taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C087E9451ACD2CFCF2F923FB0DF84D.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 22, 82, Table 1) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 EF 0 A 4 DF- 5 CAD- 47 F 8 - 836 E-E 930217 F 64 F 7	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E9451ACD2CFCF2F923FB0DF84D.taxon	description	figs. 136 – 137, 192, 396.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E9451ACD2CFCF2F923FB0DF84D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Somaliland, 25 km N of Sheikh, 10 ° 02.001 ' N 45 ° 09.589 ' E, 763 m a. s. l.; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, 25 km N of Sheikh, 10 ° 02.001 ' N 45 ° 09.589 ' E, 763 m a. s. l. (fig. 37 in KovařÍk, 2012: 11), 1 ♀ (gravid, holotype, figs. 136 – 137, 192 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 c: 35 – 39, and figs. 29 – 34, 36, 59 in KovařÍk, 2012: 10 – 11, 18), XI. 2010, leg. T. Mazuch and P. NovÁk, FKCP; 70 km from Berbera to Hargeisa, 1 ♀ (paratype), XI. 2010, leg. T. Mazuch and P. NovÁk; near Sheikh, foothills of Goolis Mts., 09 ° 59.881 ' N 45 ° 09.762 ' E, 896 m a. s. l. (fig. 35 in KovařÍk, 2012: 11), 1 juvenile (paratype), XI. 2010, leg. T. Mazuch, FKCP. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, between Berbera and Hargeisa, 09 ° 57 ' 48 " N 44 ° 42 ' 33 " E, 787 m a. s. l. (Locality No. 18 SL, Fig. 2), 2. IX. 2018, 1 ♀ (Fig. 1), leg. F. KovařÍk and T. Mazuch, FKCP; between Borama and Rugi, 09 ° 57 ' 48 " N 43 ° 18 ' 04.1 " E, 1339 m a. s. l. (Locality No. 19 SL), 7. VII. 2019, 1 ♂ together with exuvia (No. 1754, Figs. 3 – 22, Table 1), leg. F. KovařÍk and H. Sh A. Elmi, FKCP.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E9451ACD2CFCF2F923FB0DF84D.taxon	description	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 95 – 110 mm. Color uniformly reddish brown to black, legs yellow. Chelicerae brown, reticulate, with black fingers and anterior margins. Carapace lacking carinae and finely (♀) or coarsely (♂) granulated. External trichobothria on patella number 15 (5 eb, 3 – 4 esb, 2 em, 1 – 2 est, 3 et); ventral trichobothria on patella number 41 – 46; internal trichobothria on chela number 2, ventral trichobothria on chela number 10 – 11. Pedipalp chela densely hirsute. Pedipalp chela dorsally with evenly-sized conspicuous granules. Dorsoexternal surface of chela with four carinae indicated by rows of granules mainly in females. Chela internally with two longitudinal carinae covered by granules. Chela of male length / width ratio 1.89. Pectinal teeth number 19 – 20 in male, 19 – 23 in females. Dorsal carinae on first through fourth metasomal segments denticulate, usually with smooth (♀) or sharp (♂) denticles. Spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 5: 6 - 7 / 5: 7 / 5: 7 / 5. Tarsomere II with 3 spines on inclined anteroventral surface. Length to width ratio of metasoma V of male 2.43. NOTE. For photos of the female holotype and photos of the type locality see figs. 29 – 37, 59 in KovařÍk, 2012: 9 – 13, 17 – 20. TAXONOMIC REMARKS. P. somalilandus was based solely on the holotype and paratype females. The male described herein is the first known male belonging to this species. Sexual dimorphism is one of the important characters in the taxonomy of Pandininae. KovařÍk et al. (2017 c) defined three key morphological characters for differentiation of genera Pandiborellius Rossi, 2015 and Pandinurus Fet, 1997: (1) patella external surface with 3 or 4 trichobothria in est series in Pandinurus (Fig. 58 and figs. 194 – 203 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 c: 41) vs. 1 or 2 trichobothria in Pandiborellius (Fig. 16 and figs. 189 – 193 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 c: 41); (2) dentate margin of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers with distinct granules in two parallel rows present in anterior half of fingers in Pandinurus (Figs. 23 – 24) vs. dentate margin of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers with distinct granules in a row in Pandiborellius (Figs. 21 – 22); (3) male with more strongly pronounced lobate tooth on pedipalp movable finger than female in Pandinurus (figs. 144 – 167 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 c: 37) vs. male with usually slightly more pronounced lobate tooth on pedipalp movable finger than female in Pandiborellius (figs. 126 – 143 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 c: 37). The herein described male of Pandiborelius somalilandus complies with the first two of these key characters for Pandiborellius. However, itpossessesamorestronglypronounced tooth on the pedipalp movable finger than female (Figs. 62 – 64), a character previously used to diagnose Pandinurus. This condition can assist in differentiating P. somalilandus from all other known Pandiborellius species, but it demonstrates that this character cannot be used at the generic level.