taxonID	type	description	language	source
D307DE26F010FF9AFCA9DAA1FB00FBB3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus is diagnosed from all other Ancistrini, except Baryancistrus niveatus and B. beggini, and Parancistrus by the presence of an expansion of dorsal-fin membrane connecting the last dorsal-fin ray of to the adipose-fin spine (vs. dorsal fin not expanded and connected to adipose). Spectracanthicus is distinguished from Baryancistrus by having up to 25 teeth on premaxilla (vs. more than 25); and from Parancistrus by having small gill opening, reaching up to 1 / 3 of cleithrum length (vs. large gill opening, reaching nearly 1 / 2 of cleithrum length).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F010FF9DFC9FDFD2FAD9F859.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus murinus is distinguished from its congeners by the non-eversible cheek plate (vs. check plate eversible); the triangular-shaped opercle (vs. bar shaped); presence of three branched anal-fin rays (vs. four); pale (yellow in life) bars on tip of dorsal and caudal fins (vs. bars absent; except in some specimens of S. punctatissimus); the frontal forming a small portion of orbit border (less than ¼ vs. frontal forming a large portion of orbit border); the anterior process of the pterotic-supracleithrum forming the posterior margin of orbit (vs. pterotic-supracleithrum not forming posterior margin of orbit in S. immaculatus or contacting only a small area of orbit posterior margin in remaining species). Spectracanthicus murinus can be further distinguished from S. immaculatus n. sp. and S. zuanoni n. sp. by having pale (yellow in life) small dots on body and fins (vs. dots or spots absent, body and fins dark gray in S. immaculatus; or with large white spots in S. zuanoni). It can be also distinguished from S. punctatissimus and S. tocantinensis n. sp. by the lower counts of premaxillary and dentary teeth, 2 to 3 and 5 respectively (vs. 3 to 25 and 8 to 46 in S. punctatissimus; and 5 to 8 and 8 - 16 in S. tocantinensis).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F010FF9DFC9FDFD2FAD9F859.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data are summarized in Table 1. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; concave, nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile of body straight from snout tip to caudal-fin origin. Ventral surface from tip of snout to urogenital papillae lacking plates, except for few small plates at pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins. Greatest body width at pectoral girdle. Head and trunk lacking keels or ridges. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; lowest at caudal peduncle. Head wide, pointed anteriorlly; snout and cheek completely covered by numerous small plates, except for small naked area on tip of snout. Snout slightly pointed in dorsal view. Nasal L-shaped, elongate. Frontal short with a slight contact with nares anteriorly and orbit posteriorly Anterior margin of frontal short, reaching posterior margin, or half length, of nare. Parieto-supraoccipital short with posterior edge narrow, lacking crest. Sphenotic short, contacting IO 6; lacking conspicuous odontodes. Orbit moderate in size (14.1 - 33.4 % HL) placed dorsolaterally. Iris with small dorsal flap over pupil. Pteroticsupracleithrum short with few fenestrae; anterior process forming most posterior margin of orbit. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleithrum with one median sized plate. Mouth moderate in size, nearly as long as wide. Lips large, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla absent. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips, with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Medial end of premaxillary teeth series curved inwards. Premaxillae (Fig. 3) and dentary narrow and elongate. Dentary strongly curved inwards. Teeth slightly thick, well developed, with long crown and large lateral cusp; its distal edge slightly curved inward. Three to four pairs of well developed predorsal plates. Cheek plates not eversible; without associated hypertrophied odontodes (Fig. 4). Body covered by five longitudinal series of plates supporting odontodes. Keels absent. Three to four predorsal plates; small azygous predorsal plates sometimes present between predorsal plates. Eight furcate neural spines supporting dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin rays i, 7, pterygiophores located posterior to neural spines of vertebral centra 6 - 17. Dorsal-fin base very long, its length equivalent to 12 dorsal plates, reaching pre-adipose plate; connected to adipose fin by thick membrane. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with lock mechanism. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion much expanded relative to base; distal margin rounded. Pectoral-fin rays I, 6; unbranched ray covered with conspicuous odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through medial, unbranched, pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i, 3, located posterior to haemal spines of vertebral centra 14 - 17. Caudal fin i, 14, i, truncate; supracaudal plates 7. Usually four procurrent caudal-fin rays. Caudal peduncle strongly deep. Total vertebrae 26, precaudal 8 - 12. Sixth rib strongly thickened, remaining ribs slender. Infraorbital with 7 - 8 pores. Infraorbital 4 with little contact with orbit posterior margin. Infraorbital 6 forming only postero-vental part of orbit. Lateral line pores restricted to hypural plate. Color in alcohol. Dorsal surface of body dark brown with numerous small, yellow dots regularly distributed along head, body and fins. Most specimens with pale, bar-shaped patch lacking chromatophores on caudal-fin distal tip. Ventral surface ochre without dots. Long time preserved specimens may present faint dots along body and fins. Geographic distribution. Spectracanthicus murinus is known from the rio Tapajós basin, near Itaituba and Santarém, Pará State, Brazil (Fig. 5). Fisheries and economical importance. Spectracanthicus murinus is an important resource of ornamental fish. It is recognized by local fishermen and aquarists as “ bicudo ” (snouty). It is usually captured by diving with the aid of a compressor, a typical way to capture ornamental fishes in Itaituba and Santarém regions (Sousa & Birindelli, 2009). The species citation to rio Xingu basin in Camargo et al., 2012 is probably a misidentification (H. Gimenes Junior, pers. comm.). Material examined. Holotype. MZUSP 22011, 59.7, Brazil, Pará, São 1, 62.6 mm SL, Trairão, rio Jamaxim, ilha Terra Preta, 5 ° 27 ’ 11 ” S Luis, rio Tapajós, 4 ° 27 ’ 0.02 ” S 56 ° 15 ’ 0.00 ” W, Expedição Permanente 55 ° 52 ’ 40 ” W, 20 Oct 1991, L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA à Amazônia, H. A. Britski et al. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Pará, 26480, 1, 62.55 mm SL, Itaituba, obtained from ornamental fish rio Tapajós: MZUSP 21849, 2, 44.2 - 58.2 mm SL, São Luís, rio fishermen, 08 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli. INPA 26483, Tapajós, Cachoeira Lombo de Anta, 4 ° 27 ’ 60.00 ” S 56 ° 14 ’ 60.00 ” W, 6, 44.4 - 84.8 mm SL, Itaituba, donate by fishmen of ornamental fish, Sep 1970, Expedição Permanente à Amazônia. MZUSP 27633, 1, 08 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli. INPA 26488, 8, 60.4 - 96.7 45.0 mm SL, São Luis, rio Tapajós, cachoeira do Maranhãozinho, mm SL, Itaituba, above Itaituba and below cachoeiras de Pimental, 4 ° 28 ’ 0.00 ” S 56 ° 15 ’ 0.00 ” W, Expedição Permanente à Amazônia. 4 ° 21 ’ 34 ” S 056 ° 10 ’ 02 ” W, 08 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli. ZMA 107.878, 2, 55.5 - 63.6 mm SL, São Luís, rio Tapajós, Cachoeira INPA 26507, 2, 4.7 - 57.6 mm SL, Pimental, corredeira do Pajaú e Lombo de Anta, 4 ° 27 ’ 60 ” S 56 ° 14 ’ 60 ” W, 6 Oct 1970, Expedição arredores, 4 ° 35 ’ 04 ” S 56 ° 15 ’ 32 ” W, 11 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. Permanente à Amazônia. ZMA 107.877, 1, 58.6 mm SL, São Luís, L. Birindelli. MZUSP 24293, 2, 36.1 - 39.1 mm SL (1 c & s, 36.1 mm poça de pedra no rio Tapajós, 8 Oct 1970. ZMA 107.876, 1, 44.1 SL) São Luís, cachoeira do Maranhãozinho, 4 ° 28 ’ S 56 ° 15 ’ W, 06 - 07 mm SL, Cachoeira do Maranhãozinho, rio Tapajós, near São Luis, Nov 1970, Expedição Permanente à Amazônia. MZUSP 34279, 13, 4 ° 28 ’ 00 ” S 56 ° 15 ’ 00 ” W, 06 - 07 Oct 1970, Expedição Permanente 19.0 - 46.2 mm SL (1 c & s, 36.8 mm SL) Pederneiras, below Itaituba, à Amazônia. Non-type. Brazil, Pará, rio Tapajós: INPA 6990, 4 ° 16 ’ 41 ” S 55 ° 59 ’ 09 ” W, 24 Out 1983, M. Goulding.