.5 × 35.6 mm) (ZRC 2017.215), Pazhayar fish landing center, 11 ° 21 ′ 30.28 ″ N 79 ° 49 ′ 39.83 ″ E, Tamil Nadu, southeast India, 549 m, coll. M. Prema, 14 March 2017; 1 young male (24.8 × 23.4 mm) (ZRC 2017.216), fishing port, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, Southeast India, coll. A. B. Kumar et al., March 2017.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92837FF1CFBD5FB05A184.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace transversely subovate (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A); dorsal surface covered with numerous small granules (Fig. 3 A); branchial regions prominently swollen laterally and dorsally (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 4 A); surface of carapace, chelipeds and ambulatory legs smooth or covered with small tubercles and granules; adult cephalothorax box-like in frontal view (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 4 A, 6 A); frontal region set back such that part of buccal cavity and third maxillipeds visible in dorsal view, frontal lobes distinctly triangular (Fig. 3 A); exopod of third maxilliped in adult very broad, appears foliaceous (Figs. 4 B, 5 A, C); surfaces of chelipeds and ambulatory legs covered with small tubercles and granules (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 6 A); G 1 very elongate, distal part prominently flared, subdistal lateral projection dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 8 A – C); female sternopleonal cavity with prominent projection between vulvae (Fig. 9 B). Indian Ocean.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92837FF1CFBD5FB05A184.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Prema et al. (2018) redescribed and figured this species at length and there is no need to elaborate on its taxonomy here. Parilia alcocki is distinct among congeners in possessing a transversely ovate carapace which is very swollen, and an exopod of the third maxilliped which is so broad in adults that it appears foliaceous.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92837FF1CFBD5FB05A184.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the east coast of India and Bay of Bengal (Wood-Mason & Alcock 1891; Wood-Mason, 1892; Alcock & Anderson, 1894; Alcock, 1896; Alcock, 1899; Huys et al., 2014; Krishnamoorthy, 2009; Lakshimi Pillai et al., 2013; Prema et al., 2018), Arabian Sea (Lloyd, 1907) including Pakistan (Tirmizi & Serène, 1971). The species occurs at depths between 128 – 457 m (Alcock, 1896, 1899; Lloyd, 1907; Prema et al., 2018).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92834FC5CFC35FB1FA409.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 3 B, 4 C, D, 5 D, E, 6 B, 7 C, D, 8 E – I, 9 C, D)	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92834FC5CFC35FB1FA409.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male, 2 females (ZRC 2001.50), Su-Ao Port, Nangfangao, northeastern Taiwan, coll. P. K. L. Ng, 5 November 2000; 1 male, 3 females (ZRC 2017.217), station PN 1, Balicasag, Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, coll. P. K. L. Ng from fishermen, June 2004; 7 males (largest 70.0 × 69.0 mm), 4 females (largest 48.3 × 49.2 mm), 2 ovigerous females (ZRC 2001.552), Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, coll. fishermen, 28 November 2001; 10 males, 5 females (ZRC 2017.218), Maribojoc Bay, Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, coll. J. Arbasto, November 2003 – April 2004. For additional material from Philippines and Papua New Guinea, see Galil & Ng (2007, 2015).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92834FC5CFC35FB1FA409.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace globose (Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 3 B); dorsal surface appears almost smooth or with very low granules (Fig. 3 B); branchial regions not distinctly swollen laterally and dorsally, lateral margin of carapace smooth (Fig. 3 B); dome-shape in frontal view (Fig. 4 C); frontal region protruding anteriorly with buccal cavity and third maxillipeds not visible in dorsal view, frontal lobes distinctly triangular (Fig. 3 B); outer surface of third maxillipeds almost smooth or with low, flattened granules (Figs. 4 C, D, 5 D, E); exopod of third maxilliped in adult broad but not foliaceous (Fig. 5 D, E); surfaces of ambulatory legs and chelipeds completely smooth (Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 6 B); G 1 very elongate, distal part slightly flared, subdistal lateral projection dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 8 E – H); female sternopleonal cavity without projection between vulvae (Fig. 9 D). Western Pacific.