identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F287DFFF89FFEA3E4AFE5B948E5661.text	03F287DFFF89FFEA3E4AFE5B948E5661.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe 1913	<div><p>Genus Luciobrotula Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1913</p> <p>Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation</p> <p>The COI dataset comprised 13 aligned sequences including three newly obtained sequences from the collected specimens, three additional sequences of L. bartschi from the South China Sea and Western Australia, five sequences of L. coheni from the Eastern Pacific, plus two outgroup sequences (Table 1). The length of the aligned sequences of the dataset is 618 bp. Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic tree inferred from the ML analysis based on the dataset. The monophyly of the genus Luciobrotula is strongly supported (bootstrap value =98%), and ingroup sequences form three clades or lineages among which two contain sequences from the two known species (Fig. 2). While two of our newly obtained sequences (ASIZP 0913925 and PNG 1082) fall into the L. bartschi clade, the third one (PNG 2363) appears to be a previously unknown lineage. Advanced species delimitation analyses with ABGD and bPTP based on the same COI dataset reveal a congruent result with a prediction of three OTUs, corroborating the phylogenetic finding (Fig. 2). The delimited OTUs (or inferred species) are genetically distinct from each other. The unknown lineage is distinct from others by 37 unique nucleotide sites based on CBB analysis. The average genetic distances measured using the K2P model among them are from 0.130 to 0.138 at the COI locus. Further morphological examination on the specimens indicates that the features of the sample collected from the Solomon Sea (PNG 2363) are unique among all known Luciobrotula species (see below), and we validate it herein as a new species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287DFFF89FFEA3E4AFE5B948E5661	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wong, Man-Kwan;Lee, Mao-Ying;Chen, Wei-Jen	Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying, Chen, Wei-Jen (2021): Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 750: 52-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361
03F287DFFF8AFFE43E27FECF95BB51ED.text	03F287DFFF8AFFE43E27FECF95BB51ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luciobrotula polylepis Wong & Lee & Chen 2021	<div><p>Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E7C043DA-005E-494F-9E00-21454E6E61BA</p> <p>Figs 3–4; Table 2</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all congeners by the following combination of characters: lateral line ending below 33 rd dorsal-fin ray; dorsal-fin rays 86, anal-fin rays 70, precaudal vertebrae 13, total vertebrae 50; gill rakers 17 (3 long rakers and 14 dentigerous plates); longest gill raker 2.1% SL; height of posterior margin of maxilla 3.2% SL; distance from the snout to end of lateral line 60% SL; one interorbital pore and four occipital pores.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis</p> <p>The new species is most similar to L. brasiliensis because both share the low number of vertebrae. It differs from L. brasiliensis by having a much longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 2 nd dorsal-fin ray), a slightly more posterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal ray below dorsal ray no. 22 vs first anal ray below dorsal ray no. 17), more pectoral-fin rays (32 vs 26), more gill rakers (17 vs 13–14), longer gill raker on first arch (2.1% SL vs 1.2% SL).</p> <p>Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov. differs from L. bartschi (Figs 5–7) in having a slightly longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs the 18 th –26 th dorsal-fin ray) and narrower posterior margin of maxilla (3.2% SL vs 3.6–4.7% SL).</p> <p>It differs from L. coheni by having more anal-fin rays (70 vs 59–65), fewer total gill rakers (17 vs 21–26), a more anterior anal-fin origin (anterior anal-fin ray below 17 th vertebra vs anterior anal-fin ray below 21 st –22 nd vertebrae), a narrower interorbital space (3.5% SL vs 3.9–5.6% SL), and a narrower posterior margin of the maxilla (3.2% SL vs 3.9–4.9% SL).