identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
84DAF03F3D8504C2212F9E9E87F1187C.text	84DAF03F3D8504C2212F9E9E87F1187C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geophagus rufomarginatus Mattos & Costa 2018	<div><p>Geophagus rufomarginatus sp. n. Fig. 2, Table 2</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype. UFRJ 9994, 97.8 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia state: Porto Seguro municipality: small stream crossing the road BA-001, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.17972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.438055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.17972/lat -16.438055)">Rio 
Buranhem
Basin</a>, 16°26'17"S, 39°10'47"W, altitude about 10 m asl; A. M. Katz, F. R. Pereira and J. L. O. Mattos, 20 July 2016.</p><p>Paratypes. UFRJ 11198, 6, 89.5-104.1 mm SL, 1, 94.3 mm SL (d&amp;c); UFRJ 11031, 2, 15.9-41.6 mm SL (DNA); CICCAA 01378, 2, 94.3-97,6 mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 9741, 1, 103.5 mm SL; UFRJ 9518, 7, 20.4-40.9 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia state:  Eunápolis municipality: Rio  Buranhém crossing the road BR-101, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.58722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.413055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.58722/lat -16.413055)">Rio 
Buranhem
Basin</a>, 16°24'47"S, 39°35'14"W, altitude about 65 m asl; F. R. Pereira and F. P. Ottoni, 23 June 2013  .   UFRJ 9519, 6, 17.3-40.7 mm SL (DNA); Brazil, Bahia state: Rio  Buranhém under BA-001 road bridge, between the towns of Porto Seguro and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.285557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.392221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.285557/lat -16.392221)">Trancoso</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.285557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.392221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.285557/lat -16.392221)">Rio 
Buranhem
Basin</a>, 16°23'32"S, 39°17'08"W, altitude about 20 m asl; F. R. Pereira and F. P. Ottoni, 24 June 2013  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>eophagus  Geophagus rufomarginatus is distinguished from all other species of  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by having: dorsal-fin lappets with red edges (vs. grey or dark brown), presence of longitudinal series of small light blue spots between anal-fin spines and rays (vs. never this pattern), and non-denticulated gill-rakers (vs. denticulated). In addition, it is distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis species group, except  G. obscurus and  G. santosi, by having an oblique iridescent blue zone between the humeral region and the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin base (vs. iridescent blue zone absent). It is also distinguished from  G. diamantinensis by the absence of a dark brown mark on the humeral region (vs. presence); presence of iridescent blue to green spots on the opercular region (vs. whole opercular region golden); and absence of a horizontal dark brown band on the snout (vs. presence).</p><p>In addition,  G. rufomarginatus is also distinguished from all other species of  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by 13 unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 285 (T&gt; C), COI 330 (T&gt; C), COI 333 (T&gt; C), COI 591 (A&gt; C), COI 642 (C&gt; T), CYTB 60 (C&gt; T), CYTB 129 (C&gt; T), CYTB 186 (C&gt; T), CYTB 309 (C&gt; T), CYTB 324 (A&gt; G), CYTB 886 (T&gt; C), CYTB 906 (A&gt; G), CYTB 958 (C&gt; T); it is similar to  G. iporangensis and  G. brasiliensis and distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by four unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 700 (T&gt; C), CYTB 165 (C&gt; T), CYTB 582 (A&gt; G), CYTB 1078 (A&gt; C).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Morphometric data appear in Table 2. Medium sized species, largest specimen examined 104.2 mm SL. Body relatively slender and compressed. Dorsal profile slightly convex on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle; no adipose nuchal protuberance. Ventral profile straight to slightly convex from lower jaw to pelvic-fin insertion, slightly convex between belly and end of anal-fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle approximately as deeper as long. Greatest body depth at level of first dorsal-fin spine. Snout moderately pointed; nostrils located between tip of snout and anterior margin of orbit. Mouth subterminal, distal tip of maxilla not reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Lower lip fold moderately deep. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper one. Eye near dorsal profile of head. Opercle not serrated.