identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3C51F7836E0E56C4B823E4ABEE3A0D85.text	3C51F7836E0E56C4B823E4ABEE3A0D85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pilarella Alvarez 1985	<div><p>Genus  Pilarella Alvarez, 1985</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Cephalosome separated from first pediger. Fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused. Rostrum produced ventrally, with pair of frontal filaments disposed distally. Genital double-somite symmetrical with paired seminal receptacles and gonopores located ventrolaterally. Antennules asymmetrical, 21-segmented, ancestral segments I-IV and XXIV-XXVIII fused. Left antennule exceeding fifth pediger, approximately 1.5 times longer than right counterpart. Antenna with unarmed coxa; exopod 5-segmented, with ancestral segments II-IV, V-VII and IX-X fused, setal formula as 0, 0-0-1, 1-1-1, 1, 0-2. Mandible with row of setules on dorsal margin of gnathobase; endopod rudimentary, unsegmented, with 2 setae. Maxillule with 5-6 spines on praecoxal arthrite; coxal endite with 1 seta; coxal epipodite with 5-6 setae; proximal and distal basal endites without seta; endopod unsegmented with 2 setae; exopod with 3 setae. Maxilla with 2 setae on all praecoxal and coxal endites; basis having 1 heavily-chitinized spine [Maxilla with 2 setae on all praecoxal, coxal and basal endites; first endopodal segment having 1 heavily-chitinized spine (the homology by Ferrari and Ivanenko 2001, 2008)]. Maxilliped syncoxal endites with 0, 1, 0, and 2 setae, respectively; basis with 2 setae; first to sixth endopodal segments with 1, 4, 3, 2, 2 and 4 setae, respectively [Maxilliped praecoxal endites with 0, 1 and 0 setae, respectively; coxal endite with 2 setae; basis with 2 setae midway and 1 seta distally; first to fifth endopodal segments with 4, 3, 2, 2 and 4 setae, respectively (the homology by Ferrari and Ivanenko 2001, 2008)]. Legs 1-4 symmetrical; Seta and spine formula shown in Table 2, but basal lateral seta of leg 4 reduced in  P. longicornis . Leg 5 uniramous, 3-segmented; basis with long medial seta and short lateral seta; exopod unsegmented, with 1 lateral spine and 2 terminal spines.</p><p>Male. Body, antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1-4 similar to female counterparts. Antennules asymmetrical; right antennule 21-segmented, ancestral segments I-IV fused, XXIV-XXVIII partly fused, I-VIII with long tape-like aesthetascs. Leg 5 uniramous, 5-segmented; basis with lateral seta; exopod 3-segmented, proximal 2 segments with 1 lateral spine, distal segment with 2 terminal setae.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pilarella longicornis Alvarez, 1985 (by monotypy). Other species:  Pilarella compacta sp. nov., described herein.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The diagnosis of  Metacalanus from Ohtsuka et al. (1994) differs from  Pilarella in the fusion of ancestral segments IX-XII and XIV-XV on the antennule, and the display of 0-2 setae on the maxillular praecoxal arthrite (vs. 5-6 setae in  Pilarella). The diagnosis of  Metacalanalis from Ohtsuka et al. (2005) differs also from  Pilarella in the presence of 1 seta on the third ancestral segment of the antennary exopod, the asymmetry of legs 1-3, the absence of medial basal seta on female leg 5, and the presence of 3 lateral exopodal spines on the female leg 5 (vs. 2 in  Pilarella).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C51F7836E0E56C4B823E4ABEE3A0D85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Komeda, Sota;Adachi, Kenta;Ohtsuka, Susumu	Komeda, Sota, Adachi, Kenta, Ohtsuka, Susumu (2021): A new species of Pilarella (Copepoda, Calanoida, Arietellidae) from the hyperbenthic layer of Japan, with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some representative genera of the Arietellidae. ZooKeys 1038: 179-194, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1038.63170, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1038.63170
