identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C9F329FFC8C51EB7243D2DFADCFC28.text	03C9F329FFC8C51EB7243D2DFADCFC28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fetilinia Lowe & Kovařík 2020	<div><p>Fetilinia gen. n.</p> <p>(Figures 1–31, Table 1)</p> <p>http: //zoobank. org/urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4AC13359- 2795-4F1B-A8A3-488 CA834199 D</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. Fetilinia dentator sp. n.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. The generic epithet Fetilinia (masculine; constructed to rhyme with Kraepelinia, a similar genus) is a patronym honoring Victor Fet (USA) in recognition of his many important contributions to the knowledge of scorpions and his generous support of many scorpiologists. Kraepelinia is a very special genus for VF who published its first record from Turkmenistan where he started his scorpiological career (Fet, 1984). At the time, the only known specimen of K. palpator (Birula, 1903) from Turkmenistan was collected in 1972 by Yuri Gorelov (1933–2018), an outstanding naturalist, whose life and work in Central Asia (Badghyz Natural Reserve) has been an inspiration and role model for many young Russian zoologists, including VF.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS.Adult size small, total length of subadult male 22 mm. Carapace trapezoidal, densely granulate, without carinae, anterior margin almost straight; median eyes large, ocular tubercle raised; five pairs of lateral eyes present, two reduced in size. Sternum type 1, relatively small, and triangular to subpentagonal in shape; posterior depression very large and deep. Pectines large, with 23–23 teeth in subadult male and 19–19 teeth in juvenile female; fulcra present. Tergites I–VI tricarinate, all tergites densely granulate. Sternites with slit-like spiracles; sternite V without a well-defined smooth patch; sternite VII with weak carinae. Metasomal segments relatively short and stout, nearly uniform in width, with carination well developed; metasoma I–III with 8–10 carinae; metasoma II–III with enlarged dentition on ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae; metasoma V with irregular, enlarged lobate dentition on ventrolateral carinae; posterior margins of tergite VII and metasoma I–III with fine fringes of microsetae. Telson with elongate vesicle, aculeus stout, about same length as vesicle, subaculear tubercle absent. Cheliceral dentition follows typical buthid pattern (Vachon, 1963), fiXed finger with two denticles on ventral surface. Pedipalps slender, chelae narrower than patella; trichobothrial pattern neobothriotaXic type C, femur with trichobothrium d 2 absent, d 1 - d 3 - d 4 arranged in b- configuration (non-refleX angle opening internally), patella d 3 located between dorsomedian and dorsointernal carinae, chela manus Eb 1 - Eb 2 - Eb 3 in δ-configuration (non-refleX angle opening distally), V 1 - V 2 aXis slightly inclined internally, eb on distal manus (not fiXed finger), fiXed finger with db situated near base of finger and distal to est, dt at mid-finger and level with et; dentate margins of pedipalp fingers straight, without lobe/ notch combination, equipped with 8 rows of median denticles arranged nearly linearly, non-imbricated, each flanked by a single eXternal and internal accessory granule; 5 subterminal granules. Legs I– III with tibia and tarsi short, curved, flat, with setation modified into bristlecombs on basitarsi only, telotarsi with two rows of long setae on ventral surface; tibial spurs moderate, tarsal spurs well-developed.</p> <p>AFFINITIES. Fetilinia gen. n. belongs to the Palaearctic ‘ Buthus ’ group of Fet et al., 2005, according to the following characters: trichobothrial pattern typeA-β; patella trichobothrium d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina, manus Eb 1 - Eb 2 - Eb 3 in δ configuration; tibial spurs present on legs III–IV; pedipalp chela finger median denticle rows non-imbricated; and posterior margins of tergite VII &amp; metasoma I–III bearing fringes of microsetae. Within this group, it is similar to another small monotypic genus, Kraepelinia Vachon, 1974, which also has: enlarged dentition on ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae of metasoma II–III; irregular, enlarged lobate dentition on ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V; and trichobothrium eb located on distal manus. However, Kraepelinia differs from Fetilinia gen. n. in several other characters: thickened pedipalp