</p> <p>It differs from L. corethromycter by having fewer dorsal-fin rays (86 vs 91–96), fewer gill rakers (17 vs 18–21), and anterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal-fin ray below the 17 th vertebra vs first analfin ray below the 20 th –22 nd vertebrae).</p> <p>It differs from L. nolfi by having a slightly longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 27 th –31 st dorsal-fin ray), slightly more anterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal-fin ray below the 17 th vertebra vs first anal-fin ray below the 19 th –20 th vertebrae), smaller head (23.9% SL vs 24.5–28.0% SL), and relatively deeper body (16.3% SL vs 12.5–15.0% SL).</p> <p>It differs from L. lineata by having a much longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 2 nd dorsal-fin ray), fewer dorsal-fin rays (86 vs 92), more pectoral-fin rays (32 vs 26), shorter pelvic-fin rays (10.9% SL vs 15.0% SL) and longer gill raker on the first arch (2.1% SL vs 0.7% SL). A detailed comparison between the new species and other congeners is provided in Table 2.</p> <p>Along the COI gene, the following apomorphic sites are unique nucleotides from the only specimen of L. polylepis sp. nov. examined here; these nucleotide sites can be used for the molecular diagnosis of the species to differentiate it from L. coheni and L. bartschi examined in this study. Nos. 97 (C vs T), 120 (A vs G), 147 (G vs A), 177 (G vs A), 180 (C vs T), 198 (C vs T), 219 (T vs C), 225 (C vs T), 294 (C vs T), 321 (A vs C), 324 (G vs A), 330 (A vs G), 336 (A vs C), 348 (G vs A or C), 363 (G vs T or C), 369 (T vs C), 372 (A vs C or T), 375 (C vs T), 381 (G vs A), 387 (C vs T), 390 (T vs C), 405 (C vs T), 420 (A vs G or C), 426 (T vs C), 465 (A vs C or G), 477 (A vs G), 540 (A vs G), 555 (G vs A), 565 (T vs C), 597 (T vs C), 603 (T vs A), 615 (C vs A), 648 (T vs C), 682 (C vs A or G), 675 (C vs T), 684 (G vs A), 687 (T vs C).</p> <p>* Data from Nielsen (2009).</p> <p>** Data from examined specimens of this study</p> <p># Data (in the parentheses) from an abnormal vertebrae development specimen.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name polylepis is derived from the Greek ‘ poly ’, meaning ‘many’ or ‘numerous’, and ‘ lepis ’, meaning ‘scales’, in reference to the much longer lateral line and therefore more lateral line scales compared with L. bartschi, the only congener distributed in the West Pacific.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>SOLOMON SEA • 168.4 mm SL, sample ID: PNG2363; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.16667/lat -6.133333)">Ainto Bay</a>, SE of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.16667/lat -6.133333)">Solomon Sea</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.16667/lat -6.133333)">West Pacific</a>, stn CP4334; 6°08′ S, 149°10′ E; 430–620 m depth; 6 May 2014; R/V ALIS; French beam trawl; MADEEP expedition; GenBank registration: MW218670; NTUM 11915.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurements and counts of the holotype given in Table 2. Body elongate with tapering caudal portion, snout and head slightly depressed; eye small and round, horizontal eye diameter about half of snout length. Mouth large, oblique; upper jaw reaching a vertical through the posterior margin of orbit, posterior part vertically much extended, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw when mouth closed. Boomerang-formed vomer; palatine, and upper and lower jaw with many small, close-set, rather blunt teeth in several irregular rows; fang-like teeth absent in both jaws. One median and a pair of two large basibranchial tooth patches. Anterior nostril with low rim and placed midway between upper lip and posterior nostril, with small rounded flap rising from anterior rim. Posterior margins of preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle rounded, without spine. First gill arch with four finely dentigerous plates on upper branch, one long raker on the angle, and lower branch with two long rakers interspaced with 10 dentigerous plates (Fig. 4D); gill filaments ca 100, the longest about half as long as longest gill raker; pseudobranchial filament damaged, unavailable count.