DD5DF73DDA9F5DFE88F3D5F017594A03.text	DD5DF73DDA9F5DFE88F3D5F017594A03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pilarella compacta Komeda & Adachi & Ohtsuka 2021	<div><p>Pilarella compacta sp. nov.</p><p>Types.</p><p>Holotype: ♀ 1.97 mm preserved in vial (NMST-Cr29010). Allotype: ♂ 1.69 mm, appendages mounted on glass slide, body in vial (NMST-Cr29011). Paratype: ♀ 2.01 mm, appendages mounted on glass slide, body in vial (NMST-Cr29012).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Adult female. Body (Fig. 1A, B) compact; cephalosome separated from first pediger; fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused; posterolateral corners of prosome with small triangular process extending posteriorly. Rostrum (Fig. 1C, D) produced ventrally, with pair of frontal filaments distally. Urosome (Fig. 1E-G) 4-segmented; genital double-somite symmetrical with pair of seminal receptacles; pair of gonopores located ventrolaterally. Caudal rami (Fig. 1F, G) symmetrical, approximately 1.5 times longer than wide; minute seta I placed ventrally, seta II reduced, setae III-VI long, short seta VII dorsally; inner margin of rami furnished with row of fine setules.</p><p>Antennules (Fig. 1H, I) asymmetrical, left antennule approximately 1.5 times longer than right antennule. Right antennule (Fig. 1H) 21-segmented, reaching middle of second pediger, fusion pattern and armature of segments as follows: I-IV-9+2ae, V-1+1ae, VI-2, VII-2+1ae, VIII-2+1ae, IX-1+1ae, X-1+1ae, XI-2+1ae, XII-2+1ae, XIII-2+1ae, XIV-2+1ae, XV-2+1ae, XVI-2+1ae, XVII-2+1ae, XVIII-2+1ae, XIX-1+1ae, XX-2+1ae, XXI-1+1ae, XXII-1, XXIII-1, XXIV-XXVIII-10+1ae. Left antennule (Fig. 1I) 21-segmented, reaching posterior border of genital double-somite, fusion pattern and armature of segments as follows: I-IV-8, V-1, VI-2, VII-1+1ae, VIII-2+1ae, IX-2, X-2, XI-2+1ae, XII-2+1ae, XIII-1+1ae, XIV-2+1ae, XV-2+1ae, XVI-2, XVII-2+1ae, XVIII-2+1ae, XIX-1+1ae, XX-2, XXI-2+1ae, XXII-1, XXIII-1, XXIV-XXVIII-9.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 2A) with unarmed coxa; basis with inner distal seta; exopod 5-segmented; ancestral segments II-IV, V-VII and IX-X fused, setal formula of 0, 0-0-1, 1-1-1, 1, 0-2; endopod indistinctly 3-segmented and distal 2 segments partly fused, proximal segment with seta on middle of inner margin, middle segment with 3 inner setae, distal segment with 4 distal setae.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 2B, C) gnathobase with 4 well-chitinized teeth, dorsalmost bifurcate; row of setules on dorsal margin of gnathobase; basis unarmed; endopod rudimentary, unsegmented, with 2 setae; exopod 5-segmented, setal formula 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.</p><p>Maxillule (Fig. 2D) with 5 long spines, 1 short spine and row of long setules on praecoxal arthrite; coxal endite with 1 seta; coxal epipodite with 6 setae; proximal and distal basal endites without setae; endopod unsegmented with 2 setae; exopod with 3 setae.</p><p>Maxilla (Fig. 2E) with praecoxal and coxal endites having 2, 2, 2 and 2 setae, respectively; basis having 1 heavily-chitinized spine with row of long spinules midway; endopod 4-segmented, setal formula 1, 3, 2, 2 [Maxilla with praecoxal and coxal endites having 2, 2 setae, respectively; basal endites having 2, 2 setae, respectively; endopod 5-segmented, setal formula 1, 1, 3, 2, 2; first endopodal segment having 1 heavily-chitinized spine with row of long spinules midway (the homology by Ferrari and Ivanenko 2001, 2008)].</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 2F) syncoxal endites with 0, 1, 0, and 2 setae, respectively; rows of long setules on inner margin of syncoxa and basis; basis with 2 setae midway; first endopodal segment partly fused to basis; first to sixth endopodal segments with 1, 4, 3, 2, 2, and 4 setae, respectively [Maxilliped praecoxal endites with 0, 1, and 0 setae, respectively; coxal endite with 1 seta; rows of long setules on inner margin of coxa and basis; basis with 2 setae midway, and 1 seta distally; first to fifth endopodal segments with 4, 3, 2, 2, and 4 setae, respectively (the homology by Ferrari and Ivanenko 2001, 2008)].</p><p>Seta and spine formula of legs 1-4 as shown in Table 2. Leg 1 (Fig. 3A) with medial setules on proximal 2 segments of exopod; proximal 2 segments of endopod with lateral setules. Legs 2 and 3 (Fig. 3B, C) with medial setules on proximal 2 segments of exopod; distal 2 segments of exopod and all segments of endopod with lateral setules. Leg 4 (Fig. 3D) with medial setules on proximal 2 segments of exopod; distal 2 segments of exopod and proximal 2 segments of endopod with lateral setules.</p><p>Leg 5 (Fig. 3E) uniramous, 3-segmented; basis broad, approximately 0.6 times as long as wide, with long plumose seta medially and short seta laterally; exopod unsegmented, approximately 3 times longer than wide, with 3 medial setules, 1 lateral spine and 2 terminal spines.