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	description	(Figs. 23 – 76, 83, Table 1)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Somaliland, Agabar, 09 ° 53 ' 04.8 " N 43 ° 57 ' 40.9 " E, 982 m a. s. l.; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL (FKCP). Somaliland, Agabar, 09 ° 53 ' 04.8 " N 43 ° 57 ' 40.9 " E, 982 m a. s. l. (Locality No. 19 SO, Fig. 53), 9. VII. 2019, 1 ♂ (holotype, No. 1845, 5 th, maturity ecdysis 27. II. 2020, Figs. 25 – 28, 31, 33, 35 – 38, 40, 45 – 52, 62 – 63, 67 – 72), 1 ♀ (paratype, scorpion born 18. VII. 2019, Figs. 29 – 30, 32, 34, 39, 41 – 44, 54 – 61, 64 – 66, 73 – 74), 1 ♀ (paratype still alive, ecdysis 14. IX. 2019, maturity ecdysis 22. VIII. 2020, Fig. 76), 1 juv. (paratype), leg. F. KovařÍk et T. Mazuch, 1 ♂ (paratype, born 18. VII. 2019, 2 nd ecdysis 19. – 25. IX. 2019, 3 rd ecdysis 15. – 22. XI. 2019, 4 th ecdysis 11. I. – 20. II. 2020, 5 th, maturity ecdysis 11. VII. 2020, Fig. 75), 7 juveniles or adult females (paratypes) after 5 th ecdysis still alive (born 18. VII. 2019, 2 nd ecdysis 19. – 25. IX. 2019, 3 rd ecdysis 15. – 22. XI. 2019, 4 th ecdysis 11. I. – 20. II. 2020, 5 th ecdysis 10. VI. – 25. VIII. 2020).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after Ahmed Ibrahim Awale, an ecologist from Somaliland, a university lecturer, chairman of Candlelight NGO, and co-founder and chairman of Somaliland Biodiversity Foundation. He is also the author of several scientific papers and books including Environment in Crisis: Selected Essays on Somali Environment (2016); and Introduction to Plants in Central Somaliland (the latter together with Helen Pickering, 2018).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 90 – 105 mm. Color uniformly reddish brown to black; legs yellow; chela orange to brown but yellow in young specimens; telson yellowish brown to black. Chelicerae yellowish brown, reticulate, with black fingers and anterior margin. Carapace lacking carinae but with sparse granules, anterior part smooth. External trichobothria on patella number 17 – 19 (5 eb, 4 – 6 esb, 2 em, 3 est, 3 et); ventral trichobothria on patella number 35 – 43; internal trichobothria on chela number 3, accessory external trichobothrium ea on chela absent, ventral trichobothria on chela number 11 – 13. Pedipalp densely hirsute, mainly on chela. Granules on dorsal surface of chela of pedipalp conical and rounded. Lobe of chela granulated with the same intensity as whole dorsal surface of chela. External surface of chela with granules and without carinae which could be indicated in females. Chela of male length / width ratio 1.87. Pectine teeth 17 – 19 in both sexes. Dorsal carinae on second through fourth metasomal segments granulate by large pointed tooth. Spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 4: 6 - 7 / 4: 7 / 5: 7 – 8 / 5. Tarsomere II with 2 spines on inclined anteroventral surface. Length to width ratio of metasoma V of male 2.79.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Habitus as shown in Figs. 25 – 26, 29 – 30. Total length 90 – 105 mm. Coloration (Figs. 25 – 26, 29 – 30, 43 – 46, 73 – 76). Base color uniform reddish brown to black, young specimens more pale (Fig. 75). Legs yellow, pedipalp chela orange to brown but yellow in young specimens, and telson yellowish brown to black. Chelicerae yellowish brown, reticulate, with black fingers and anterior margin. Pedipalps (Figs. 23 – 24, 48 – 52, 54 – 64). Pedipalps densely hirsute, mainly on the chela. Femur smooth with several large granules dorsally, and four carinae composed of several strong granules. Patella smooth and rugose externally, with four carinae. Granules on dorsoexternal surface of chela conical and rounded. Lobe of chela granulated with same intensity as whole dorsal surface of