fingers that are atypical for buthids; smooth carapace and tergites; metasoma V with large, lobate denticles on ventral surface; telson bulbous and granulate. Fetilinia gen. n. is also similar to five other small ‘ Buthus ’ group genera: Butheolus Simon, 1882, Orthochirus Karsch, 1891, Baloorthochirus KovařÍk, 1996, Orthochiroides KovařÍk, 1998, and Xenobuthus Lowe, 2018. These display a similar habitus, with a trapezoidal carapace and small, short pedipalps. Orthochirus and Orthochiroides have telson shapes quite similar to that of Fetilinia gen. n., but they differ in having metasomal segments IV–V dilated and punctate. Butheolus, Xenobuthus and Orthochiroides differ in having bulbous telsons.All five of these genera further differ in lacking enlarged or lobate metasomal dentition. It is possible that Fetilinia gen. n. is phylogenetically associated with this ‘orthochiroid’ compleX, but has evolved its own specialized metasomal structure. The pattern of enlarged metasomal dentition in Kraepelinia and Fetilinia gen. n. also occurs in several other ‘ Buthus ’ group genera: Buthus Leach, 1815, Femtobuthus Lowe, 2010, Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950, Pantobuthus Lourenço &amp; Duhem, 2009, and Trypanothacus Lowe, KovařÍk, Stockmann &amp; Šťáhlavský, 2019, and seems to be an adaptation of burrowing scorpions (Lowe et al., 2019).</p> <p>REMARKS. We based Fetilinia gen. n. on two type specimens, an immature (subadult) male and a juvenile female. Immaturity of the male is evidenced by a laterally swollen mesosoma in a well fed individual, a condition typical of immatures of many other scorpions that we have reared. The characters supporting an affinity with the ‘orthochiroid’ compleX of small scorpions (most ca. 25–40 mm), imply that the adult of Fetilinia gen. n. is also likely to be small in size. The size, strongly granulated integument and pectinal tooth count of the male are consistent with a late instar subadult, one ecdysis before maturity. Even if it were an earlier instar, the characters of trapezoidal carapace and small, short pedipalps are also partially present in early juveniles of ‘orthochiroid’ compleX scorpions. However, caution is certainly advisable when diagnosing a new genus from immature specimens. We therefore considered the alternative interpretation, that the type specimens represent earlier instars of a larger scorpion belonging to an already eXisting genus in the ‘ Buthus ’ group. A conspicuously dentate metasoma is usually present in early instars of species that eXhibit this character in adults. This narrows the list of likely alternative taXa known from this geographic region to four genera: Kraepelinia, Buthus, Mesobuthus or Pantobuthus. Could Fetilinia gen. n. be an early instar juvenile of one of those genera? The slender pedipalps and elongate telson vesicle of Fetilinia gen. n. are quite different from the robust pedipalps and bulbous telson typical of those four genera. However, these structures can often be quite tenuous in early instars, and later develop to become robust in adults. Kraepelinia palpator is a relatively small scorpion, with adult carapace length ca. 4 mm (Birula, 1903; Lourenço &amp; Leguin, 2010), which would predict an adult body length of ca. 35 mm. We studied a subadult male Kraepelinia with carapace length 2.9 mm and body length 24 mm, similar in size to the subadult male of Fetilinia gen. n. (Figs. 30–35). The thickened pedipalp fingers and bulbous telson that are unique diagnostic characters of Kraepelinia are already strongly eXpressed in the subadult, showing that Fetilinia gen. n. is not a juvenile of this genus. The other genera in question (Buthus, Mesobuthus, Pantobuthus) possess a subrectangular carapace, a shape that differs markedly from the strongly trapezoidal carapace of Fetilinia gen. n. An ontogenetic change from trapezoidal in juveniles to subrectangular in adults is implausible, being the reverse of the predicted polarity of such transformations (i.e., from primitive to derived). Another argument against Fetilinia gen. n. being a juvenile of the other genera stems from their differing trichobothriotaXy, which would violate the established rule that trichobothrial patterns are nearly always conserved ontogenetically (Vachon, 1974). In Pantobuthus, and most Buthus and Mesobuthus, fiXed finger trichobothrium db is located distal to et, whereas it is level with or proXimal to dt in Fetilinia gen. n. Distal translocation of db is typically associated with stretching