</p><p>Insertion of first dorsal-fin spine slightly anterior to vertical line through posterior-most margin of opercle. Tip of dorsal-fin pointed, reaching 30-90% of caudal-fin length, shorter and rounded in specimens 40.0 mm SL or smaller. Tip of anal fin pointed, reaching 30-50% of caudal-fin length, shorter and rounded in specimens 43.0 mm SL or smaller. Caudal fin subtruncate. Pectoral fin trapezoidal with rounded extremity, posterior margin posteriorly surpassing flank blotch. Tip of pelvic-fin pointed, short, reaching insertion of 1st anal-fin spine in larger specimens, shorter and rounded in specimens 50.0 mm SL or smaller, reaching between urogenital papilla and insertion of first anal-fin spine. Pelvic-fin filaments absent. Anal-fin origin at vertical between insertion of 13th dorsal-fin spine and 1st dorsal- fin ray. Dorsal fin XIV + 12-13 (23); anal fin III + 9-10 (23); pectoral-fin rays 15 (23); pelvic fin I + 5 (26). Caudal-fin rays iv + 16 + iv (5).</p><p>Side of head covered with cycloid scales, ventral surface of head and snout without scales. Chest, trunk and caudal peduncle covered with ctenoid scales. Scales on head smaller than scales on chest and flank. Dorsal and anal fins without scales. About one fourth of caudal fin covered with small, delicate scales. Two scale rows between lateral lines. Scales of dorsal-fin origin row 5; scales of anal-fin origin row 6; longitudinal series of scales 26; cheek scale row 5; upper lateral line scales 18, lower lateral line scales 11 + 2; circum-peduncular scale rows 16.</p><p>Premaxillary teeth conical, hyaline with red tip, slightly curved posteriorly; one regular outer row of teeth, increasing in size on symphysis; proximal teeth smaller and irregularly arranged. Dentary teeth with similar arrangement, but slightly smaller. Five branchiostegal rays. Urohyal with strong anterior constriction. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch: first ceratobranchial 12, articulation 1, first epibranchial 9. Ceratobranchial rakers short, blunt and denticulated, except on fourth ceratobranchial proximal margin and fifth ceratobranchial distal margin, conical and non-denticulated. Anterior teeth of third pharyngobranchial and fifth ceratobranchial small, thin and slightly curved anteriorly, proximal posterior teeth large, robust and circular in cross section. Distal posterior teeth of the fifth ceratobranchial laterally compressed and with one or two cuspids. Five dentigerous plate on fourth pharyngobranchial. Fifth ceratobranchial subtriangular, with concave posterior margin. One supraneural. Proximal radial of dorsal fin 25 + 1; proximal radial of anal fin 10 + 1; pleural ribs 13, epipleural ribs 12; vertebrae 14 + 14.</p><p>Colouration in life.</p><p>Flank yellowish brown with seven broad dark brown bars and one dark brown longitudinal stripe; dark brown bars and stripe often overlapped and without visible limits in live specimens, conspicuously delimited in preserved specimens. Pale blue iridescence on anteroventral portion of flank and small metallic blue dots on centre of scales of middle portion of flank and caudal peduncle. Rounded dark brown spot on fifth trunk bar, sometimes inconspicuous in live specimens; similar and smaller spot on middle of posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Oblique iridescent blue zone between humeral region and anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Dorsum yellowish brown, chest and belly pinkish white.</p><p>Head greyish brown with ventral region lighter, branchiostegal region light red. Infra-orbital area with small metallic blue dots, most of them coalesced. Opercular region background colour yellowish brown. Opercular and temporal regions with few elliptical, small and large metallic blue spots spread through opercle. Iris golden brown, with dark brown bar through orbit not aligned to any portion of supra-orbital and infra-orbital stripes. Dark brown supra-orbital stripe extending from nape to posterodorsal margin of orbit, and dark brown infra-orbital stripe, approximately vertical, running between ventral margin of orbit and preopercle angle. Dorsal fin brownish yellow on basal portion, becoming reddish orange on distal and posterior portions, with metallic blue dots aligned between rays; marginal lappets with red edges; dark brown pigmentation concentrated at first two dorsal-fin spines. Anal fin reddish orange with small metallic blue spots, to brownish yellow with metallic blue lines parallel to rays and spine on anteriormost portion of fin; intense blue iridescence on distal portion of anal fin. Caudal fin reddish orange, to brownish yellow on posterodorsal corner, with small metallic blue rounded dots, vertically coalesced to form metallic blue bars on anterior portion; posterior margin dark bluish grey. Pectoral fin yellowish hyaline. Pelvic-fin spine light yellowish brown, anterior pelvic-fin rays light yellowish brown with metallic bluish stripes parallel to rays, region around last rays hyaline.