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92834FC5CFC35FB1FA409.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Sakai (1961) described the species from three male and two female specimens from Tosa Bay in Japan. The depository for this material was not specified and it is not known where they are now (see remarks for Neparilia tuberculata below). The species, however, is very distinct and there is now no doubt about its identity. Uncertainties about the presence of P. major in the Indian Ocean by Sakai (1961) and Tirmizi & Serène (1971) are clarified in this paper with the discovery that this material actually belongs to a new species, P. pattersoni (see remarks for this species below).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB92834FC5CFC35FB1FA409.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Has been reported from Japan and the East China Sea (Sakai, 1961, 1976; Takeda, 1993; Ikeda, 1998; Marumura & Kosaka, 2003), mainland China (Chen & Sun, 2002), Taiwan (Tan et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2001; Chen & Sun, 2002), Philippines (Chen, 1989; Tan, 1996; Galil & Ng, 2007) to Makassar (Indonesia) (Chen, 1990) Papua New Guinea (Galil & Ng, 2015) and Solomon Islands (Galil, 2007). The species occurs at depths between 100 – 457 m (Alcock, 1899; Chen, 1989; Galil, 2015).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBA2832FC72F988FAF1AA30.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 C, 3 C, 4 E, F, 5 F, 6 C, 7 E, F, 8 J – M)	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBA2832FC72F988FAF1AA30.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male (31.6 × 43.3 mm) (ZRC 2017.219), northwestern Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, coll. J. Arbasto, 2006.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBA2832FC72F988FAF1AA30.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace longitudinally ovate (Figs. 1 C, 3 C); dorsal surface smooth (Fig. 3 C); branchial regions not swollen laterally and dorsally, lateral margin of carapace entire, smooth (Fig. 3 C); dome-shape in frontal view (Fig. 4 E); frontal region protruding prominently anteriorly with buccal cavity and third maxillipeds not visible in dorsal view, frontal lobes rounded (Fig. 3 C); cardiac spine very long (Fig. 3 C); outer surface of third maxillipeds smooth (Figs. 4 E, F, 5 F); exopod of third maxilliped in adult broad but not foliaceous (Fig. 5 F); surfaces of ambulatory legs and chelipeds completely smooth (Figs. 1 C, 6 C); G 1 proportionately shorter, distal part flared, subdistal lateral projection large, very wide, fan-like, laterally flattened (Fig. 8 J – L); female sternopleonal cavity condition not known. South China Sea and Philippines.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBA2832FC72F988FAF1AA30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is not a common species, with only a few records. The original description was by Chen (1984) from one male and one female specimens from 173 m in the South China Sea, with a subsequent record of a juvenile from the Philippines by Tan (1996). We here confirm the record from the Philippines with the discovery of an adult male from Bohol. Zarenkov (1990) described Myra anomala from one small juvenile male 12.3 mm in carapace length from Tonkin Bay in northern Vietnam at a depth of 180 m. Galil (2001: 414) noted that this species “ does not belong within Myra, as the male abdomen is depicted with an articulate sixth segment. ” All Myra species have male pleonal somite 6 completely fused with somite 5 and their G 1 structures are very different (Galil, 2001). Galil (2001), however, did not reassign Myra anomala to another genus. Ng et al. (2008) synonymised Myra anomala Zarenkov, 1990, under Parilia ovata Chen, 1984, without comment. From Zarenkov’s (1990: 62, fig. 5 - 5 – 10) description and figures, Myra anomala is almost certainly a junior synonym of P. ovata. The carapace of M. anomala (cf. Zarenkov, 1990: fig. 5 - 5) resembles that of P. ovata (Fig. 3 C) except that the lateral tubercles are relatively more prominent which is expected of a juvenile specimen. The exopod of the third maxilliped of