chela. Internal surface of chela granulated by conical usually pointed granules mainly in anterior part. Dentate margins of fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp with distinct granules in two parallel rows, present in anterior half of fingers. Posterior half of fingers almost without granules in male, with distinct granules in a row in female. Trichobothriotaxy (Figs. 54 – 59). External trichobothria on the patella number 17 – 19 (5 eb, 4 – 6 esb, 2 em, 3 est, 3 et); accessory external trichobothrium ea on chela absent, ventral trichobothria on patella number 35 – 43; internal trichobothria on chela number 3, ventral trichobothria on chela number 11 – 13. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 40 – 47). Metasomal segments I – IV each with a total of 8 complete carinae of which the ventral on segments I – III are smooth. Other carinae sparsely granulated. Segment V with five carinae developed and granulated. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the segments rugose with several granules, segments IV – V more granulated. Dorsal carinae on segments II – IV granulate with large pointed tooth. Entire surfaces of metasoma and telson hirsute with long setae. Telson smooth to rugose, bulbous, with aculeus shorter than vesicle. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 31 – 34). Carapace smooth without carinae, sparsely covered by large granules medially and laterally, and finely granulated with small granules posteriorly mainly in the male. Anterior margin of carapace bilobate, strongly emarginate medially, bearing several macrosetae. Three lateral eyes present on each side. Tergites finely granulated in the male, almost smooth in the female. Pectinal tooth count 17 – 19 in both sexes. Pectine marginal tips extend to the anterior first quarter of sternite IV in the male, and anterior third quarter of sternite III in the female. Sternites smooth, without carinae, but with two longitudinal furrows. Chelicerae (Figs. 27 – 28, 65 – 66). Movable finger dorsal margin with one large subdistal (sd) denticle; ventral margin smooth; ventral distal (vd) denticle longer than prominent dorsal (dd) denticle. Fixed finger with four denticles, median (m) and basal (b) denticles fused into bicusp; no ventral accessory denticles. Legs (Figs. 35 – 39). All legs without distinct carinae, smooth. Tarsomeres hirsute, with setae and macrosetae. Spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 4: 6 - 7 / 4: 7 / 5: 7 – 8 / 5. Tarsomere II with 2 spines on inclined anteroventral surface but there could be an additional spiniform seta on external margin indicated by another not well developed spina. Hemispermatophore. (Figs. 67 – 72). Lamelliform. Distal lamina long, with robust hook on anterior margin near base. Lamina constricted immediately distal to hook, but gradually widening more distally. Apex of lamina with sharp posterior deflection at ca. 70 ° angle relative to proximal axis, tapering to a narrow, slightly bent tip. Portion of distal lamina proximal to hook with broad, shallow trough on convex side. Truncal flexure, tectum, hemisolenos and clasper strongly developed. Trunk relatively short, ca. half of length of distal lamina, gradually tapered towards base, with weakly sclerotized diagonal axial rib. Proximal 2 / 3 of axial rib running along posterior margin of trunk. Both left and right hemispermatophores displayed similar morphology. Measurements of left hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina: total length from truncal flexure 9.90; length from truncal flexure to base of hook 2.39; length from base of hook to apical deflection 6.37; width immediately proximal to hook 0.97, immediately distal to hook 0.69; width at apical deflection 1.03. Trunk: length 3.47; distal width 1.47, basal width 0.77. Pedicel: length 1.91. Morphometric ratios: distal lamina total length / trunk length 2.85; distal lamina proximal to hook length / distal to hook length 3.08. Measurements. See Table 1. REMARKS. Overall structure of the hemispermatophore of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is quite similar to those recorded for seven other Pandinurus spp. (KovařÍk et al., 2017 c), which also have a long, narrow distal lamina that is sharply deflected at its apex, and a short trunk. AFFINITIES. Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is reliably distinguished from all other Pandinurus species by the following unique combination of characters: accessory external trichobothrium ea on pedipalp chela absent; granules on dorsal surface of chela of pedipalp conical and rounded, not pointed; legs yellow; pedipalp chela densely hirsute; pedipalp chela of male length / width ratio 1.87; spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 4: 6 - 7 / 4: 7 / 5: 7 – 8 / 5. The type locality of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is relatively close to known areas of distribution of P. hangarale KovařÍk et al., 2017, P. kmoniceki KovařÍk et al., 2017, and P. phillipsi (Pocock, 1896). These other species differ as follows: P. hangarale has the whole body including legs dark (figs. 22 – 23 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 a: 7) and has male pedipalp chela length / width ratio of 1.59; P. kmoniceki and P. phillipsi have accessory external trichobothrium ea on the chela present and located between trichobothria esb and eb on the base of the fixed finger (fig. 6 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 b: 4), and have a pedipalp chela that is not as densely hirsute as in P. awalei sp. n. These species also differ genetically (unpublished data). COMMENTS ON LOCALITIES AND LIFE STRATEGY. Pandinurus awalei sp. n. inhabits rocky mountain areas in central Somaliland. The types were collected by day under rocks in open terrain. At this locality, the first author also recorded Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896), Neobuthus solegladi KovařÍk, 2019 (type locality), Parabuthus somalilandus KovařÍk et al. 2019, and Hemiscorpius sp. Taxonomic position of Pandinurus intermedius (Borelli, 1919) Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 under Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919 (both now in the genus Pandinurus), “ two Ethiopian species of Pandinurus, described from the same type locality ”, without explanation of their taxonomic act. In their paragraph, the authors cited only “ unpublished data ”. They did not address previously proposed diagnostic characters, in particular chelal trichobothrium ea, which is present in P. intermedius and absent in P. citernii, and ignored other morphological characters published in KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). They characterized these as “ Ethiopian ” species, although the originally cited type localities are actually located in Somalia. In fact, two separate areas of distribution in Ethiopia were indeed confirmed by KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). However, the co-occurrence of both species at “ the same type locality ” in Somalia had not been confirmed. Borelli (1919) studied specimens collected by Carlo Citerni, and there is a significant possibility that Citerni did not personally collect these specimens and assign locality labels himself. It has been repeatedly documented that old specimens in Italian museums are labelled with imprecise localities, and their true geographic distributions need to be independently confirmed (see also KovařÍk et al, 2019: 61). The confirmed distributions of both the species in Ethiopia, as well as their unconfirmed type locality in Somalia, are mapped in Fig. 83. In addition, recent DNA and chromosomal analysis further supports the view that both are separate and valid species. For example, P. intermedius has a constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 110, whereas P. citernii has a different and constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 120 (ŠtundlovÁ, 2019). We therefore reinstate Pandinurus intermedius (Borelli, 1919) as a valid species distinct from P. citernii (Borelli, 1919). Taxonomic position of Pandipalpus lowei (Kovařík, 2012) Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus lowei KovařÍk, 2012 under Pandinus viatoris Pocock, 1890 (both now in the genus Pandipalpus), citing only “ unpublished data ” and not providing specific details or analyses to support their taxonomic act. They wrote: “ It is also evident, based firstly on the absence of consistent morphological differences, and secondly on low genetic divergence between samples collected at the type locality of Pandinus lowei Kovařík, 2012, and across the distribution of P. viatoris (unpublished data), that these taxa are