</p><p>Colouration in alcohol.</p><p>Similar to colouration in life, except for metallic marks becoming dark brown on flank and light grey on fins; red and dark brown pigmentation fainted.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the middle and lower sections of the Rio  Buranhém Basin, at altitudes of about 65 m above sea level or less, Bahia state, northeast Brazil (Fig. 3).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin marginatus (edge, border, margin) and rufo (red), an allusion to the colour pattern in life of the dorsal-fin lappets.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84DAF03F3D8504C2212F9E9E87F1187C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mattos, Jose L. O.;Costa, Wilson J. E. M.	Mattos, Jose L. O., Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Three new species of the ' Geophagus ' brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 325-337, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685
93F55A21A9E69CDB7B24B8C575F2275E.text	93F55A21A9E69CDB7B24B8C575F2275E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geophagus multiocellus Mattos & Costa 2018	<div><p>Geophagus
multiocellus
 sp. n. Figs 4, 5, Table 3</p><p>Material .</p><p>Holotype. UFRJ 11764, 101.4 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia state:  Iguaí municipality:  Guaíra balneary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.102497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.604723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.102497/lat -14.604723)">Rio Cambiriba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.102497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.604723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.102497/lat -14.604723)">Rio Gongogi</a> drainage, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.102497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.604723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.102497/lat -14.604723)">Rio de Contas Basin</a>, 14  º 36′17′′ S 40  º 06′09′′ W, altitude about 345 m asl; W. J. E. M. Costa et. al., 18 June 2011.</p><p>Paratypes. UFRJ 8217, 6, 57.4-102.9 mm SL; UFRJ 8254, 5, 26.5-41.9 mm SL (DNA); CICCAA 01379, 2, 78.9-82.7 mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 8222, 5, 63.3-68.4 mm SL; UFRJ 8246, 2, 35.1-35.7 mm SL (DNA); Brazil: Bahia state: Nova  Canaã municipality: small stream crossing the road BA-262, between the villages of Nova  Canãa and  Poções, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.238056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.725833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.238056/lat -14.725833)">Rio de Contas Basin</a>, 14  º 43′33′′ S 40  º 14′17′′ W, altitude about 545 m asl; W. J. E. M. Costa et. al., 18 June 2011  .   MNRJ32263, 5, 7.8-9.6 mm SL, 1, 8.2 mm SL (C&amp;S); Brazil: Bahia state:  Poções municipality, stream of Rio Valentim drainage, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.059444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.460555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.059444/lat -14.460555)">Rio de Contas River Basin</a>, 14°27'38"S, 40°03'34"W (approx.), altitude about 365 m asl; M. Cetra and M. Trindade. 02 February 2007  .   MNRJ 22302, 47, 6.2-101.1 mm SL, 2, 7.2-7.9 mm SL (C&amp;S); Brazil; Bahia state:  Jequié municipality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.082775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.856112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.082775/lat -13.856112)">Rio de Contas Basin</a>, 13°51'22"S, 40°4'58"W (approx.), altitude about 270 m asl; P. A. Buckup, A. T. Aranda and F. A. G. Melo. 12 August 2001  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Geophagus multiocellus is distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by having small pale blue spots with minute bright blue dots on its centre, often vertically coalesced to form short bars on the caudal fin (vs. never a similar pattern). In addition, it is distinguished from  G. rufomarginatus,  G. obscurus and  G. santosi by the absence of an oblique iridescent blue zone between humeral region and anterior portion of dorsal-fin base (vs. iridescent blue zone present); from  G. rufomarginatus by having dorsal-fin lappets with grey or dark brown edges (vs. red); presence of denticles on gill-rakers of the first branchial arch (vs. absence); absence of longitudinal series of small light blue spots between anal-fin spines and rays (vs. presence); from  G. santosi by having blue bands crossing anal-fin rays (vs. blue bands parallel to fin rays); from  G. itapicuruensis by having XIV dorsal-fin spines (vs. XIII); lateral spot rounded (vs. elliptical); absence of a horizontal dark brown band on snout (vs. presence); and from  G. brasiliensis by having longitudinal blue bands crossing the anal-fin rays (vs. transversal blue bands crossing the anal-fin rays); mouth subterminal (vs. subdorsal).