and elongation of chela fingers, a trend that opposes the hypothetical ontogenetic transformation of slender fingers in Fetilinia gen. n. to short robust fingers in the other genera. Furthermore, Fetilinia gen. n. is neobothriotaXic, with femur d 2 absent, in contrast to the other genera which are orthobothriotaXic. In scorpions, there is only one documented precedent in which reductive neobothriotaXy in juveniles transforms into orthobothriotaXy in adults. In many, if not all buthids, femoral trichobothrium i 2 is absent in the second instar (first nymph), and only appears in the third and later instars (Armas, 1986: 22; Lourenço, 1979: 100; Stockmann, 1979: 408; Vachon, 1974: 873; R. Teruel, personal communication). However, similar abrupt early developmental changes have not been reported for buthid petite trichobothria including femur d 2, whose presence or absence is normally consistent across instars. The size and well developed carination and granulation of the holotype male Fetilinia gen. n. indicates that it is not a second instar nymph, and it also has femur i 2 already eXpressed (Fig. 21). In summary, available evidence supports our hypothesis that Fetilinia gen. n. is a new genus that does not fit into any of the eXisting ‘ Buthus ’ group genera.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality in northern Pakistan. The collection site lies at the edge of the Kohat Plateau, northeast of the Bannu Basin, an intermontane depression in the tectonically active orogenic belt at the western end of the Himalayas. The local substrate consists of Quaternary alluvial fan deposits produced by erosion of surrounding high mountain ranges (Abir et al., 2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9F329FFC8C51EB7243D2DFADCFC28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lowe, Graeme;Kovařík, František	Lowe, Graeme, Kovařík, František (2020): Fetilinia dentator gen. et sp. n. from Pakistan (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 328: 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648976
03C9F329FFCFC510B0D73AE2FE19FC54.text	03C9F329FFCFC510B0D73AE2FE19FC54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fetilinia dentator Lowe & Kovařík 2020	<div><p>Fetilinia dentator sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–31, Table 1)</p> <p>http: //zoobank. org/urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2883418A- AB1A-4991-AE48-FFBB13854627</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-Western Frontier) Province, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.049&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.049/lat 33.102)">Karak</a>, 33.102°N 71.049°E; FKCP.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-Western Frontier) Province, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.049&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.049/lat 33.102)">Karak</a>, 33.102°N 71.049°E, 23 June 2010, 1♂ subadult (holotype) 1♀ juvenile (paratype), leg. Z. Ahmed, FKCP.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet refers to the prominently enlarged dentition on the metasoma, and is chosen to rhyme with the specific epithet palpator of Kraepelinia.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS. See generic diagnosis.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION (subadult ♂). The subadult male is 22 mm long. The habitus is shown in Figs. 1–2 and 30–31. For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 15–18, and 20–21.</p> <p>Coloration (Figs. 1–2, 6–9). The base color is uniformly yellow, with dark carinae indicated on the pedipalp femur and patella, and on metasoma III–V.</p> <p>Carapace (Figs. 10, 25). Trapezoidal, anterior margin almost straight, with 10 marginal macrosetae; surface with dense, coarse granulation, weaker anteriorly; carinae absent; area between anterior median carinae smooth; median ocular tubercle smooth, eXcept for a few posterior granules; median eyes large, well separated; 5 lateral eyes (3 larger, 2 smaller). Chelicera (Figs. 24–25). Fingers comply with the basic pattern of buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); fiXed finger with large distal denticle, one subdistal denticle and two basal denticles fused into bicusp, two denticles on ventral surface; dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: one large distal denticle, medium-sized subdistal denticle, large medial denticle, and two small, partially fused basal denticles; ventral margin with 3 denticles: one large distal denticle, and two smaller denticles in medial and basal positions.