conspecific, justifying the following synonymy ”. However, the claim of “ the absence of consistent morphological differences ” is inconsistent with our data. For example, as illustrated in Figs. 77 – 81, there are pronounced differences in the morphometrics and granulation of the pedipalp chelae of these two species. The P. viatorus male from Kamonga, Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 79), a locality relatively close (250 km) to the type locality of P. lowei (Lusinga, Parc National de Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo) has distinctly more elongate pedipalp fingers and weaker manus granulation vs. the P. lowei male (Fig. 77). The chela of another P. viatorus male (Fig. 81) is very similar, although it originates from Iringa, Tanzania, a locality separated from Kamonga by 1,100 km. Also very similar is the chela of another male from 92 km NW of Mpika, Zambia (460 km from Kamonga) (see fig. 38 in KovařÍk, 2012: 12). This indicates that the morphology is stable over the wide geographic range of P. viatoris (KovařÍk, 2012: 19, fig. 64), and there is no obvious character gradient that links or overlaps with P. lowei. Other diagnostic characters separating the two species were cited in KovařÍk (2012). The second justification of synonymy by “ low genetic divergence “ was not demonstrated in Prendini & Loria (2020), and there was no indication that the authors analyzed the types of these species. Considering the absence of convincing evidence for synonymy, and the documented morphological differences, we reinstate Pandipalpus lowei (KovařÍk, 2012) as a valid species distinct from P. viatoris (Pocock, 1890).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Habitus as shown in Figs. 25 – 26, 29 – 30. Total length 90 – 105 mm. Coloration (Figs. 25 – 26, 29 – 30, 43 – 46, 73 – 76). Base color uniform reddish brown to black, young specimens more pale (Fig. 75). Legs yellow, pedipalp chela orange to brown but yellow in young specimens, and telson yellowish brown to black. Chelicerae yellowish brown, reticulate, with black fingers and anterior margin. Pedipalps (Figs. 23 – 24, 48 – 52, 54 – 64). Pedipalps densely hirsute, mainly on the chela. Femur smooth with several large granules dorsally, and four carinae composed of several strong granules. Patella smooth and rugose externally, with four carinae. Granules on dorsoexternal surface of chela conical and rounded. Lobe of chela granulated with same intensity as whole dorsal surface of chela. Internal surface of chela granulated by conical usually pointed granules mainly in anterior part. Dentate margins of fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp with distinct granules in two parallel rows, present in anterior half of fingers. Posterior half of fingers almost without granules in male, with distinct granules in a row in female. Trichobothriotaxy (Figs. 54 – 59). External trichobothria on the patella number 17 – 19 (5 eb, 4 – 6 esb, 2 em, 3 est, 3 et); accessory external trichobothrium ea on chela absent, ventral trichobothria on patella number 35 – 43; internal trichobothria on chela number 3, ventral trichobothria on chela number 11 – 13. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 40 – 47). Metasomal segments I – IV each with a total of 8 complete carinae of which the ventral on segments I – III are smooth. Other carinae sparsely granulated. Segment V with five carinae developed and granulated. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the segments rugose with several granules, segments IV – V more granulated. Dorsal carinae on segments II – IV granulate with large pointed tooth. Entire surfaces of metasoma and telson hirsute with long setae. Telson smooth to rugose, bulbous, with aculeus shorter than vesicle. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 31 – 34). Carapace smooth without carinae, sparsely covered by large granules medially and laterally, and finely granulated with small granules posteriorly mainly in the male. Anterior margin of carapace bilobate, strongly emarginate medially, bearing several macrosetae. Three lateral eyes present on each side. Tergites finely granulated in the male, almost smooth in the female. Pectinal tooth count 17 – 19 in both sexes. Pectine marginal tips extend to the anterior first quarter of sternite IV in the male, and anterior third quarter of sternite III in the female. Sternites smooth, without carinae, but with two longitudinal furrows. Chelicerae (Figs. 27 – 28, 65 – 66). Movable finger dorsal margin with one large subdistal (sd) denticle; ventral margin smooth; ventral distal (vd) denticle longer than prominent dorsal (dd) denticle. Fixed finger with four denticles, median (m) and basal (b) denticles fused into bicusp; no ventral accessory denticles. Legs (Figs. 35 – 39). All legs without distinct carinae, smooth. Tarsomeres hirsute, with setae and macrosetae. Spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 4: 6 - 7 / 4: 7 / 5: 7 – 8 / 5. Tarsomere II with 2 spines on inclined anteroventral surface but there could be an additional spiniform seta on external margin indicated by another not well developed spina. Hemispermatophore. (Figs. 67 – 72). Lamelliform. Distal lamina long, with robust hook on anterior margin near base. Lamina constricted immediately distal to hook, but gradually widening more distally. Apex of lamina with sharp posterior deflection at ca. 70 ° angle relative to proximal axis, tapering to a narrow, slightly bent tip. Portion of distal lamina proximal to hook with broad, shallow trough on convex side. Truncal flexure, tectum, hemisolenos and clasper strongly developed. Trunk relatively short, ca. half of length of distal lamina, gradually tapered towards base, with weakly sclerotized diagonal axial rib. Proximal 2 / 3 of axial rib running along posterior margin of trunk. Both left and right hemispermatophores displayed similar morphology. Measurements of left hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina: total length from truncal flexure 9.90; length from truncal flexure to base of hook 2.39; length from base of hook to apical deflection 6.37; width immediately proximal to hook 0.97, immediately distal to hook 0.69; width at apical deflection 1.03. Trunk: length 3.47; distal width 1.47, basal width 0.77. Pedicel: length 1.91. Morphometric ratios: distal lamina total length / trunk length 2.85; distal lamina proximal to hook length / distal to hook length 3.08. Measurements. See Table 1.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Overall structure of the hemispermatophore of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is quite similar to those recorded for seven other Pandinurus spp. (KovařÍk et al., 2017 c), which also have a long, narrow distal lamina that is sharply deflected at its apex, and a short trunk. AFFINITIES. Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is reliably distinguished from all other Pandinurus species by the following unique combination of characters: accessory external trichobothrium ea on pedipalp chela absent; granules on dorsal surface of chela of pedipalp conical and rounded, not pointed; legs yellow; pedipalp chela densely hirsute; pedipalp chela of male length / width ratio 1.87; spiniform formula of tarsomere II = 6 - 7 / 4: 6 - 7 / 4: 7 / 5: 7 – 8 / 5. The type locality of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. is relatively close to known areas of distribution of P. hangarale KovařÍk et al., 2017, P. kmoniceki KovařÍk et al., 2017, and P. phillipsi (Pocock, 1896). These other species differ as follows: P. hangarale has the whole body including legs dark (figs. 22 – 23 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 a: 7) and has male pedipalp chela length / width ratio of 1.59; P. kmoniceki and P. phillipsi have accessory external trichobothrium ea on the chela present and located between trichobothria esb and eb on the base of the fixed finger (fig. 6 in KovařÍk et al., 2017 b: 4), and have a pedipalp chela that is not as densely hirsute as in P. awalei sp. n. These species also differ genetically (unpublished data). COMMENTS ON LOCALITIES AND LIFE STRATEGY. Pandinurus awalei sp. n. inhabits rocky mountain areas in central Somaliland. The types were collected by day under rocks in open terrain. At this locality, the first author also recorded Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896), Neobuthus solegladi KovařÍk, 2019 (type locality), Parabuthus somalilandus KovařÍk et al. 2019, and Hemiscorpius sp.