</p><p>Geophagus multiocellus is also distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by ten unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 279 (C&gt; T), COI 363 (G&gt; A), CYTB 30 (C&gt; T), CYTB 147 (A&gt; G), CYTB 195 (C&gt; T), CYTB 841 (C&gt; T), CYTB 873 (C&gt; T), CYTB 945 (A&gt; G), CYTB 1014 (T&gt; C) CYTB 1023 (A&gt; G); it is similar to  G. itapicuruensis and  G. santosi and distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by three unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 678 (A&gt; G), CYTB 114 (A&gt; G), CYTB 927 (A&gt; G).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Morphometric data appear in Table 3. Medium sized species, largest specimen examined 102.9 mm SL. Body relatively slender and compressed. Dorsal profile slightly convex on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle; no adipose nuchal protuberance. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to pelvic-fin insertion, nearly straight between belly and insertion of first anal-fin spine, about straight on anal-fin base, gently concave on caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle approximately as deeper as long. Greatest body depth slightly anterior to first dorsal-fin spine insertion. Snout moderately pointed; nostrils located between tip of snout and anterior margin of orbit. Mouth subterminal, distal tip of maxilla not reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Lower lip fold  moderately deep. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper one. Eye near dorsal profile of head. Opercle not serrated.</p><p>Insertion of first dorsal-fin spine slightly anterior to vertical line through posterior-most margin of opercular series. Tip of dorsal fin pointed, reaching 35-50% of caudal-fin length, shorter and rounded in specimens 41.0 mm SL or smaller. Tip of anal fin pointed, reaching 20-50% of caudal-fin length, shorter and rounded in specimens 41.0 mm SL or smaller. Caudal fin subtruncate. Pectoral fin trapezoidal with rounded extremity, posterior margin posteriorly reaching vertical through posterior margin of flank blotch.</p><p>Tip of pelvic fin pointed, short, reaching insertion of 3rd anal-fin spine in larger specimens; shorter and rounded in specimens 50.0 mm SL or smaller, reaching between urogenital papilla and insertion of first anal-fin spine. Pelvic-fin filaments absent. Anal-fin origin at vertical between insertion of 13th dorsal-fin spine and 1st dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal fin XIV-XV + 11-12 (26); anal fin III + 8-9 (26); pectoral-fin rays 14-15 (26); pelvic fin I + 5 (26). Caudal-fin rays vi + 16 + iii (4).</p><p>Side of head covered with cycloid scales, ventral surface of head and snout without scales. Chest, trunk and caudal peduncle covered with ctenoid scales. Scales on head smaller than scales on chest and flank. Dorsal and anal fins without scales. About one fourth of caudal fin covered with small delicate scales. Two scale rows between lateral lines. Scales of dorsal-fin origin row 5; scales of anal-fin origin row 6; longitudinal series of scales 26; cheek scale row 5; upper lateral line scales 18, lower lateral line scales 11 + 2; circum-peduncular scale rows 16.</p><p>Premaxillary teeth conical, hyaline with red tip, slightly curved posteriorly; one regular, outer row of teeth, increasing in size on symphysis; proximal teeth smaller and irregularly arranged. Dentary teeth with similar arrangement, but slightly smaller. Five branchiostegal rays. Urohyal with strong anterior constriction. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch: first ceratobranchial 11, articulation 1, first epibranchial 8. Ceratobranchial rakers short, blunt and denticulated, except on fourth ceratobranchial proximal margin and fifth ceratobranchial distal margin, conical and non-denticulated. Anterior teeth of third pharyngobranchial and fifth ceratobranchial small, thin and slightly curved anteriorly, posterior teeth larger, robust and circular in cross section. Distal posterior teeth of the fifth ceratobranchial laterally compressed and with one or two cuspids. Five or six dentigerous plate on fourth pharyngobranchial, with three or four fused. Fifth ceratobranchial subtriangular, with concave posterior margin. One supraneural. Proximal radial of dorsal fin 25 + 1; proximal radial of anal fin 8 + 1; pleural ribs 12; epipleural ribs 12; vertebrae 14 + 14.