identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
ED6087F03369FF9F2A64FB9F4C10FC42.text	ED6087F03369FF9F2A64FB9F4C10FC42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizophrys White 1848	<div><p>Nomenclature of Schizophrys and Mithrax asper: authorship, date of publication, and type species designation</p> <p>The date of publication of Schizophrys was given as “1847” by Ng et al. (2008: 118). The name Schizophrys was first used in White (1847: 9) but as a nomen nudum, and the two included species-group names were also nomina nuda. The first publication to make the genus-group name Schizophrys available was actually White (1848: 222) (see Clark &amp; Presswell, 2001: 161). The authorship and date of publication for the widespread species Mithrax asper is commonly cited as H. Milne Edwards (1834a: 320) (see Davie, 2002: 311; Ng et al., 2008: 118). The name is, however, available from H. Milne Edwards (1831: [10]). Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831, was first transferred to Schizophrys White, 1848, by Miers (1879: 660), who also designated it as the type species of the genus. While this has been followed by all subsequent workers, his action is invalid. Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831, cannot be the type species of the genus as the species was not originally included within the genus (Article 67.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter the Code, ICZN 1999: 66, 67). Only two species were originally included in Schizophrys by White (1848: 222): Schizophrys serratus White, 1848 (from “Isle of France ” = Mauritius), and Schizophrys spiniger White, 1848 (from the Philippine Islands). Schizophrys serratus White, 1848, is herein selected as the type species of the genus as it conforms to the current taxonomic concept of the genus (cf. Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 243–245). Although the status of the type specimen of Schizophrys serratus White, 1848, is unknown and the figure provided (White, 1848: 223, unnumbered fig., reproduced as Fig. 1A) is a small-sized specimen (probably a juvenile), the figure shows enough characters to leave no doubt about its generic affinities. The second species included by White (1848) in Schizophrys, S. spiniger White, 1848, is currently considered to be a synonym of Cyclax spinicinctus Heller, 1861 (see Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 244, 246; Ng et al., 2008: 116). Forest &amp; Guinot (1961: 16, 17) considered Schizophrys spiniger to be a valid species of Cyclax Dana, 1851, but regardless of the validity of the species, it is not currently regarded as congeneric with S. serratus White, 1848.</p> <p>1 Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 Level 2, 4 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore</p> <p>2 Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Republic of Singapore; Email: beeyan06@gmail.com (* corresponding author)</p> <p>3 Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, 117377, Republic of Singapore</p> <p>© National University of Singapore</p> <p>ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 0217-2445 (print)</p> <p>Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1872: 234) stated that S. serratus is only a more spiny variant of S. aspera, and as such, it has generally been considered by subsequent authors to be a junior subjective synonym of S. aspera (e.g., Ward, 1942: 74; Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 244; Ng &amp; Davie, 2002: 371; Ng et al., 2008: 118). We follow this classification pending a taxonomic revision of the genus.</p> <p>All species-group names described in or subsequently transferred to the genus Schizophrys White, 1848, as well as their current identities, are listed in Table 1.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED6087F03369FF9F2A64FB9F4C10FC42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Bee Yan;Low, Martyn E. Y.;Ng, Peter K. L.	Lee, Bee Yan, Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): A nomenclatural review of the genus Schizophrys White, 1848 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 12-22, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502923