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	discussion	Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 under Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919 (both now in the genus Pandinurus), “ two Ethiopian species of Pandinurus, described from the same type locality ”, without explanation of their taxonomic act. In their paragraph, the authors cited only “ unpublished data ”. They did not address previously proposed diagnostic characters, in particular chelal trichobothrium ea, which is present in P. intermedius and absent in P. citernii, and ignored other morphological characters published in KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). They characterized these as “ Ethiopian ” species, although the originally cited type localities are actually located in Somalia. In fact, two separate areas of distribution in Ethiopia were indeed confirmed by KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). However, the co-occurrence of both species at “ the same type locality ” in Somalia had not been confirmed. Borelli (1919) studied specimens collected by Carlo Citerni, and there is a significant possibility that Citerni did not personally collect these specimens and assign locality labels himself. It has been repeatedly documented that old specimens in Italian museums are labelled with imprecise localities, and their true geographic distributions need to be independently confirmed (see also KovařÍk et al, 2019: 61). The confirmed distributions of both the species in Ethiopia, as well as their unconfirmed type locality in Somalia, are mapped in Fig. 83. In addition, recent DNA and chromosomal analysis further supports the view that both are separate and valid species. For example, P. intermedius has a constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 110, whereas P. citernii has a different and constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 120 (ŠtundlovÁ, 2019). We therefore reinstate Pandinurus intermedius (Borelli, 1919) as a valid species distinct from P. citernii (Borelli, 1919).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E94510CD39FEBBFF63FBB8F852.taxon	discussion	Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus lowei KovařÍk, 2012 under Pandinus viatoris Pocock, 1890 (both now in the genus Pandipalpus), citing only “ unpublished data ” and not providing specific details or analyses to support their taxonomic act. They wrote: “ It is also evident, based firstly on the absence of consistent morphological differences, and secondly on low genetic divergence between samples collected at the type locality of Pandinus lowei Kovařík, 2012, and across the distribution of P. viatoris (unpublished data), that these taxa are conspecific, justifying the following synonymy ”. However, the claim of “ the absence of consistent morphological differences ” is inconsistent with our data. For example, as illustrated in Figs. 77 – 81, there are pronounced differences in the morphometrics and granulation of the pedipalp chelae of these two species. The P. viatorus male from Kamonga, Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 79), a locality relatively close (250 km) to the type locality of P. lowei (Lusinga, Parc National de Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo) has distinctly more elongate pedipalp fingers and weaker manus granulation vs. the P. lowei male (Fig. 77). The chela of another P. viatorus male (Fig. 81) is very similar, although it originates from Iringa, Tanzania, a locality separated from Kamonga by 1,100 km. Also very similar is the chela of another male from 92 km NW of Mpika, Zambia (460 km from Kamonga) (see fig. 38 in KovařÍk, 2012: 12). This indicates that the morphology is stable over the wide geographic range of P. viatoris (KovařÍk, 2012: 19, fig. 64), and there is no obvious character gradient that links or overlaps with P. lowei. Other diagnostic characters separating the two species were cited in KovařÍk (2012). The second justification of synonymy by “ low genetic divergence “ was not demonstrated in Prendini & Loria (2020), and there was no indication that the authors analyzed the types of these species. Considering the absence of convincing evidence for synonymy, and the documented morphological differences, we reinstate Pandipalpus lowei (KovařÍk, 2012) as a valid species distinct from P. viatoris (Pocock, 1890).