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F01AFF94FCA4D9F6FCC8F8AB.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUSP 92797, 63.8 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, rio Tapajós, near Itaituba, approximately 4 ° 16 ’ 46.56 ” S 55 ° 59 ’ 5.77 ” W, 7 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli. Paratypes. MZUSP 92617, 11, 38.2 - 82.2 mm SL (1 c & s, 81.2 mm SL), Brazil, Pará, rio Tapajós near Itaituba and Pimental, approximately 4 ° 16 ’ 46.56 ” S 55 ° 59 ’ 5.77 ” W, 8 Nov 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F01AFF94FCA4D9F6FCC8F8AB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus immaculatus can be distinguished from all congeners by its color pattern consisting of a dark gray body, without dots or spots, and by having very slender teeth (vs. with small to mid-sized yellowish dots in S. punctatissimus, S. murinus, and S. tocantinensis; and large white spots in S. zuanoni). It further differs from Spectracanthicus punctatissimus and S. zuanoni by the pointed snout in dorsal view (vs. snout rounded). Other characters that differs the new species from other congeners are: nasal quadrangular (vs. nasal L-shaped); posterior margin of pterotic-supracleithrum without contact with posterior margin of orbit (vs. with large contact with orbit in S. murinus and small contact in remaining species); cartilage area of basipterygia short (vs. elongate in remaining species, except in S. murinus); anterior fenestrae of cartilage area of basipterygia large in size (vs. small to median size in remaining species, except in S. tocantinensis) (Fig. 11).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F01AFF94FCA4D9F6FCC8F8AB.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data summarized in Table 3. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through of dorsal fin; concave, nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile straight from snout tip to origin of caudal fin. Ventral surface from tip of snout to urogenital papillae lacking plates, except for few small plates at pectoral and pelvic-fins origins. Body deep and robust even at caudal peduncle. Head and trunk lacking keels or ridges. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; lowest at caudal peduncle. Head wide, convex dorsally; snout and cheeks completely covered by numerous small plates, except for small naked area on tip of snout. Snout slightly rounded in dorsal profile. Nasal elongated, L-shaped. Frontal short with a slight contact with nares anteriorly and orbit posteriorly. Anterior margin of frontal short, reaching posterior margin or half of length of nare. Parieto-supraoccipital short with posterior edge narrow, lacking crest. Sphenotic short, without contact with IO 6, lacking conspicuous odontodes. Orbit moderate in size (13.6 - 16.2 % HL), placed dorsolaterally in head. Iris with small dorsal flap over pupil. Pterotic-supracleithrum short with few fenestrae; anterior process forming most posterior margin of orbit. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleithrum with one plate. Mouth moderate in size, nearly as long as wide. Lips large, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla absent. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Medial end of premaxillary teeth series almost straight. Premaxillae and dentaries narrow and elongate. Dentaries strongly curved inwards. Teeth medium in size, well developed, slender, with long crown and large lateral cusp. Distal edge of teeth slightly curved inward. Eversible cheek plates with associated hypertrophied odontodes and disposed as unique block connected to opercle, that can be everted to approximately 90 o from head by opercle movements (Fig. 12). Body covered by five longitudinal series of plates supporting odontodes. Keels absent. Three to four predorsal plates; some small azygous predorsal plates sometimes present. Eight neural bifid spines supporting dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin rays i, 7, located posterior to neural spines of vertebral centra 7 - 17. Dorsal-fin base very long, its length equivalent to 12 dorsal plates, reaching pre-adipose plate and connected to adipose fin by thick membrane. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with locking mechanism. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion much expanded relative to base; distal margins rounded. Pectoral-fin rays I, 6; unbranched ray covered with conspicuous odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through medial, unbranched, pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i, 4 located posterior to hemal spines of vertebral centra 14 - 17. Caudal-fin rays i, 14, i, truncated; supracaudal plates. Five to six procurrent caudal-fin rays. Caudal peduncle strongly deep in lateral view. Total vertebrae 26, precaudal 8 - 12. Sixth rib strongly thickened, remaining ribs slender. Infraorbital with 7 - 8 pores. Infraorbital 4 with little contact with orbit by posterior margin. Infraorbital 6 forming only postero-vental part of orbit. Lateral line pores restrict to hypural plate. Color in alchool. Ground color evenly dark gray to dark brown without dots or spots. Ventral surface ochre to light brown without dots. Dorsal surface of body of live specimens gray.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F01AFF94FCA4D9F6FCC8F8AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spectracanthicus immaculatus is known from rio Tapajós basin, near Itaituba and Pimental, Pará State, Brazil.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F01AFF94FCA4D9F6FCC8F8AB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet “ immaculatus ” derives from Latin, meaning unspotted or unstained, in allusion to the coloration pattern of the species, lacking dots or spots. An adjective. Fishery and economical importance. Spectracanthicus immaculatus is an important resource of ornamental fish. It is also recognized by local fishermen and aquarists as “ naná ” or “ L 363 ” (L-number; Schraml & Schafer, 2004; Werner et al. 2005). Like S. murinus, it is also captured by diving with help of a compressor, a typical way of capturing ornamental fishes in Itaituba and Santarém regions (Sousa & Birindelli, 2009).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F001FF8AFF0BDAEAFC5AFD88.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUSP 110989, 49.5 mm SL; Brazil, Pará, Carreira Comprida, rio Itacaiunas, Tocantins drainage, 5 ° 22 ’ S 49 ° 07 ’ W, M. Goulding, 14 Oct 1983. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Pará, rio Tocantins drainage. INPA 6045, 7, 43.13 - 76.9 mm SL, poço d’água downstream of Tucuruí Dam, rio Tocantins, 09 Oct 1984, Ichthyology staff, INPA (G. M. Santos & B. Mérona). INPA 6049, 1, 61.8 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Jatobal, Tucuruí, 05 Jul 1982, Ichthyology staff, INPA. INPA 6050, 1, 62.8 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Jatobal, Tucuruí, 17 Jul 2008, Ichthyology staff, INPA. INPA 2990, 140, 16.2 - 92.9 mm SL, rio Tocantins, downstream of Tucuruí Dam, 3 ° 45 ’ 58 ” S 49 ° 40 ’ 21 ” W, 31 Ago 1984, Ichthyology staff, INPA. INPA 11133, 2, 78.3 - 86.2 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Tucuruí, 01 Sep 1981, Ichthyology staff, INPA. FMNH 95555, 1, 64.0 mm SL, lagoon in front of Jatobal, rio Tocantins, 4 ° 34 ’ 00 ” S 49 ° 39 ’ 00 ” W, 16 Sep 1970, Expedição Permanente à Amazônia. MNRJ 19347, 175, 36.0 - 85.3 mm SL; rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí, Sep 1984, L. C. Alvarenga. MNRJ 19359, 29, 60.8 - 82.7 mm SL, rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí, Sep 1984, L. C. Alvarenga. MNRJ 19373, 7, 60.0 - 63.0 mm SL, rio Tocantins, near Tucurui, Sep 1984, L. C. Alvarenga. MZUSP 24125, 7, 56.4 - 74.0 mm SL (1 c & s, 64.2 mm SL), Jatobal, lagoon in front of Jatobal, rio Tocantins, 49 ° 39 ’ 00 ” W 4 ° 34 ’ 00 ” S, 16 Sep 1970, Expedição permanente à Amazônia. MZUSP 34265, 11, 38.7 - 72.0 mm SL (1 c & s, 65.4 mm SL), same locality as holotype. MZUSP 39927, 1, 64.5 mm SL, lagoon in front of Jatobal, rio Tocantins, 4 ° 34 ’ 00 ” S 49 ° 39 ’ 00 ” W, 16 Sep 1970, Expedição Permanente à Amazônia.