</p><p>Colouration in life.</p><p>Flank greyish brown with seven broad dark brown bars and one dark brown longitudinal stripe; dark brown bars and stripe often overlapped and without visible limits in live specimens, conspicuously delimited in preserved specimens. Longitudinal rows of golden spots on ventral part of flank, between pectoral-fin insertion and caudal-fin base; spots approximately occupying ventral half-length of scales. Rounded dark brown spot on fifth trunk bar, similar and smaller spot on middle of caudal peduncle. Humeral region with three metallic blue spots arranged in oblique row. Dorsum greyish brown, chest and belly greyish white.</p><p>Head greyish brown, ventral region lighter, branchiostegal region greyish white. Infra-orbital area with oblique row of small metallic greenish blue spots. Opercular region background colour greyish brown. Absence or up to five small elliptical metallic greenish blue spots spread through opercle. Iris golden brown, with greenish blue iridescence on anterior and posterior portions, and dark brown bar through orbit aligned with sub-orbit  al stripe. Pale brown supra-orbital stripe extending from dorsal profile to postero-dorsal margin of orbit, and dark brown infra-orbital stripe, approximately vertical, running from ventral margin of orbit to sub-opercle. Dorsal fin brownish red; anterior portion with short, oblique metallic blue stripes, posterior region with transverse rows of small pale blue spots; dark brown pigmentation concentrated at first two dorsal-fin spines and distal half of third spine. Anal fin brownish red, with oblique metallic blue stripes, posterior-most region with longitudinal rows of small, elongated pale blue spots. Caudal fin brownish red with small pale blue spots with minute bright blue dots on its centre, often vertically coalesced to form short bars. Pectoral fin pale yellowish hyaline. Pelvic-fin spine light yellowish brown, anterior pelvic-fin rays light yellowish brown with metallic bluish stripes parallel to rays, region around last rays hyaline.</p><p>Colouration in alcohol.</p><p>Similar to colouration in life, except for metallic blue marks becoming dark brown on flank and light grey on fins; red and dark brown pigmentation faded.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the middle section of the Rio de Contas Basin, in altitudes between about 270 and 545 m above sea level, Bahia state, northeast Brazil (Fig. 3).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin multum (several) and ocellus (little eyes, jewels), an allusion to the presence of small pale blue spots with minute bright blue dots on its centre on the caudal fin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/93F55A21A9E69CDB7B24B8C575F2275E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mattos, Jose L. O.;Costa, Wilson J. E. M.	Mattos, Jose L. O., Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Three new species of the ' Geophagus ' brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 325-337, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685
66FB11EE957CDA03BD31C61557679F8E.text	66FB11EE957CDA03BD31C61557679F8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geophagus santosi Mattos & Costa 2018	<div><p>Geophagus santosi sp. n. Figs 5, 6, Table 4</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype. UFRJ 11765, 99.7 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia state:  Ituberá municipality: Rio Mariana upstream of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.15806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.775556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.15806/lat -13.775556)">Cachoeira da Pancada</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.15806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.775556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.15806/lat -13.775556)">Area
de 
Protecao