ED6087F0336BFF9F2991FC1E4AE8FF62.text	ED6087F0336BFF9F2991FC1E4AE8FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards 1831)	<div><p>Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831): rediscovery of type material and lectotype designation</p> <p>Following Ng et al. (2008), eight species-group names are currently synonymised under Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831): Mithrax quadridentatus MacLeay, 1838; Maja (Dione) affinis De Haan, 1839; Schizophrys serratus White, 1848; Mithrax spinifrons A. Milne-Edwards, 1867; Mithrax affinis Brito Capello, 1871; Mithrax triangularis Kossmann, 1877; Mithrax (Schizophrys) triangularis var. indica Richters, 1880; and Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822 (Table 1).</p> <p>Schizophrys aspera has a large geographic range (Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986; Apel, 2001; Naderloo &amp; Türkay, 2012), which in addition to the Indo-West Pacific region, also includes the Red Sea (Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1974), Suez Canal (Türkay, 2001; El-Serehy et al., 2012), Iran (Naderloo &amp; Türkay, 2012), Japan (Sakai, 1969, 1976), and America (Rathbun, 1925). The species has also been reported as an invasive species in Hawaii and New Zealand (Coles et al., 1997; Coutts &amp; Dodgshun, 2007). However, the exact type locality for S. aspera is not known (Table 1).</p> <p>Although the type specimen was not clearly indicated by H. Milne Edwards (1831: [10]), it was noted in the description that the specimen was part of “la collection du Muséum”, i.e., the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France. It was also mentioned by Castro (2011: 53) that there is a possible type specimen in the MNHN. A dried specimen at the MNHN that matches the description by H. Milne Edwards (1831: [10]) very closely, was recently located (MNHN-B463, Fig. 1B). This specimen is herein designated as the lectotype of the species Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831 (Fig. 1B).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED6087F0336BFF9F2991FC1E4AE8FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Bee Yan;Low, Martyn E. Y.;Ng, Peter K. L.	Lee, Bee Yan, Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): A nomenclatural review of the genus Schizophrys White, 1848 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 12-22, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502923
ED6087F0336DFF9A2A08FC7A4FE6FA42.text	ED6087F0336DFF9A2A08FC7A4FE6FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mithrax dichotomus Desmarest 1823	<div><p>Mithrax dichotomus: authorship, date of publication and possible identity</p> <p>The taxon known as Mithrax dichotomus has had a confused authorship and date of publication. Ng et al. (2008: 118) attributed the authorship and date of publication of Mithrax dichotomus to “ Latreille, 1831 ”. However, this name was actually not used in any publications by Latreille in 1831. Griffin &amp; Tranter (1986: 244, 251) gave the author of this species as H. Milne Edwards, but cited “1934” as the year of publication. Prior to these two works, Heller (1863: 38) attributed authorship of this name to “Desmarest”, but with no date of publication indicated. Bouvier (1940: 325) attributed the species to Heller, and transferred it to Schizophrys White, 1848. Bouvier (1940: 325) also mentioned that various authors attributed the species to H. Milne Edwards who figured the species and that Heller (1863: 38, pl. 1 fig. 25) was the only author to give a detailed description and to figure the cheliped of the specimen.</p> <p>Mithrax dichotomus was indeed treated by H. Milne Edwards (1831: [9], pl. 1; reproduced as Fig. 2A) but with authorship attributed to “Latreille” and the sentence “ M. Dichotomus. Desmarest op. cit. p. 150”. The species was again discussed and figured in H. Milne Edwards (1834a: 319; 1834b: pl. 15 figs. 1–4; reproduced as Fig. 2B). De Haan (1837: 94, pl. 22 fig. 4) figured a specimen, which was identified as Mithrax dichotomus, but which he subsequently recognised as a new species, Maja (Dione) affinis (De Haan, 1839: 94, pl. G) (see Holthuis, 1953: 37, 39). This species was considered to be a junior synonym of Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831) by Yamaguchi &amp; Baba (1993: 359, fig. 117). Figures of the type material of Maja (Dione) affinis provided by Yamaguchi &amp; Baba (1993) show that the species is morphologically similar to Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831). Bouvier (1940: 325, fig. 198, pl. 13 fig. 2) was doubtful of the locality information that was given by H. Milne Edwards for Mithrax dichotomus, and mentioned that it is likely the species were imported from the Indian Ocean, or from the Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean. Although the figure of Mithrax dichotomus by Bouvier (1940: pl. 13 fig. 2) states that it is the “photo du type provenant des Baléares”, we are not (and can never be) sure if this is one of the actual types as no specific locality was originally given for Mithrax dichotomus by Desmarest (1823: 264). It is possible that the specimen figured by Bouvier (1940: 325, fig. 198, pl. 13 fig. 2) was the specimen examined and figured by H. Milne Edwards (1834a: 319; 1834b: pl. 15 figs. 1–4) leading Bouvier (1940: pl. 13, fig. 2, caption) to incorrectly conclude that this was the “ type ”.The earliest (and first available) use of the name Mithrax dichotomus is in fact by Desmarest (1823: 264), who diagnosed Mithrax dichotomus as follows:</p> <p>“ Mithrax dichotome; Mithrax dichotomus, Latr.; Maia condyliata, Risso ? Tête ovale oblongue, granuleux, sans épines en dessus à cinq ou six dents latérales, et terminé en avant par deux épines qui sont elles-mêmes divisées chacune en deux pointes. De la Méditerranée.”