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F001FF8AFF0BDAEAFC5AFD88.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus tocantinensis can be diagnosed from its congeners by the infraorbital 4 forming most of the posterior edge of the orbit (vs. IO 4 forming a minute portion of orbital rim) and by the large basipterigium fenestrae (vs. medium or small-sized basipterigium fenestrae) (Fig. 11). It can be further distinguished from S. immaculatus and S. zuanoni by its color pattern, consisting of small, yellowish dots, and by the presence of thick teeth (vs. dots lacking in S. immaculatus and large, white spots in S. zuanoni; and slender teeth). It is additionally distinguished from S. zuanoni by the lower number of dentary teeth (8 - 16 vs. 19 - 43). Spectracanthicus tocantinensis differs from S. murinus by the presence of a bar-shaped, eversible opercle with conspicuous odontodes (vs. triangle shaped opercle not eversible, without conspicuous odontodes) and by the presence of four unbranched anal-fin rays (vs. three unbranched anal-fin rays). The new species further differs from S. punctatissimus by the slightly pointed snout in dorsal view (vs. snout rounded in dorsal view).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F001FF8AFF0BDAEAFC5AFD88.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data are summarized in Table 4. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through of dorsal fin; concave, nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile straight from snout tip to origin of caudal fin. Ventral surface from tip of snout to urogenital papillae lacking plates, except for few small plates at pectoral and pelvic-fin origins. Body deep and robust even at caudal peduncle. Head and trunk lacking keels or ridges. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; lowest at caudal peduncle. Head wide, convex dorsally; snout and cheeks completely covered by numerous small plates, except for small naked area on tip of snout. Snout slightly rounded in dorsal profile. Nasal elongated, L-shaped. Frontal short with a slight contact with nares anteriorly and orbit posteriorly. Anterior margin of frontal short, reaching posterior margin or half of length of nare. Parieto-supraoccipital short with posterior edge narrow, lacking crest. Sphenotic short, without contact with IO 6, lacking conspicuous odontodes. Orbit moderate in size (15.4 - 20.3 % HL), placed dorsolaterally in head. Iris with small dorsal flap over pupil. Pterotic-supracleithrum short with few fenestrae; anterior process forming most posterior margin of orbit. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleithrum with one plate. Mouth moderate in size, nearly as long as wide. Lips large, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla absent. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Medial end of premaxillary teeth series almost straight. Premaxillae and dentaries narrow and elongate. Dentaries strongly curved inwards. Teeth medium in size, well developed, slender, with long crown and large lateral cusp. Distal edge of teeth slightly curved inward inward. Eversible cheek plates with associated hypertrophied odontodes and disposed as unique block connected to opercle, that can be everted to approximately 90 o from head by opercle movements (Fig. 12). Body covered by five longitudinal series of plates supporting odontodes. Keels absent. Three to four predorsal plates; some small azygous predorsal plates sometimes present. Eight neural bifid spines supporting dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin rays i, 7, located posterior to neural spines of vertebral centra 6 - 17. Dorsal-fin base very long, its length equivalent to 12 dorsal plates, reaching pre-adipose plate and connected to adipose fin by thick membrane. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with locking mechanism. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion much expanded relative to its base; distal margins rounded. Pectoral-fin rays I, 6; unbranched ray covered with conspicuous odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through medial, unbranched, pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i, 4 located posterior to hemal spines of vertebral centra 14 - 17. Caudalfin rays i, 14, i, truncated; seven supracaudal plates. Five to six procurrent caudal-fin rays. Caudal peduncle strongly deep in lateral view. Total vertebrae 26, precaudal 8 - 12. Ribs slender, except strong sixth rib. Infraorbital with 7 - 8 pores. Infraorbital 4 with great contact with orbit by posterior margin. Infraorbital 6 formed just postero-vental part of orbit. Lateral line pores restrict to hypural plate. Color in alcohol. Dorsal surface of body and fins dark brown with small to median-sized yellowish dots regularly distributed along head, trunk and fins. Body dots sparced and usually fewer in juveniles. Ventral surface light tan without dots. Geographic distribution. Spectracanthicus tocantinensis is known from the lower rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí and Jatobal, Pará, Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F001FF8AFF0BDAEAFC5AFD88.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet “ tocantinensis ” is in allusion to the type locality of the new species, the rio Tocantins. An adjective.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F003FF8EFF2FDEB5FBA9FD37.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. INPA 25874, 122.4 mm SL, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, rio Xingu, Altamira, Pará, Brazil, 3 ° 16 ’ 21 ” S 52 ° 12 ’ 7 ” W, J. Zuanon, 14 Sep 1997. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Pará, rio Xingu. INPA 4031, 2, 78.2 - 127.9 mm SL, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 05 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 4147, 1, 84.9 mm SL, ilha de Babaquara, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 05 Oct 1990, J. Zuanon. INPA 25874, 3, 69.9 - 126.2 mm SL, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, bedrock beside the island (left margim), 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 14 Sep 1997, J. Zuanon. INPA 25876, 1, 123.1 mm SL, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W. INPA 25877, 2, 70.6 - 129.3 mm SL, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, left margin, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 14 Sep 1997, J. Zuanon. INPA 25878, 1, 107.3 mm SL, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W. INPA 25879, 2, 76.9 - 112.8 mm SL, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, bedrock beside the island (left margim), 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 14 Sep 1997, J. Zuanon. INPA 25881, 1, 93.2 mm SL, ilha do Bananal, Senador José Porfírio, 08 Sep 1997, J. Zuanon. INPA 25882, 2, 55.9 - 82.8 mm SL, corredeiras do Arini, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S, 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 07 Sep 1997, J. Zuanon. MZUSP 107200, 3, 59.4 - 86.1 mm SL, bedrock near Jericoá, near Mucura fall and above Mazinho’s farm, Altamira, 3 ° 24 ’ 52 ” S 51 ° 44 ’ 23 ” W, 07 Jun 2010, Equipe ECIX (O. T. Oyakawa, J. Muriel-Cunha, C. C. Chamon, I. Fichberg, L. Rossi & A. Sawakushi). MZUSP 107202, 3, 37.8 - 95.3 mm SL, Gorgulho da Rita, Altamira, 3 ° 20 ’ 26 ” S 52 ° 11 ’ 4 ” W, 06 Jul 2010, Equipe ECIX. MZUSP 107207, 17, 41.3 - 98.1 mm SL, ilha de Babaquara, bedrock, Altamira, 3 ° 24 ’ 10 ” S 52 ° 12 ’ 27 ” W, 06 Jul 2010, Equipe ECIX. Non-Types. All from Brazil, Pará, rio Xingu. INPA 3957, 5, 20.1 - 58.8 mm SL, cachoeira de Baituká, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W, 09 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 3966, 2, 67.1 - 96.6 mm SL, Praia do Pedral, 1 ° 30 ’ 0 ” S 