M. anomala (Zarenkov, 1990: fig. 5 - 9) is not as wide as that of the adult (Fig. 5 F) but this has also been observed for juvenile P. alcocki in which the structure is proportionately more slender (see earlier). The male pleon of M. anomala has the shape of typical Parilia, with somite 6 and telson free and the surfaces unarmed (Zarenkov, 1990: fig. 5 - 10); and the fingers of the chela are shorter than the palm (Zarenkov, 1990: fig. 5 - 7). The G 1 of M. anomala is that of a juvenile, being not distinctly elongate, and the subdistal part appears to be damaged, although it appears that there was a lateral projection at that junction (Zarenkov, 1990: fig. 5 - 6).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBA2832FC72F988FAF1AA30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Parilia ovata was described from the South China Sea (Chen, 1984; Chen & Sun, 2002) but has also been reported from the Philippines (Tan, 1996) and northern Vietnam (Zarenkov, 1990, as Myra anomala). The few specimens of this species have been found at depths between 173 – 230 m (Chen, 1984; Zarenkov, 1990).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 D, 2 C, 3 D, 4 G, H, 5 G – I, 6 D, 7 G, H, 8 N – S, 9 E, F) Parilia alcocki – Doflein, 1904: 44, pl. 14 figs. 8, 9 (not Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: male (53.0 × 52.6 mm) (DABFUK), Tuticorin fishing port, Tamil Nadu, southeastern India, coll. A. B. Kumar et al., March 2017. Paratypes: 2 males (47.7 × 48.6 mm, 72.5 × 69.8 mm), same data as holotype; 3 males (64.4 × 63.5 mm, 54.1 × 53.8 mm, 50.0 × 49.4 mm), 2 females (58.2 × 55.8 mm, 52.6 × 54.0 mm, 51.0 × 51.7 mm, 46.0 × 45.7 mm) (DABFUK), same location as holotype, coll. R. Ravinesh, February 2017.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace globose (Figs. 1 D, 2 C, 3 D); dorsal surface covered with numerous small granules (Fig. 3 D); branchial regions not distinctly swollen laterally and dorsally, lateral margin of carapace covered with small granules (Fig. 3 D); dome-shape in frontal view (Fig. 4 G); frontal region protruding anteriorly with buccal cavity and third maxillipeds not visible in dorsal view, frontal lobes distinctly triangular (Fig. 3 D); outer surface of third maxillipeds covered with numerous small granules (Figs. 4 G, H, 5 G – I); exopod of third maxilliped in adult broad but not foliaceous (Fig. 5 G – I); surfaces of ambulatory legs and chelipeds covered with numerous distinct small sharp tubercles and granules (Figs. 1 D, 2 C, 6 D); G 1 very elongate, distal part flared, subdistal lateral projection dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 8 N – R); female sternopleonal cavity without projection between vulvae (Fig. 9 F).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	description	Description of adult male. Carapace almost globose, slightly longer than broad; surface covered with numerous small but clearly visible granules (more prominent in large specimens); hepatic region adjacent to anterolateral margin not prominently swollen, just visible in dorsal view; gastric and branchial regions convex but not prominently swollen; dorsal surface evenly convex; oblique cervical groove very shallow, not clearly visible, with a shallow pit marking junction with gastric region; cardiac region swollen, with posteriorly directed tooth, separated from gastric and branchial regions by distinct sub-longitudinal grooves; gastro-cardiac groove distinct, separating cardiac and intestinal regions from swollen branchial regions, small rugose area present at junction of groove between anterior part of cardiac region and branchial region; low but visible median longitudinal ridge present from gastric to cardiac region; intestinal region low, pushed behind by swollen cardiac region, not well defined; carapace appears dome-like from frontal view (Figs. 1 D, 3 D, 4 G). Antennae with short flagellum, not extending beyond orbit (Fig. 4 G). Antennules folding obliquely (Fig. 4 G). Orbit small, rounded; eye with short peduncle; supraorbital margin with 2 prominent fissures, inner one longer; suborbital margin with distinct low tooth on inner margin (Fig. 4 G, H). Epistome wide, median part not projecting anteriorly, with deep median fissure; lateral part of epistome not visible from dorsal view; endostomial ridge strong, longitudinal (Fig. 4 G, H). Frontal margin distinct, produced anteriorly, bilobed, with broadly triangular