</p> <p>It is clear that Desmarest (1823: 264) considered Latreille to be the author of the species. Ng et al. (2008: 20) discussed the confusion in authorship that resulted from the use of many manuscript or label names in the Paris Muséum (now MNHN) where Latreille worked, and the case of Mithrax dichotomus is no different. As the use of Mithrax dichotomus by Desmarest (1823: 264) is the earliest, and his diagnosis that accompanied the name makes it available, the correct author and date citation of the name must be Mithrax dichotomus Desmarest, 1823.</p> <p>The type locality for Mithrax dichotomus has been reported to be the Mediterranean Sea (Desmarest, 1823: 264). As discussed earlier, it is possible that this record was based on the specimen reportedly from the Balearic Islands (see Bouvier, 1940: 325, pl. 13 fig. 2). Very little is known about this species with few published records of this species. The species was never found again from the same area or anywhere else after it was described (d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1999: 190).</p> <p>An additional nomenclatural issue connected to Mithrax dichotomus needs to be discussed. Desmarest (1858: 14) designated Mithrax dichotomus as the type species of Mithrax Latreille, 1816. Ng et al. (2008: 123) mentioned that “E. Desmarest (1858: 14) lists ‘ Mithrax dicotomus Latr. ’ as the type, but to our knowledge this name has never been published, and so must be regarded as a nomen nudum ”. Although Mithrax dichotomus is an available name (as discussed above), the designation of Mithrax dichotomus as the type of Mithrax Latreille, 1816, is also invalid because this species was not an originally included species in Mithrax Latreille, 1816 (see Ng &amp; Low, 2010: 38; Windsor &amp; Felder, 2014: 162; 2017: 232).</p> <p>Mithrax dichotomus has been recognised as a species of Schizophrys since Bouvier (1940: 325, fig. 198, pl. 13 fig. 2). Within the genus, there is no known record of any species of Schizophrys from the Mediterranean Sea, with the exception of S. dichotomus. Even Bouvier (1940: 325) had his doubts about the origins of the specimen, commenting “[l]es exemplaires qui le représentent et qui sont conservés au Muséum proviennent-ils bien des Baléares où jamais l’espèce n’a été retrouvée depuis? cela parait pour le moins douteux.” (see also d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1999: 190). Schizophrys dichotomus has never been recorded again since the original description.</p> <p>Based on the description by Desmarest (1823: 264), it is likely that there may have been more than one type specimen. The repository for the type material of this species is likely the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN), but we have not been able to find the specimen within the museum despite several attempts; it is very likely no longer extant. We have also not been able to find the specimen from the Balearic Islands figured by Bouvier (1940), which may be a type. As all the type material cannot be located, the exact taxonomic identity of this species cannot be determined. It will almost certainly require an appropriate neotype selection to fix this name, but this should only be done as part of a full revision of the genus. For the moment, we follow Ng et al. (2008: 118) in regarding Mithrax dichotomus Desmarest, 1823, as a valid species of Schizophrys.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED6087F0336DFF9A2A08FC7A4FE6FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Bee Yan;Low, Martyn E. Y.;Ng, Peter K. L.	Lee, Bee Yan, Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): A nomenclatural review of the genus Schizophrys White, 1848 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 12-22, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502923
ED6087F0336BFF992A66FEDE4F09F865.text	ED6087F0336BFF992A66FEDE4F09F865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inachus bifidus Marion de Proce 1822	<div><p>Status of Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822: reversal of precedence with junior synonym Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831</p> <p>Inachus bifidus was described from “baie Manille ” (Manila Bay, Philippines) by Marion de Procé (1822: 134). Since it was described, only Ng et al. (2008: 118) treated this name, listing it as a junior synonym of Schizophyrs aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831). The original description given by Marion de Procé (1822: 134) is short and brief. No figures of Inachus bifidus are known and the type material of Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé (1822) is no longer extant (see Ng et al., 2008: 123). As described by Marion de Procé (1822), the species has 18 protuberances on the carapace, with the two posterior ones adjoining, and is taller than it is wide. In the Philippines, where this species is found, the only majoid species that matches this morphology is Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831) (see Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 254; Ng et al., 2008: 118). The locality also fits within the known distribution of Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831) (see Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 246). We are thus confident that Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822, is a synonym of Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831).