identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
671B126BFFE2FFE6FC7EFADCAD069C77.text	671B126BFFE2FFE6FC7EFADCAD069C77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Remenus Ricker 1952	<div><p>Genus Remenus Ricker, 1952</p> <p>(Figs. 1, 3–18)</p> <p>Type species: Perla bilobata Needham &amp; Claassen (1925: 95)</p> <p>Isogenus (Remenus) Ricker (1952: 122)</p> <p>Remenus: Illies (1966: 376)</p> <p>Remenus: Hitchcock (1974: 214)</p> <p>Remenus: Stewart &amp; Stark (1984: 406)</p> <p>Remenus: Stewart &amp; Stark (1988: 402)</p> <p>Remenus: Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995: 596)</p> <p>Remenus: Stewart &amp; Stark (2002: 437)</p> <p>Remenus: Kondratieff (2004: 164)</p> <p>Remenus: Stark (2017: 236)</p> <p>Male. Macropterous; forewing length 9.1–11.0 mm (n = 40). Body length 7.9–10.6 mm (n = 40). General body color yellow-gold with light brown markings Fig. 1). Head as wide as, or wider than pronotum; crossveins (Fig. 4). Y-arms of mesosternum meeting posterior corners of furcal pits. Femora pale, light brown dorsally. Tibia pale, light brown dorsally. Tarsi light brown. Abdominal sterna pale to yellowgold; lobe on 7 th sternum well developed, lightly pigmented, narrowly rounded, apex rounded (Fig. 5); lobe on 8 th sternum reduced, ~ ⅓ the size of lobe on sternum 7, triangular, lightly pigmented, apex acutely rounded (Fig. 5). Abdominal terga usually yellow-gold, with variable color pattern, covered in regularly spaced with setae; terga 8 and 9 with variable patches of sensilla basiconica (Fig. 6). Hemitergal lobes variously produced with long trichoid sensilla and various densities of sensilla basiconica (Fig. 6). Cerci pale, setose (Figs. 5–6). Lateral stylets absent. Epiproct variable, small, mostly membranous; with or without a mediodorsal sclerite (Fig. 7). Membranous portion covered in dense, minute hair-like spinulae. Paragenital plates flap-like, triangular or rounded (Figs. 6–7). Basal cowl clothed in dense variably pigmented spinulae (Fig. 7). Aedeagus entirely membranous with two lateral and two posterodorsal lobes (Figs. 5–7).</p> <p>Female. Macropterous; forewing length 9.4–12.0 mm (n = 40). Body length 8.8–12.6 mm (n = 40). General body coloration similar to male. Abdominal terga and sterna generally uniformly pale yellow. Subgenital plate broadly rounded or broadly triangular, produced over ½ sternum 9, or beyond (Fig. 8); with regularly spaced setae; a variable glabrous basolateral crease is present at the base of the subgenital plate and extends anteriorly up to ⅓ into tergum 8 (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Ovum. Length 434–460 μm; width 324–361 μm (n = 12). Turtle-shaped with a ventrally positioned collar (Fig. 9). Mature ovum with a membranous covering, adorned with regularly spaced globules in clusters of 2–5 (Fig. 9). Dorsum of chorion smooth with very faint diamond-shaped follicle cell impressions. Dorsal keel extending from collar center to ovum center (Fig. 9). Collar with prominent diamondshaped follicle cell impressions dorsally and ventrally (Figs. 9–10). Ovum margin with a thickened raised edge. Micropyles positioned ventrally; arranged in a latitudinal row of 6 near the collar ⅓ (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Larva. Body length 8.3–11.4 mm, (n = 19). Preserved specimen yellow-brown. Head wider than pronotum (Fig. 11); dorsum of head yellow- brown; frons with a faint, thin, pale M-shaped mark (Fig. 11); pale enclosed oval spots anterolateral of lateral ocelli, anterior of epicranial suture (Fig 11); large enclosed oval spots posterolateral of lateral ocelli, posterior of epicranial suture (Fig, 11); 2–4 postocular setae (Fig. 11); frontoclypeus unpigmented; labrum anterior margin with a setal fringe (Fig. 11); medial lobe of labrum with a dense fringe of golden setae. Lacinia unidentate (Fig. 12); lacinia sickle-shaped, tapering evenly from apical tooth and bearing stout, rounded, basal knob (Fig. 