</p> <p>Mesosoma (Figs. 10–12). Tergites I–VI tricarinate with a median carina, and a weak pair of lateral carinae; carinae coarsely granular, the lateral pair on tergites I–II rather indistinct; all carinae short with only ca. 2–5 granules, confined to posterior half or third of tergite; entire tergites covered with dense, coarse granulation; pretergites smooth; tergite VII pentacarinate, median carina a granulated hump, lateral carinae well developed, coarsely granular; sternites with smooth surfaces locally finely granulated, more so on sternite III and VII; sternite III–VI without carinae, VII with 2 pairs of weak to moderate, smooth to granulated carinae; sternal chaetotaxy: sternite III–VI posterior margins bearing 3 macrosetae, III bearing 5–7 macrosetae on medial surface, IV–VII with 2–4 macrosetae; pectines with margins eXtending to half of sternite IV in males, with 3 marginal lamellae, 6–8 middle lamellae; lamellae and fulcra bear numerous short, fine, dark macrosetae; pectine basal piece and genital opercula smooth with fine macrosetae; pectinal tooth count 23– 23 in male.</p> <p>Metasoma and telson (Figs. 3–9). Metasoma I–III with 10 granulated carinae, median lateral carinae on segments I–II complete, median lateral carinae on segment III incomplete, indicated by ca. 10–18 granules on posterior part; ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae stronger on segments II–III, with conspicuously enlarged, dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly; metasoma IV with 4, and metasoma V with 2–4 granulated or crenulated carinae, dorsolateral carinae granulated onIVandincompleteonV, ventrolateralcarinaestrong, irregularly crenulated on V with several enlarged, lobate granules that become larger posteriorly; ventromedian carinae of metasoma IV–V absent; intercarinal surfaces partly smooth and partly irregularly granulated, with granules mostly on dorsomedial and ventral surfaces; lateral anal arch divided into 3 lobes; ventral anal arch armed with a regular series of ca. 10 coarse granules; telson with distinctly elongated, smooth vesicle; aculeus robust, equal to or shorter than vesicle in length, moderately curved; subaculear tubercle absent; chaetotaxy: metasomal segments and telson sparsely setose; long macrosetae dispersed irregularly on lateral and ventral surfaces.</p> <p>Pedipalps (Figs. 13–23). Segments slender, with chelae narrower than patella; femur with 3 strong, granulated carinae: dorsoeXternal, dorsointernal, and ventrointernal, other carinae obsolete; dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces smooth eXcept for a few small solitary granules, internal surface smooth eXcept for several coarse solitary granules; patella with 7 smooth, obsolete carinae; setation very sparse, with a few large solitary macrosetae; chela smooth, carinae obsolete, a few large macrosetae present; dentate margins of movable finger with 8 rows of granules, of fiXed finger with 7 rows of granules, each flanked by a single eXternal and internal accessory granule, distal ends of fingers with 5 subterminal granules; trichobothrial pattern type A-β with reductive neobothriotaXy (femur petite d 2 absent).</p> <p>Legs (Figs. 26–29). Legs with robust patellae, tibiae and tarsi; femora with a few solitary macrosetae; tibiae I–III with 3–6 long macrosetae in dorsal (retrosuperior) series, not forming a tibial ‘bristle comb’; basitarsi I–III compressed, with two irregular series of shorter ventral (proinferior and retroinferior) macrosetae, and a single linear series of longer dorsal macrosetae (forming a basitarsal ‘bristle comb’with 4–5 setae on leg I, 5 setae on leg II, 6 setae on leg III); leg IV without basitarsal compression, longer than legs I–III, leg I–IV femora and patella with indications of 4–6 carinae, which are usually obsolete; paired ventral carinae on femora granulate or denticulate; tibial spur on legs III–IV moderate; prolateral pedal spurs basally bifurcate; retrolateral pedal spurs simple; telotarsi with 2 ventral rows of fine macrosetae; ungues elongate, curved.</p> <p>Measurements. See Table 1.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9F329FFCFC510B0D73AE2FE19FC54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lowe, Graeme;Kovařík, František	Lowe, Graeme, Kovařík, František (2020): Fetilinia dentator gen. et sp. n. from Pakistan (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 328: 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648976