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E9450BCD3AFFE9FBC1FAEFFB43.taxon	discussion	Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 under Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919 (both now in the genus Pandinurus), “ two Ethiopian species of Pandinurus, described from the same type locality ”, without explanation of their taxonomic act. In their paragraph, the authors cited only “ unpublished data ”. They did not address previously proposed diagnostic characters, in particular chelal trichobothrium ea, which is present in P. intermedius and absent in P. citernii, and ignored other morphological characters published in KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). They characterized these as “ Ethiopian ” species, although the originally cited type localities are actually located in Somalia. In fact, two separate areas of distribution in Ethiopia were indeed confirmed by KovařÍk et al. (2017 c). However, the co-occurrence of both species at “ the same type locality ” in Somalia had not been confirmed. Borelli (1919) studied specimens collected by Carlo Citerni, and there is a significant possibility that Citerni did not personally collect these specimens and assign locality labels himself. It has been repeatedly documented that old specimens in Italian museums are labelled with imprecise localities, and their true geographic distributions need to be independently confirmed (see also KovařÍk et al, 2019: 61). The confirmed distributions of both the species in Ethiopia, as well as their unconfirmed type locality in Somalia, are mapped in Fig. 83. In addition, recent DNA and chromosomal analysis further supports the view that both are separate and valid species. For example, P. intermedius has a constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 110, whereas P. citernii has a different and constant number of chromosomes of 2 n = 120 (ŠtundlovÁ, 2019). We therefore reinstate Pandinurus intermedius (Borelli, 1919) as a valid species distinct from P. citernii (Borelli, 1919).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
03C087E9450BCD3CFCA8FA8FFDE8FD41.taxon	discussion	Prendini & Loria (2020: 442) formally synonymized Pandinus lowei KovařÍk, 2012 under Pandinus viatoris Pocock, 1890 (both now in the genus Pandipalpus), citing only “ unpublished data ” and not providing specific details or analyses to support their taxonomic act. They wrote: “ It is also evident, based firstly on the absence of consistent morphological differences, and secondly on low genetic divergence between samples collected at the type locality of Pandinus lowei Kovařík, 2012, and across the distribution of P. viatoris (unpublished data), that these taxa are conspecific, justifying the following synonymy ”. However, the claim of “ the absence of consistent morphological differences ” is inconsistent with our data. For example, as illustrated in Figs. 77 – 81, there are pronounced differences in the morphometrics and granulation of the pedipalp chelae of these two species. The P. viatorus male from Kamonga, Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 79), a locality relatively close (250 km) to the type locality of P. lowei (Lusinga, Parc National de Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo) has distinctly more elongate pedipalp fingers and weaker manus granulation vs. the P. lowei male (Fig. 77). The chela of another P. viatorus male (Fig. 81) is very similar, although it originates from Iringa, Tanzania, a locality separated from Kamonga by 1,100 km. Also very similar is the chela of another male from 92 km NW of Mpika, Zambia (460 km from Kamonga) (see fig. 38 in KovařÍk, 2012: 12). This indicates that the morphology is stable over the wide geographic range of P. viatoris (KovařÍk, 2012: 19, fig. 64), and there is no obvious character gradient that links or overlaps with P. lowei. Other diagnostic characters separating the two species were cited in KovařÍk (2012). The second justification of synonymy by “ low genetic divergence “ was not demonstrated in Prendini & Loria (2020), and there was no indication that the authors analyzed the types of these species. Considering the absence of convincing evidence for synonymy, and the documented morphological differences, we reinstate Pandipalpus lowei (KovařÍk, 2012) as a valid species distinct from P. viatoris (Pocock, 1890).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae). Euscorpius 322: 1-21, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648829