</p> <p>There is, however, a problem with priority. Ng et al. (2008: 123) commented that “[w]ith regards to Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822, also from Manila, his description best fits the common Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) and we also synonymise these. The types of both species are no longer extant (see discussion for Portunus tropicalis Marion de Procé, 1822)”. Basically, Ng et al. (2008) had invoked Article 23.9.1.1 of the Code (1999) to reverse priority for Portunus tropicalis Marion de Procé, 1822, and, by extension, Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822. Their action, however, was invalid because they did not provide the requisite list of works using the junior name.</p> <p>The present authors agree that while the Principle of Priority (Article 23 of the Code, ICZN, 1999: 24, 25) requires that the oldest available name for the taxon under consideration to be used, replacing the name Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831, with Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822, will only cause nomenclatural instability as the former is in current and widespread use for a well-known and widely-distributed species of spider crab (see references cited below). We, therefore, formally invoke Article 23.9 of the Code (ICZN, 1999: 27–29) that requires a reversal of precedence of a junior synonym when the senior synonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1) and the junior synonym “has been used for a particular taxon, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years” (Article 23.9.1.2).</p> <p>Since 1899, the species-group name Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822, has not been used as a valid name for the taxon it denotes, which fulfils Article 23.9.1.1 of the Code. In the past 44 years, 30 publications by 45 different authors have used the name Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831, as the valid name for the taxon it denotes (viz., Takeda, 1973: 109; Griffin, 1974: 28; Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1974: 181, 182; Lundoer, 1974: 5 (list); Sakai, 1976: 246, pl. 89 fig. 3; Serène et al., 1976: 16 (list); Griffin &amp; Tranter, 1986: 245 (key), 245, 246, figs. 88a, 91g, h; Berry &amp; Morgan, 1986: 60 (list); Dai &amp; Yang, 1991: 152, 153, pl. 18 fig. 5, fig. 77 (5); Yamaguchi &amp; Baba, 1993: 359; Morgan &amp; Berry, 1993: 49 (list); Tirmizi &amp; Kazmi, 1995: 135 (list), 139; Poupin, 1996: 27; d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1999: 190; Jones &amp; Berry, 2000: 62 (table); Morgan, 2000: 117 (list), 120 (table); Siddiqui et al., 2000: 17, 28; Türkay, 2001: 285 (list); Ng &amp; Ahyong, 2001: 87; Ng &amp; Davie, 2002: 371 (list); Ghory &amp; Siddiqui, 2007: 49 (list), 53 (table), 61 (list), figs. 3A–C, 8B, 16; Ng et al., 2008: 118 (list); Yeo et al., 2009: 181, 182 (table); Gokul &amp; Venkataraman, 2010: 71, pl. 3 fig. t; Castro, 2011: 53, 54; El-Serehy et al., 2012: 3667–3671; Ghory, 2012: 121–124; Naderloo &amp; Türkay, 2012: 36 (list); Tudge et al., 2014: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, figs. 2D, E, 3, 4; El-Serehy et al., 2015: 789–793). As such, all the requirements for Article 23.9.1.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999: 28) are fulfilled.</p> <p>As both requirements of Article 23.9.1 are met and in accordance with Article 23.9.2, the name Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831 (herein declared a nomen protectum) is considered a valid name and takes precedence over the subjective synonym Inachus bifidus Marion de Procé, 1822 (herein declared a nomen oblitum). Mithrax asper H. Milne Edwards, 1831, remains the valid name for the taxon under consideration in the combination Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED6087F0336BFF992A66FEDE4F09F865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Bee Yan;Low, Martyn E. Y.;Ng, Peter K. L.	Lee, Bee Yan, Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): A nomenclatural review of the genus Schizophrys White, 1848 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 12-22, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502923