concavity separating broadly triangular lobes; most of ptergygostomial regions and epistome not visible in dorsal view (Figs. 1 D, 3 D). Anterior half of anterolateral margin relatively low, starting as low ridge of granules from supraorbital margin, becoming more prominently cristate and granular towards posterior half which has 2 or 3 low teeth, the last one most prominent (Figs. 1 D, 3 D). Pterygostomial region wide, not visible in dorsal view; anterior tooth adjacent to buccal cavity bilobed, separated from margin by cleft; posterior tooth before anterolateral margin low but distinct (Fig. 4 G). Posterolateral margin strongly convex, entire except for tooth just before posterior carapace margin (Figs. 1 D, 3 D). Posterior carapace margin with 2 prominent lateral sharp teeth (Figs. 1 D, 3 D). Buccal cavity wide, about half width of carapace; not protruding anteriorly; third maxillipeds sloping in lateral view when closed (Fig. 4 G, H). Third maxillipeds completely covering buccal space when closed; surfaces with numerous small but distinct granules; palp (carpus, propodus and dactylus) concealed behind merus when retracted, longer than merus; merus shorter than ischium, with triangular distal margin, lined with setae; ischium with very shallow submedian oblique sulcus; exopod very broad but not foliaceous, wider than ischium with outer margin strongly convex; main part of coxa deeply inserted into cephalothorax, external surface with wide, almost semicircular plate extending from base, bracketing base of wide exopod (Figs. 4 H, 5 G – I). Surfaces of sub-orbital, pterygostomial, sub-hepatic and sub-branchial regions covered with distinct small granules; anterior margin of pterygostomial region subcristate; sub-branchial and ptergygostomial regions separated by distinct oblique groove (Fig. 4 G, H). Chelipeds very long, slender, surfaces of merus, carpus and palm covered with numerous small distinct sharp granules; merus long, cylindrical; carpus short; palm subcylindrical, with distal part proportionately broader, elongated, at least twice length of carapace in largest specimens; palm more than 2.5 times length of slender fingers; dactylus gently curved; basal part of propodal finger slightly arched, forming just visible gape with dactylus when closed; cutting edges of fingers (occluding surfaces) with small teeth (Figs. 1 D, 6 D). Ambulatory legs long, slender; first leg longest, last leg shortest; surfaces of merus, carpus and propodus covered with small sharp granules; merus and propodus subcylindrical, not armed with spines or setae; dactylus gently curved, dorsoventrally flattened, each dorsal margin with dense row of setae, tip rounded (Fig. 1 D). Thoracic sternum with surfaces almost smooth; sternites 1 – 4 completely fused, forming one plate without trace of sutures (Fig. 7 G, H); sutures between sternites 4 – 8 medially interrupted; pleonal locking mechanism consisting of projecting edges of sternites 5 – 7, no trace of peg or tubercle on sternite 5. Sternopleonal cavity deep, reaching to just before groove separating thoracic sternites 2 and 3 (Fig. 7 G). Small part of thoracic 8 exposed when pleon closed, visible as small plate at anterolateral edge of somite 3 (Fig. 7 H). Penis tubular, exiting on condyle of coxa of fourth ambulatory leg. Pleon elongate, triangular, surface smooth; somites 1 and 2 free; somites 3 – 5 completely fused, with only short transverse median groove visible between somites 3 and 4, lateral margin sinuous; somite 3 widest, lateral margins reaching coxae of fourth ambulatory legs; somite 6 long, trapezoidal; telson acutely triangular (Fig. 7 G, H). G 1 elongate, basal part broadest, median and distal parts slender, tubular, gently curved from ventral view; distal part bifurcated, longer projection directed inwards towards median of thoracic sternum, distal part flared to form prominent dorso-ventrally flattened flange, margin of flange serrulate, shorter projection in line with rest of G 1, distal part flared with denticulate margin on flange (Fig. 8 N – R). G 2 short, distal segment as long as basal segment, with curved flagelliform tip (Fig. 8 S). Female. Chelipeds relatively shorter (Fig. 2 C). Pleon strongly convex, dome-like; somite 1 free, somites 2 – 6 functionally fused with sutures still visible, telson mobile; telson triangular with distinctly concave lateral margins; surface of somites smooth (Fig. 9 E). Sternopleonal cavity large, deep, with prominent rim, completely covered by pleon; sutures separating thoracic sternites 4 – 8 all medially interrupted, median part of cavity smooth; vulvae on anterior edge of sternite 6, pushing into sternite 5, opening crescent-shaped, with narrow operculum, inner margin slightly raised (Fig. 9 F). Eggs small, numerous, brown when fresh. Colour. Freshly caught, the adult carapace and chelipeds are pale whitish-orange with the ambulatory legs white.