</p> <p>Sensory pores are found all over head (Fig. 4A–B). Supraorbital with group of eight pores behind eye, five pores immediately above eye, and five small pores in a row on tip of snout, larger pore between flaps on tip of snout, and above each nostril, one interorbital pore, four occipital pores, six suborbital pores and four mandibular pores, 10 small pores close to lower jaw, between this row and mandibular having four small pores, and finally a row of six pores above posterior mandibular, two pores behind posterior end of maxilla, and preopercle with six pores.</p> <p>Sagittal otolith is elongate and thin, about 2.5 times as long as high. Sulcus divided into ostium and cauda. Cauda is about ⅔ of ostium (Fig. 4C). Due to the damaged anterior rim, the presence of an ostial channel could not be ascertained.</p> <p>Body, top of head, and opercle covered with small cycloid scales, with ca 72 scales in oblique line from origin of anal fin forwards and ca 111 scales from upper part of gill slit to base of caudal fin; single lateral line originating at upper angle of opercle and extending posteriorly in straight line placed about midway between midline and profile of body, ending below 33 rd dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal-fin origin above end of pectoral fin; anal-fin origin at about mid-body of fish, pectoral fin placed medially and pelvic fin reaching one third from base to anal fin.</p> <p>Third neural spine pointed, length of first spine half as long as second spine (Fig. 3C), neural spines of posterior 10 pre-caudal vertebrae with blunt tips and broad bases, 4 th –11 th precaudal vertebrae with broad bases and depressed neural spines, 7 th –13 th precaudal vertebrae with parapophyses, and pleural ribs on 3 rd –6 th precaudal vertebrae. Epipleural ribs hard to observe.</p> <p>Head brown; body brownish-yellow with bluish-brown abdomen (Fig. 3A). Dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins black. Color of preserved specimen similar to that of fresh specimens, the head and body uniformly brown with dark bluish-brown abdomen (Fig. 3B).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Possibly endemic to waters off Papua New Guinea; the only known specimen was collected on the SE continental slope of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, at depths of 430–620 m (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Accompanying fauna</p> <p>Monomitopus sp. and Glyptophidium lucidum Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1913 were the only two other ophidiids collected along with L. polylepis sp. nov., in addition to Epigonus atherinoides (Gilbert, 1905) (Epigonidae Poey, 1861) (Okamoto et al. 2018). The mud bottom living invertebrates collected from the same site included sea cradles, sea snails, sea stars, deep-sea barnacles, decapods (https://expeditions.mnhn.fr/campaign/madeep/event/cp4334#les_photos), and a recently described deep-sea spider crab, Tunepugettia corbariae Lee, Richer de Forges &amp; Ng 2019 (Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838) (Lee B.-Y. et al. 2019).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287DFFF8AFFE43E27FECF95BB51ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wong, Man-Kwan;Lee, Mao-Ying;Chen, Wei-Jen	Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying, Chen, Wei-Jen (2021): Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 750: 52-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361
03F287DFFF80FFE33CFBFE949259573E.text	03F287DFFF80FFE33CFBFE949259573E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe 1913	<div><p>Key to all known species of Luciobrotula Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1913</p> <p>(modified from Nielsen 2009)</p> <p>1. Precaudal vertebrae 13; total vertebrae 50 or 51............................................................................... 2</p> <p>– Precaudal vertebrae 15 or 16; total vertebrae 52–57......................................................................... 