12); apical tooth with ~ 12 minute irregularly spaced setae extending halfway up the lacinia from the inner basal surface across the dorsal surface to the distal margin (Fig. 12). Basal knob with 5–6 submarginal minute setae (Fig. 12). Mandible with 5 teeth and without a deep cleft between the apical and subapical teeth (Fig. 13). Middle three teeth with proximal margins lightly serrated; dorsum of mandibles with a dense patch of stout setae (Fig. 13); proximal margin with a dense brush of stout setae on apical ⅓ (Fig. 13). Maxillary palp slightly longer than lacinia (Fig. 14). Submental gills absent (Fig. 14). Pronotum yellow-brown; 10–16 long erect marginal setae on each side; lateral margins of pronotum brown (Fig. 11). Meso- and metanota yellow-brown; with 0–1 seta on either side of midline; 1–6 anterolateral setae (Fig. 15); wing pads with 1–7 marginal setae on proximal margin (Fig. 15). Y-arms of mesosternum reach the posterior corners of furcal pits. Femora pale yellow-brown with long stout setae over surface and without a dorsal fringe of silky setae. Tibia with short stout submarginal setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces and a dorsal fringe of silky setae. Tarsi with a short dorsal fringe of silky setae. Abdominal terga yellow-brown, with a posterior fringe of variable length setae (Fig. 16); longest setae ~ ⅔ length of tergum; terga 1–2 without intercalary setae (Fig. 16); terga 4-10 with &lt;35 intercalary setae (Fig. 16). Abdominal sterna pale yellow-brown; sterna 1–2 without a posterior fringe or intercalary setae; sternum 3 occasionally with a single posterior seta laterally; sterna 4–8 with &lt;35 intercalary setae and a posterior fringe of variable length setae that is interrupted medially (Fig. 17); highest concentration of intercalary setae on abdominal segments 7–9 (Figs. 16–17); female 8 th sternum with a thin darkened strip posteromedially (Fig. 17); posterior fringe complete on sterna 9–10 (Fig. 17). Mature male larvae with an elongate terminal process (developing epiproct) with a constriction at the basal ⅓, apical ⅔ thin and tapered (Fig. 18). Mature larvae with paired medial and lateral spots on the abdominal terga. Cerci with whorls of short or long setae, or a combination of both (Figs. 16, 18).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Regionally, Remenus is morphologically most similar to Diploperla duplicata (Banks, 1920). The two are often sympatric and share the following characters: (1) male tenth tergum partially cleft; (2) lobe on 7 th sternum well developed, narrowly rounded, and lobe on 8 th sternum reduced, ~ ⅓ the size of lobe on 7 th sternum; (3) female subgenital plate broadly rounded with a membranous basolateral crease; (4) interocellular area enclosed with medium brown pigment that generally narrows towards the anterior ocellus and extends laterally from anterior ocellus to center of lateral ocelli; (5) larvae and adults lack submental gills; (6) larvae are similarly concolorous; (7) larvae have a dorsal fringe of setae on the tibia and lack a fringe on the femora; and (8) ova are turtle shaped.</p> <p>Adult males of Remenus are distinguished from D. duplicata by the presence of a well-developed epiproct and the lack of lateral stylets. Adult females of Remenus differ by the presence of distinct mesosternal Y-arms and &lt;3 cross veins in the apical costal space. Whereas D. duplicata has&gt; 5 cross veins in the apical costal space. Larvae of Remenus are easily distinguished from D. duplicata by their unidentate lacinia and well-developed mesosternal Y-arms. Ova of Remenus are also easily separated by their relatively smooth chorionic surface and the diamond-shaped follicle cell impression on the collar.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/671B126BFFE2FFE6FC7EFADCAD069C77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verdone, Chris J.;Kondratieff, Boris C.	Verdone, Chris J., Kondratieff, Boris C. (2018): Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 14 (5): 81-125, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757871