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Edward J. K. Patterson, noted marine biologist and director of the Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India, who kindly hosted the authors during their work there.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parilia pattersoni, new species, is morphologically closest to P. major but can easily be distinguished by having the surfaces of the ambulatory meri and chelipeds covered with distinct small granules and sharp tubercles (Figs. 1 D, 2 C, 6 D) (vs. completely smooth in P. major; Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 6 B); the dorsal carapace surface and margins are covered with small sharp granules (Figs. 3 D, 4 G) (vs. smooth to almost smooth with very small flattened granules in P. major; Figs. 3 B, 4 C); the surface of the pterygostomial and sub-branchial regions as well as the outer surface of third maxillipeds are covered with distinct small granules (Figs. 4 G, H, 5 G – I) (vs. smooth or with very small, almost flattened granules in P. major; Figs. 4 C, D, 5 D, E); the outer surface of the chela in both sexes are distinctly covered with sharp granules (Fig. 6 D) (vs. outer surface of chela completely smooth in P. major; Fig. 6 B); the cardiac spine is proportionately shorter even in smaller specimens (Figs. 1 D, 2 C, 3 D) (vs. spine always proportionately longer in P. major; Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 3 B); and the lateral distal process of the G 1 is relatively shorter (Fig. 8 P, Q) (vs. relatively longer in P. major; Fig. 8 F, G). Doflein (1904: 44, pl. 14 figs. 8, 9) recorded and figured a male specimen (without chelipeds) of “ Parilia alcocki ” from off the island of Nias in eastern Sumatra (incorrectly recorded as a female) and there have been doubts about its precise identity. Sakai (1961: 137) commented that the “ P. alcocki Doflein (nec Wood-Mason) may be a different species; the carapace of Doflein’s species seems to be circular in outline just as in the new species [P. major], but the merus and carpus of the pereiopods are spinulated along the posterior border. ” Tirmizi & Serène (1971: 31) agreed but deferred acting on it; neither did Prema et al. (2018). It is clear from the figure in Doflein (1904: pl. 14 figs. 8, 9) that the carapace shape is quite different from that of P. alcocki s. str., being globose rather than transversely subovate. Doflein’s (1904) figures also show the carapace margins as lined with fine granules and the surfaces of the ambulatory meri covered with spinules; characters associated with P. pattersoni, new species, as defined here. Vidhya et al. (2017) listed Parilia major from the southeast coast of India but their record is probably also P. pattersoni as well.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFBD283FFEB1F8A2FB41A6E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known thus far only from eastern India (present study) and western Sumatra in Indonesia (Doflein, 1904, as “ P. alcocki ”). Doflein’s (1904) specimen was from a depth of 141 m, and the present material was probably obtained from depths between 100 – 300 m.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB32827FBA6F843FD16AA0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace ovate; dorsal surface covered large rounded tubercles and granules. Cardiac region with low rounded tubercle; intestinal region with 2 short spines. Exopod of third maxilliped broad, distinctly wider than ischium and merus, with outer margin strongly convex; coxa wide, not semicircular in shape, not bracketing base of exopod. Suborbital region prominently compressed by expanded buccal cavity. Adult male chelipeds about 2 times longer than carapace length; chela not elongate, fingers longer than palm, in large male individuals, closing tightly. Male pleon with somites 1 and 2 free, somites 3 – 5 completely fused, somite 6 separated from somite 5 by suture but immobile, telson free; distal and proximal surfaces of somite 6 each with a distinct cup-shaped tubercle, that on distal part larger; telson elongate, linguiform, longer than somite 6. G 1 slender, distal part tapering without lateral projection or flanges. G 2 distal segment as long as basal segment, with curved flagelliform tip.