Ambiental Michelin</a>, 13°46'32"S, 39°09'29"W, altitude about 15 m asl; W. J. E. M. Costa et. al., 21 February 2014.</p><p>Paratypes . UFRJ 9998, 3, 92.0- 113.4 mm SL (DNA); CICCAA 01380, 1, 99.5 mm SL; collected with holotype. UEFS 10336, 2, 78.1-94.4 mm SL, 1, 78.06 mm SL (C&amp;S); UEFS 10519, 1, 115.0 mm SL, 1, 58.2 mm SL (C&amp;S); UEFS 11585, 8, 69.5-148.4 mm SL; UEFS 10098, 7, 114.3- 164.3 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia state:  Ituberá municipality: Rio Mariana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.15889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.778333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.15889/lat -13.778333)">Michelin</a> APA, approximately 13°46'42"S, 39°09'32"W (approx.), altitude about 15 m asl; A. C. A. Santos et al., October 2007  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Geophagus santosi is distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by having dorsal and anal fins with blue stripes parallel to fin rays on their longest portion (vs. transverse blue bands crossing rays or fins with dots), and basal portion of caudal-fin with short, longitudinal bluish-white lines (vs. dots or bars).  Geophagus santosi is similar to  G. rufomarginatus and  G. obscurus, and distinguished from all other species of the  ' G. ' brasiliensis group, by the presence of an oblique iridescent blue zone between the humeral region and the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin base (vs. absence of an iridescent blue zone). Furthermore, it is also distinguished from  G. obscurus by the presence of an oblique suborbital row of aligned, small iridescent blue marks, not extending to cheek (vs. suborbital iridescent blue marks irregularly arranged extending to the cheek) and chest profile straight in lateral view (vs. convex); from  G. rufomarginatus by possessing dorsal-fin lappets with grey or dark brown edge (vs. red) and presence of denticles on the first branchial arch gill-rakers (vs. absence); from  G. itapicuruensis by having XIV spines on dorsal fin (vs. XIII) and lateral spot rounded (vs. elliptical); from  G. diamantinensis by the absence of a dark brown mark on the humeral region (vs. presence), absence of a horizontal dark brown band on the snout (vs. presence), and urohyal bone with strong constriction (vs. with gentle anterior constriction); and from  G. brasiliensis by having a terminal mouth (vs. sub-dorsal).</p><p>Geophagus santosi is also distinguished from all species of  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by 20 unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 143 (T&gt; C), COI 291 (A&gt; G), COI 523 (G&gt; A) COI 564 (T&gt; A) COI 589 (C&gt;T), CYTB 69 (A&gt;G), CYTB 78 (C&gt; T), CYTB 231 (A&gt;G), CYTB 279 (C&gt; T), CYTB 297 (A&gt; C), CYTB 327 (C&gt; T), CYTB 447 (C&gt;A), CYTB 606 (A&gt; G), CYTB 609 (C&gt; T), CYTB 687 (A&gt; G), 735 (C&gt; T), CYTB 801 (T&gt; C), CYTB 852 (T&gt; C), CYTB 915 (A&gt; T), CYTB 1090 (A&gt; G). It is similar to  G. itapicuruensis and  G. multiocellus and distinguished from all other species of  ' G. ' brasiliensis group by three unique nucleotide substitutions: COI 678 (A&gt; G), CYTB 114 (A&gt; G), CYTB 927 (A&gt; G).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Morphometric data appear in Table 4. Medium sized species, largest specimen examined 164.3 mm SL. Body relatively slender and compressed. Dorsal profile slightly convex on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle; no adipose nuchal protuberance. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to pelvic-fin insertion, gently straight between belly and insertion of first anal-fin spine, nearly straight on anal-fin base, nearly concave on caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep. Greatest body depth at level of first dorsal-fin spine insertion. Snout moderately pointed; nostrils located between tip of snout and anterior margin of orbit. Mouth subterminal, distal tip of maxilla not reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Lower lip fold moderately deep. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper one. Eye near dorsal profile of head. Opercle not serrated.</p><p>Insertion of first dorsal-fin spine slightly anterior or aligned in a vertical line through posterior-most margin of opercular series. Tip of dorsal fin pointed, short, reaching 20-40% of caudal-fin length, even in larger specimens. Tip of anal fin pointed, reaching 20-40% of caudal-fin length. Caudal fin subtruncate. Pectoral fin trapezoidal with rounded extremity, posterior margin posteriorly surpassing flank blotch. Tip of pelvic-fin rounded or pointed, relatively short and reaching between urogenital papilla and insertion of 3rd anal-fin spine. Pelvic-fin filaments absent. Anal-fin origin at vertical between insertion of 13th and 14th dorsal-fin spine. Dorsal fin XIV + 13 (25); anal fin III + 9-10 (25); pectoral-fin rays 15-16 (25); pelvic fin I + 5 (25). Caudal-fin rays vi + 16 + vi (3).</p><p>Side of head covered with cycloid scales, ventral surface of head and snout without scales. Chest, trunk and caudal peduncle covered with ctenoid scales. Scales on head smaller than scales on chest and flank. Dorsal and anal fins without scales. About one fifth of caudal fin covered with small delicate scales. Two scale rows between lateral lines. Scales of dorsal-fin origin row 4; scales of anal-fin origin row 5; longitudinal series of scales 26-27; cheek scale row 5; upper lateral line scales 18, lower lateral line scales 9-11 + 2; circum-peduncular scale rows 16.