671B126BFFE6FFF8FF73FC47AD809801.text	671B126BFFE6FFF8FF73FC47AD809801.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Remenus bilobatus (Needham & Claassen 1925)	<div><p>Remenus bilobatus (Needham &amp; Claassen, 1925)</p> <p>(Figs. 3–18, 20–40)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:608</p> <p>Perla bilobata Needham &amp; Claassen (1925: 95)</p> <p>Holotype ♂: New York, Herkimer County, Old Forge (Cornell University Insect Collection). Figures: adult– fore- and hindwing, male stern 7–9, male terminalia (lateral), female subgenital plate.</p> <p>Perla bilobata: Claassen (1931: 54). Figures: larva– labrum, mandibles, labium, maxilla, lacinia.</p> <p>Diploperla bilobata: Frison (1942: 302). Figures: larva– habitus, female sterna, mandibles, labium, maxilla, lacinia.</p> <p>Isogenus (Remenus) bilobatus: Ricker (1952: 122) Remenus bilobatus: Illies (1966: 376)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Hitchcock (1974: 214). Figures: larva–habitus, female sterna (Frison 1942); adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate (incorrectly associated).</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Surdick &amp; Kim (1976: 9)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Lake (1980: 43)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Tarter &amp; Kirchner (1980: 49) Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff &amp; Voshell (1982: 761). Figures: adult–head and pronotum, male terminalia (dorsal), female subgenital plate.</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Stewart &amp; Stark (1984: 406). Figures: larva–head and pronotum, mandible, lacinia, foreleg, mesosternum, male and female sterna 7–10, cercus (basal, middle, apical).</p> <p>Remenus: Stewart &amp; Stark (1988: 402). Figures: larva– male habitus, and figures from Stewart &amp; Stark (1984). Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995: 596). Figures: adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate, ova (dorsal, ventral).</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Grubbs (1997: 81)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Stewart &amp; Stark (2002: 437) Figures: larva–figures from Stewart &amp; Stark (1984, 1988) Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff (2004: 164). Figures: adult–figures from Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995) Remenus bilobatus: DeWalt &amp; Heinold (2005: 40) Remenus bilobatus: DeWalt et al. (2007: 142)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Parker et al. (2007: 171)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Tarter &amp; Nelson (2010: 162) Remenus bilobatus: Grubbs (2011: 29)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Li &amp; Murányi (2015: 47). Figures: adult–male epiproct, basal anchor.</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Tarter et al. (2015: 170)</p> <p>Remenus bilobatus: Stark (2017: 236). Figures: larva– cercus (basal, middle)</p> <p>Material examined: Alabama, Cleburne Co., small stream above lake, Cheaha State Park, [N 33.47396, W 85.82077], 14 May 1988, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 3♂, 3♀ (CSUIC). Connecticut, Middlesex Co., brooklet, Rte 148, Killingworth [No GPS], 18 June 1965, S.W. Hitchcock, 4♂ (NMNH); nr. Madison, nr. Rte 80, [no GPS], 18 June 1965, S.W. Hitchcock, 1♂ (NMNH). Salem Co., Fraser Brook, Salem, Four Corners, [N 41.47291, W 72.26029], 15 June 1967, S. W. Hitchcock, 1♂ (NMNH). Tolland Co., Storrs, [N 41.80843, W 72.24952], 18 June 1954, J.A. Slater, 1♂, 1♀ (NMNH). Maryland, Frederick Co., Fishing Creek, Mountaindale, [N 39.51949, W 77.45114], 1 July 1958, P. Freytag, 3♂ (INHS). New York, Herkimer Co., Old Forge, [N 43.71007, W 74.97434], 18 July 1905, J.G. Needham, P.W. Claassen, 1♂, 1♀ (NMNH, paratypes) North Carolina, Alleghany