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB32827FBA6F843FD16AA0E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Parilia tuberculata Sakai, 1961, by monotypy and present designation.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB32827FBA6F843FD16AA0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin “ ne- ” for not, alluding to the present realisation that the type species is not a member of Parilia. Gender feminine.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFB32827FBA6F843FD16AA0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Sakai (1961) placed this species in Parilia because it possessed a very broad exopod of the third maxilliped. It is, however, not possible to retain P. tuberculata in Parilia because the coxa of the third maxilliped is not substantially laterally expanded or semicircular (Figs. 10 C, 11 B) (vs. coxa prominently expanded laterally, appearing semicircular in Parilia; Figs. 4, 5); the adult male chelipeds are relatively short (about 2 times carapace length), the chela are not elongate with the fingers longer than the palm (Figs. 10 A, 11 G) (vs. adult male chelipeds more than 3 times longer than carapace length, chela prominently elongate with fingers much shorter than palm in Parilia; Figs. 1, 6); the surfaces of the ambulatory meri are covered with short, sharp spines (Figs. 10 A, 11 C, D) (vs. surface of ambulatory meri smooth or covered with granules, never spiniform in Parilia; Figs. 1, 2); the male pleonal somites 5 and 6 are functionally fused even though there is a distinct suture separating them and somite 6 has a cup-like tubercle on both the distal and proximal surfaces, with the distal one more prominent (Fig. 11 C, E, F) (vs. male pleonal somites 5 and 6 mobile, surface of somite 6 smooth in Parilia; Fig. 7 A, C, E, G); the male telson is linguiform and much longer than somite 6 (Fig. 11 C, E) (vs. telson triangular, subequal in length to somite 6 in Parilia; Fig. 7 A, C, E, G); and the G 1 is straight, without a subdistal lateral projection, not flared and lacks serrulate flanges distally (Fig. 12 A – C) (vs. distal part of G 1 bifurcated, with prominent lateral projection, each projection fared with serrulate or denticulate flanges in Parilia; Fig. 8 A – C, E – H, J – L, N – R). The carapace and general external features of Neparilia resemble Galilia Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007 (type species Galilia narusei Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007), but several features easily distinguish them. In Galilia, the exopod of the third maxilliped is transversely narrower than the endopod (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 2 E; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: figs. 19 B, 21 A) (vs. exopod is distinctly broader than the endopod in Neparilia; Figs. 10 C, 11 B); the intestinal region has two large rounded tubercles (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 2 F; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: fig. 19 A, C) (vs. intestinal region with two short spines in Neparilia; Figs. 10 B, 11 D); the fingers of the chela are shorter than the palm (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 3 D – F; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: fig. 20 A) (vs. fingers distinctly longer than the palm in Neparilia; Fig. 11 G); the male telson is prominently elongate with the male sternopleonal cavity reaching to the suture between thoracic sternites 2 and 3 (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 3 A, B; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: figs. 19 F, 21 B) (vs. male telson proportionately shorter and the male sternopleonal cavity reaches only to the midpoint of sternite 3 in Neparilia; Fig. 11 C, E); the surface of male pleonal somite 6 has a truncate tubercle on the distal margin (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 3 A, B; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: fig. 19 F) (vs. the surface has a cup-like tubercle on both the proximal and distal surfaces in Neparilia; Fig. 11 C, E); male pleonal somites 