</p><p>Premaxillary teeth conical, hyaline with red tip, slightly curved posteriorly; one regular, outer row of teeth, increasing in size on symphysis; proximal teeth smaller and irregularly arranged. Dentary teeth with similar arrangement, but slightly smaller. Five branchiostegal rays. Urohyal with strong anterior constriction. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch: first ceratobranchial 10, articulation 1, first epibranchial 8. Ceratobranchial rakers short, blunt and denticulated, except on fourth ceratobranchial proximal margin and fifth ceratobranchial distal margin, conical and non-denticulated. Anterior teeth of third pharyngobranchial and fifth ceratobranchial small, thin and slightly curved anteriorly, posterior teeth large, robust and circular in cross section. Distal posterior teeth of the fifth ceratobranchial laterally compressed and with one or two cuspids. Five or six dentigerous plate on fourth pharyngobranchial, two of them could merge. Fifth ceratobranchial subtriangular, with concave posterior margin and robust. One supraneural. Proximal radial of dorsal fin 24 + 1; proximal radial of anal fin 10 + 1; pleural ribs 12, epipleural ribs 11; vertebrae 14 + 14.</p><p>Colouration in life.</p><p>Flank orangish brown with seven broad dark brown bars and one dark brown longitudinal  stripe; dark brown bars and stripe often overlapped and without visible limits in live specimens, conspicuously delimited in preserved specimens. Longitudinal rows of metallic light green spots on ventral part of flank, between pectoral-fin insertion and caudal-fin base; spots approximately occupying most scale area. Rounded dark brown spot on fifth trunk bar, similar and smaller spot on middle of caudal peduncle. Oblique iridescent blue zone between humeral region and anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Dorsum dark orangish brown, chest and belly light pinkish white.</p><p>Head side dark orange, ventral surface white; branchiostegal region dark orangish grey. Infra-orbital area with row of four to six small metallic greenish blue dots, sometimes two or three dots coalesced. Opercular region background orangish brown; opercular and temporal regions with scattered metallic greenish blue spots. Iris yellowish brown, with greenish blue iridescence on anterior and posterior portions, and dark brown bar through orbit not aligned to supra-orbital and infra-orbital stripes. Dark brown supra-orbital stripe extending from nape to postero-dorsal margin of orbit, and dark brown infra-orbital stripe, approximately vertical, running between ventral margin of orbit and pre-opercle angle. Dorsal fin pale brown on anterior portion, pale yellow on middle, pale orange on posterior region; oblique series of elongate drop-shaped metallic green spots on anterior two thirds of fin, light blue stripes parallel to fin rays on longest region of fin, and longitudinal rows of rounded light blue spots on posterior portion of fin; dark brown pigmentation most concentrated at first two dorsal-fin spines and distal half of third spine. Anal fin reddish orange, to yellowish orange on basal portion, with longitudinal metallic blue stripes between rays, and metallic blue spots on posterior region. Caudal fin reddish orange with transverse rows of small bluish white spots often coalesced to form narrow bars; basal portion of fin light yellowish orange with short, longitudinal bluish white lines. Pectoral fin pale  orangish hyaline. Pelvic-fin spine light orangish brown, anterior pelvic-fin rays light orangish brown with metallic greenish blue stripes parallel to rays, region around last rays hyaline.</p><p>Colouration in alcohol.</p><p>Similar to colouration in life, except for metallic marks becoming dark brown on flank and light grey on fins; red and dark brown pigmentation fainted.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the Rio Mariana, an isolated small coastal river of Bahia state, northeast Brazil (Fig. 3).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name  Geophagus santosi is in honour of Alexandre Clistenes  Alcântara Santos, ichthyologist and friend, who is dedicated to the study of aquatic ecosystems of northeast Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/66FB11EE957CDA03BD31C61557679F8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Mattos, Jose L. O.;Costa, Wilson J. E. M.	Mattos, Jose L. O., Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2018): Three new species of the ' Geophagus ' brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 325-337, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22685