51 ° 53 ’ 0 ” W 07 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 28545, 2, 27.5 - 23.8 mm SL, Costa do Junior, 03 ° 29 ’ 28 ” S 52 ° 19 ’ 07 ” W, 23 Sep 1997, J. A. Zuanon. INPA 31411, 4, 78.4 - 92.9 mm SL, bedrock in front of the River, Comunidade do Maia, 03 ° 30 ’ 44 ” S 51 ° 44 ’ 43 ” W, 09 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31422, 3, 59.3 - 111.3 mm SL, cachoeira do Landi, 03 ° 35 ’ 01 ” S 51 ° 49 ’ 21 ” W, 08 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31454, 2, 47.6 - 71.1 mm SL, Gorgulho da Rita, 03 ° 20 ’ 14 ” S 52 ° 11 ’ 18 ” W, 07 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31455, 6, 41.4 - 72.4 mm SL, Babaquara, 03 ° 23 ’ 45 ” S 52 ° 12 ’ 16 ” W, 07 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31460, 8, 35.3 - 89.8 mm SL, Itaboinha, bedrock, Vitória do Xingu, 03 ° 53 ’ 22 ” S 51 ° 56 ’ 26 ” W, 04 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31480, 11, 53.1 - 126.8 mm SL, Arroz Cru, 03 ° 25 ’ 20 ” S 51 ° 57 ’ 22 ” W, 06 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31775, 1, 113.0 mm SL, ilha do Davi, Altamira, 03 ° 32 ’ 39 ” S 51 ° 57 ’ 29 ” W, 01 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. INPA 31794, 2, 50.5 - 54.0 mm SL, Belo Monte, 03 ° 06 ’ 54 ” S 51 ° 43 ’ 15 ” W, 05 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. MHNG 2578.027, 1, 81.8 mm SL, Altamira (?), imported from Belém, D. Fisher. MHNG 2.680. 014, 1, 79.9 mm SL, aquarium import, R. Covain. MHNG 2684.026, 2, 62.2 - 66.6 mm SL, aquarium import, R. Covain.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F003FF8EFF2FDEB5FBA9FD37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus zuanoni can be diagnosed from all other congeners by its color pattern consisting of large, white spots (vs. small yellowish dots in S. murinus, S. punctatissimus, and S. tocantinensis, and dark gray lacking dots in S. immaculatus). It also differs from congeners, except S. murinus, by the larger orbital diameter (up to 29.2 % of HL vs. up to 25.7 % in S. punctatissimus, 20.3 % in S. tocantinensis, 16.2 % in S. immaculatus). It further differs from S. murinus by the rounded dorsal view of the snout, the bar-shaped, eversible opercle with conspicuous odontodes, and the presence of four unbranched anal-fin rays (vs. snout slightly pointed; opercle triangle-shaped, not eversible, lacking conspicuous odontodes; three anal-fin unbranched rays). From S. tocantinensis it differs by present high counts of dentary teeth (19 - 43 vs. 8 - 16) and by IO 4 forming just a small area of orbit (vs. IO 4 forming posterior edge of orbit almost totally).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F003FF8EFF2FDEB5FBA9FD37.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric and meristic data summarized in Table 5. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through of dorsal fin; concave, nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile straight from snout tip to origin of caudal fin. Ventral surface from tip of snout to urogenital papillae lacking plates, except for few small plates at pectoral and pelvic-fins origins. Body deep and robust even at caudal peduncle. Head and trunk lacking keels or ridges. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; lowest at caudal peduncle. Head wide, convex dorsally; snout and cheeks completely covered by numerous small plates, except for small naked area on tip of snout. Snout slightly rounded in dorsal profile. Nasal elongated, L-shaped. Frontal short with a slight contact with nares anteriorly and orbit posteriorly. Anterior margin of frontal short, reaching posterior margin or half of length of nare. Parieto-supraoccipital short with posterior edge narrow, lacking crest. Sphenotic short, without contact with IO 6, lacking conspicuous odontodes. Orbit enlarged (16.6 - 29.2 % HL), placed dorsolaterally in head. Iris with small dorsal flap over pupil. Pterotic-supracleithrum short with few fenestrae; anterior process forming most posterior margin of orbit. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleithrum with one plate. Mouth moderate in size, nearly as long as wide. Lips large, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla absent. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Medial end of premaxillary teeth series almost straight. Premaxillae and dentaries narrow and elongate. Dentaries strongly curved inwards. Teeth medium size, well developed, slender, with long crown and large lateral cusp. Distal edge of teeth slightly curved inward. Eversible cheek plates with associated hypertrophied odontodes and disposed as unique block connected to opercle, that can be everted to approximately 90 o from head by opercle movements. Body covered by five longitudinal series of plates supporting odontodes. Keels absent. Three to four predorsal plates; some small azygous predorsal plates sometimes present. Eight neural bifid spines supporting dorsal fin. Dorsalfin rays i, 7, located posterior to neural spines of vertebral centra 6 - 17. Dorsal-fin base very long, its length equivalent to 12 dorsal plates, reaching pre-adipose plate and connected to adipose fin by thick membrane. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with lock mechanism. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion much expanded relative to base; distal margins rounded. Pectoral-fin rays i, 6; unbranched ray covered with conspicuous odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through medial, unbranched, pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i, 4 located posterior to hemal spines of vertebral centra 15 - 17. Caudal-fin rays i, 14, i, truncated; supracaudal plates. Five to six procurrent caudal-fin rays. Caudal peduncle strongly deep in lateral view. Total vertebrae 26, precaudal 8 - 12. Sixth rib strongly thickened, remaining ribs slender. Infraorbital with 7 - 8 pores. Infraorbital 4 with little contact with orbit by posterior margin. Infraorbital 6 formed just postero-vental part of orbit. Lateral line pores restrict to hypural plate. Color in alcohol. Dorsal surface of body and fins evenly brown covered by large white spots. Spots more frequent and conspicuous in dorsal and caudal fins than in pectoral, pelvic and anal fins. Some specimens, especially juveniles, can present overlapped spots forming smudges. Head poorly spotted, some individuals can present vermicular bands near snout region. Abdomen region ochre without spots. Geographic distribution. Spectracanthicus zuanoni is known from the rio Xingu basin, near Altamira and Belo Monte, Pará State, Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
D307DE26F003FF8EFF2FDEB5FBA9FD37.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor to Jansen Zuanon (INPA) due to his contribution to the knowledge of Neotropical Ichthyology. Jansen Zuanon was also the first ichthyologist who collected and identified this species as a new one. Fishery and economical importance. Spectracanthicus zuanoni is also recognized as “ acari bola branca ”, L 020 and L 354 (L-number; Schraml & Schafer, 2004) by aquarists and local fishermen. As in Itaituba and Santarém, at rio Tapajós, Altamira is also known for its ornamental fishery activities. Ecological notes. Spectracanthicus zuanoni is a nocturnal species that feeds on algae and other food items off periphyton by grazing over rock bottom. According to Zuanon (1999) and Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon (2005), Spectracanthicus zuanoni is a moderate reophilic species that is found in rock-bottom areas subjected to backwater and strong currents. Specimens were found individually or in groups of three, under shelter boulders (adults) and spaces beneath rocks (juveniles), up to 2 m deep. The juveniles share the shelters with other loricariids such as Ancistrus sp., A. ranunculus, Baryancistrus xanthellus, Spectracanthicus punctatissimus, Hopliancistrus tricornis, Parancistrus nudiventris, Peckoltia vittata, and Pseudancistrus aff. barbatus.	en	Chamon, Carine C., Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2014): Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 1-25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100001