5 and 6 are completely fused, separated at most by a shallow suture (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 3 A; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: fig. 19 F) (vs. somites 5 and 6 are free and separated by a deep suture in Neparilia; Fig. 11 C, E); and the distal third of the G 1 is prominently bent (Ng & Richer de Forges, 2007: fig. 4 G, H; Komai & Tsuchida, 2014: fig. 21 C, D; Shih et al., 2013: fig. 3 A, B) (vs. G 1 straight in Neparilia; Fig. 12 A – C). Neparilia also superficially resembles Urashima Galil, 2003 (type species Randallia pustuloides Sakai, 1961) (Fig. 14 A), but in Urashima, the third maxilliped has the exopod only slightly broader than the exopod (Fig. 14 C, D); the fingers of the chela are shorter than the palm (Fig. 14 G; Sakai, 1961: pl. 3 fig. 4; Sakai, 1976: pl. 30 fig. 1; Galil, 2003: fig. 2 E, F; Tan et al., 2000: fig. 3 b) (vs. fingers distinctly longer than the palm in Neparilia; Fig. 11 G); the surface of male pleonal somite 6 has a spine on the distal margin (Fig. 14 E; Galil, 2003: 416); and male pleonal somites 5 and 6 are completely fused (Fig. 14 F; Galil, 2003: 416). While the G 1 s of the two genera are superficially similar in general shape, that of Urashima has the distal quarter distinctly chitinised and spatuliform (Fig. 15 A – D) (vs. the distal part is not chitinised and conical in Neparilia; Fig. 12 A – C).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFA92824FC11FB0EFDB4A144.taxon	description	(Figs. 10 – 13)	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFA92824FC11FB0EFDB4A144.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 male (37.0 × 34.4 mm) (ZRC 2017.1052), Balut Island, Mindanao, 150 m, Philippines, coll. tangle net, local fishermen, from dealers, 2017. Comparative material. Urashima pustuloides (Sakai, 1961): 2 males (44.5 × 37.6 mm, 44.6 × 40.8 mm), 2 females (32.0 × 27.0 mm, 46.2 × 39.3 mm) (ZRC 2017.1069), Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, from tangle nets, coll. P. K. L. Ng, November 2004.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFA92824FC11FB0EFDB4A144.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for genus.	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFA92824FC11FB0EFDB4A144.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Sakai (1961) described the species from two males in Tosa Bay, Japan, but it is not known where the types are now kept. They are not in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba (formerly National Science Museum, Tokyo). Ng et al. (2017) discussed the matter of Sakai’s material at length, with extant material in the Smithsonian Institution, Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Kanagawa Museum or lost. Fortunately, the male specimen on hand agrees in all aspects with the description and figures in Sakai (1961, 1976) and we have no doubt of its identity. During a research cruise (LUMIWAN 2008) to southwestern Philippines in 2008 jointly organised by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Philippines, Philippine National Museum, Musèum national d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, and National Taiwan Ocean University, a male specimen of Neparilia tuberculata was obtained and photographed fresh (Fig. 13). It agrees with the male specimen on hand in all key aspects although its G 1 was not photographed. Unfortunately, the specimens from this cruise are not available for study for the time being and we are unable to add this to our material examined. The colour of the fresh specimen, however, is striking, being a bright orange on all the dorsal surfaces with the ventral regions white. This agrees well with the Japanese female figured in Ikeda (1998: 85).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
03E3224DFFA92824FC11FB0EFDB4A144.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neparilia tuberculata is known only from Japan (Sakai, 1961, 1976; Ikeda, 1998; Marumura & Kosaka, 2003) and the Philippines (present record).	en	Ng, Peter K. L., Devi, Suvarna, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju (2018): The genus Parilia Wood-Mason, in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891, with description of a new species and establishment of a new genus for P. tuberculata Sakai, 1961 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 300-319, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503189