3</p> <p>2. Lateral line ending at 2 nd dorsal-fin ray; total gill rakers 13–14...................................................................................................................................................... L. brasiliensis Nielsen, 2009 (off Brazil)</p> <p>– Lateral line ending at 33 rd dorsal-fin ray; total gill rakers 17................................................................................................................................................... L. polylepis sp. nov. (off Papua New Guinea)</p> <p>3. Lateral line short and distinct, ending at 2 nd dorsal-fin ray.... L. lineata (Gosline, 1954) (off Hawaii)</p> <p>– Lateral line long, usually indistinct, ending at 19 th –37 th dorsal-fin ray.............................................. 4</p> <p>4. Dorsal-fin rays 81–89;anal-fin rays59–65;first gill arch with3developed rakers and 18–23dentigerous plates; longest filaments on first gill arch 2.8–3.6% SL......... L. coheni Nielsen, 2009 (East Pacific)</p> <p>– Dorsal-fin rays 86–96; anal-fin rays 66–75; first gill arch with 3–4 developed rakers and 12–18 dentigerous plates; longest filaments on fist gill arch 1.3–2.7% SL.................................................. 5</p> <p>5. Four occipital pores, one interorbital pore; first anal-fin ray below 18 th –24 th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal rim of otolith without concavity (large specimens)................................................................................................................................................ L. bartschi Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1913 (Indo-West Pacific)</p> <p>– Pores absent on occipital and interorbital region; first anal-fin ray below 24 th –28 th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal rim of otolith with or without concavity................................................................................. 6</p> <p>6. Head brown; otolith with a distinct concavity in dorsal rim in specimens larger than 300 mm SL; total vertebrae 56–57; longest pelvic-fin ray 7.9–9.6% SL..................................................................................................................... L. corethromycter Cohen, 1964 (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea)</p> <p>– Head pale; otolith without a distinct concavity in dorsal rim in specimens larger than 300 mm SL; total vertebrae 53–55; longest pelvic-fin ray 11.0–12.5% SL.................................................................................................................................................... L. nolfi Cohen, 1981 (tropical East Atlantic)</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287DFFF80FFE33CFBFE949259573E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wong, Man-Kwan;Lee, Mao-Ying;Chen, Wei-Jen	Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying, Chen, Wei-Jen (2021): Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 750: 52-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361
03F287DFFF9DFFFE3E46FE1E93815618.text	03F287DFFF9DFFFE3E46FE1E93815618.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luciobrotula bartschi Smith & Radcliffe 1913	<div><p>Luciobrotula bartschi Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1913</p> <p>(6 specimens, 97.9–393.7 mm SL)</p> <p>BISMARCK SEA • 393.7 mm SL; Cape Croisilles off Papua New Guinea, stn CP4033; 4°52′ S, 145°53′ E; 780 m depth; R/V ALIS, beam trawl, PAPUA NIUGINI expedition; 16 Dec. 2012; NTUM 16627 (tissue sample ID: PNG1082).</p> <p>EAST CHINA SEA • 181.6 mm SL; stn CD210, 24° 28′ N, 122° 12′ E; 1185 m depth; beam trawl; 30 May 2003; ASIZP0063749.</p> <p>PHILIPPINE SEA • 301.7 mm SL; stn CP2729, 15°19′ N, 121°37′ E; 593–600 m depth; R/V DA-BFAR, beam trawl, AURORA expedition; 31 May 2007; ASIZP 0068164 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP 0913925).</p> <p>TAIWAN • 227.4 mm SL; Dashi fishing port; 23 May 2007; ASIZP0070170.</p> <p>TAIWAN • 97.9 mm SL; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.53333/lat 20.716667)">South China Sea</a>, NE of Dongsha Island; stn CD321; 20° 43′ N, 117° 32′ E; 954 m depth; beam trawl; 19 Aug. 2005; ASIZP 0066071 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP0911588).</p> <p>TAIWAN • 202 mm SL; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.38333/lat 22.2)">South China Sea</a>, SE of Little Liuqiu Island; 22° 12′ N, 120° 23′ E; 68–347 m depth; beam trawl; 29 Jul. 2014; ASIZP 0075076 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP 0916618).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287DFFF9DFFFE3E46FE1E93815618	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wong, Man-Kwan;Lee, Mao-Ying;Chen, Wei-Jen	Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying, Chen, Wei-Jen (2021): Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 750: 52-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361