</p><p>Adult male. Body (Fig. 4A, B) compact; cephalosome separated from first pediger; fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused; posterolateral corners of prosome with small triangular process extending posteriorly. Rostrum similar to that of female. Urosome (Fig. 4C) 5-segmented; gonopore located on right side of genital somite; caudal rami similar to female, except for lacking inner setules.</p><p>Antennules (Fig. 4D, E) asymmetrical. Right antennule (Fig. 4D) 21-segmented, ancestral segments XXIV and XXV partly fused, exceeding middle of first pediger, fusion pattern and armature of segments as follows: I-IV-6+4ae, V-1+1ae, VI-2+1ae, VII-1+1ae, VIII-1+1ae, IX-1+1ae, X-1ae, XI-1+1ae, XII-1+1ae, XIII-1+1ae, XIV-1+1ae, XV-1+1ae, XVI-2+1ae, XVII-1+1ae, XVIII-1+1ae, XIX-1+1ae, XX-2+1ae, XXI-1+1ae, XXII-1, XXIII-1, XXIV-XXVIII-7+2ae. Left antennule (Fig. 4E) damaged; ancestral segments XV-XXVIII not observed, fusion pattern and armature of I-XV as follows: I-IV-6+4ae, V-2+1ae, VI-1+1ae, VII-1+1ae, VIII-1+1ae, IX-1+1ae, X-2+1ae, XI-2+1ae, XII-1+1ae, XIII-1+1ae, XIV-2.</p><p>Antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped and legs 1-4 similar to those of female.</p><p>Leg 5 (Fig. 4F) uniramous, 5-segmented; basis with plumose seta laterally; exopod 3-segmented, proximal 2 segments with lateral spine, distal segment with 2 terminal setae.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name of the new species is derived from the Latin adjective  Paraheterorhabdus compactus meaning  “stocky” to denote the habitus of the present new species.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The present new species falls within the diagnosis of the monotypic  Pilarella (Alvarez 1985) except for the following features: (1) left antennule not reaching the caudal rami; (2) short caudal rami; (3) 6 spines on the maxillular praecoxal arthrite (5 in the previous diagnosis); and (4) 6 setae on the maxillular coxal epipodite (5 in the previous diagnosis). For the differences from other genera, see generic remarks in the present study.</p><p>Pilarella compacta sp. nov. differs from  P. longicornis Alvarez, 1985 as follows: (1) the body is more compact (vs. more slender in  P. longicornis); (2) the left antennule of the female is short, and reaches the posterior border of genital double-somite (vs. reaching the posterior margin of caudal rami in  P. longicornis); (3) the caudal rami are short, approximately 1.5 times longer than wide (vs. long, 4.3 longer than wide in  P. longicornis), (4) the mandibular endopod has 2 setae (vs. 1 in  P. longicornis), (5) the coxal epipodite of maxillule has 6 setae (vs. 5 in  P. longicornis), (6) there is a basal lateral seta on leg 4 (vs. seta absent in  P. longicornis).</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>The Maximum Likelihood tree based on 16 species of the superfamily  Arietelloidea is shown in Figure 5. Both ML and BI trees showed two clades in  Arietellidae . In clade I,  Pilarella compacta sp. nov. and  Metacalanus sp. were placed in the same clade (BP = 69%; PP = 0.948).  Hyperbionyx athesphatos (HM997029) (belonging to the  Hyperbionychidae) and clade I formed a cluster with a low bootstrap value (BP = 54%; PP = 0.868). In clade II, four arietellid genera ( Paraugaptilus,  Paramisophria,  Sarsarietellus, and  Arietellus) were grouped in the same cluster with high bootstrap value (ML = 81%; PP = 0.991), and  Arietellus was placed in the same clade as  Sarsarietellus with a high bootstrap value (BP = 87%; PP = 0.997). The sequence of  Paraugaptilus buchani (LC510293) in this study showed a lower identity of 96% to  P. buchani (HM997028) in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases, which differed by five gaps and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD5DF73DDA9F5DFE88F3D5F017594A03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Komeda, Sota;Adachi, Kenta;Ohtsuka, Susumu	Komeda, Sota, Adachi, Kenta, Ohtsuka, Susumu (2021): A new species of Pilarella (Copepoda, Calanoida, Arietellidae) from the hyperbenthic layer of Japan, with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some representative genera of the Arietellidae. ZooKeys 1038: 179-194, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1038.63170, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1038.63170