Co., Brush Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.46067, W 80.99979, 26 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); Stone Mountain Creek, Stone Mountain Rd., Stone Mountain State Park, N 36.39445, W 81.03341, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 10♂, 3♀ (CSUIC). Ashe Co., tributary to Peak Creek, Peak Creek Rd., BLRI, N 36.38101, W 81.27936, 21 May 2017, [emerged 25 May 2017], C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 1♀ (CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 26 May 2017], 1♀ (CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 30 May 2017], 1♀ (CSUIC). Caldwell Co., Johns River, Old Johns River Rd., NE of Collettsville, N 35.94711, W 81.70472, 2 May 2005, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1L (CSUIC); Johns River, St. Johns River Rd. just upstream of Franklin Branch NE of Collettsville, N 35.93361, W 81.69056, 17 May 2004, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1♂ (CSUIC); Thunderhole Creek, Rte 1366, N 36.07324, W 81.69975, 14 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 3♀, 1L (CSUIC). Jackson Co., Balsam, [N 35.42667, W 83.08528], 24 April 1938, H.H. Ross, B.D. Burks, 6L (INHS). Macon Co., Big Creek, Lake Randall, [N 35.07861, W 83.20806], 20 June 1939, T. Howell, 1L (INHS); Jarrett Creek, Arrowwood Glade, [N 35.15444, W 83.58616], 25 May 1993, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 1♂ (CSUIC). Swain Co., Ekaneetlee Creek, 75 m upstream confluence Eagle Creek nr. Camp 89, N 35.49810, W 83.76640, 10–11 June 2003, B.D. Heinold, 1♂ (INHS); Skidder Branch, Straight Branch mi. 20, [N 35.59062, W 83.23494], 28 July 1982, B. Armitage, 1♀ (CSUIC); Twentymile Creek, Twentymile Creek Trail, Camp 93, GRSM, N 35.47300, W 83.85240, 1 July 2004, R.E. DeWalt, 1♀ (INHS). Transylvania Co., Pigeon Branch of South Fork Mills River, NFR 1206 off Rte 276, [N 35.35815, W 82.77810], 8 July 1981, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Watauga Co., Clear Branch Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.22954, W 81.54462, 21 May 2017, C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 1♀ (CSUIC). Wilkes Co., Betseys Rock Falls Creek, Walsh Rd. NW of Wilkesboro, N 36.28380, W 81.39729, 11 July 2008, B.C. Kondratieff, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1♂ (CSUIC); Garden Creek, Stone Mountain Rd., N 36.38905, W 81.06922, 29 May 2006, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 3♂, 4♀, 7L (CSUIC). Pennsylvania, Chester Co., Wet Lab at Stroud Research Center, London Grove, [N 39.86911, W 75.77245], 27 May 1980, D.H. Funk, 7♂ (INHS); Same location, 4 June 1980, D.H. Funk, 3♂, 3♀ (INHS). Mifflin Co., Honey Creek, Reeds Gap, St. Park, New Lancaster Valley Rd., [N 40.72150, W 77.47426], 7 June 2013, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 2♂ (CSUIC); Little Poe Creek, Poe Valley, Little Poe Rd. 2 mi. E Poe Paddy State Park, [N 40.82977, W 77.44454], 8 June 2013, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 1♂ (CSUIC). South Carolina, Pickens Co., Wildcat Creek, 9 km SW Clemson, [N 34.75607, W 82.85767], 18 May 1976, P.H. Carlson, 1♂ (CSUIC); Wildcat Creek, Clemson Experimental Forest, [N 34.75607, W 82.85767], 5 May 1985, K.W. Stewart, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 1L (INHS). Tennessee, Blount Co., Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, Old Field ATBI Plot, [N 35.60470, W 83.77570], 9 May–3 June 2002, J. Burbank, 1♂ (CSUIC); Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, Sparks Lane, GRSM, N 35.60400, W 83.79390, 7 June 2001, B.D. Heinold, 1♂ (INHS); Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, GRSM, [N 35.60494, W 83.77653], 1–12 June 2003, C. R. Parker, 4♂ (CSUIC); Same location, 18–25 June 2003, C. R. Parker, ♂ (CSUIC); Cades Cove, GRSM, [N 35.60840, W 83.82700], 13 June 1940, T.H. Frison, 1♂, 1 exuvia (INHS); Cattail Branch, GRSM, N 35.51490, W 83.97630, 21–22 May 2003, R.E. DeWalt, B.D. Heinold 3L (INHS); Tabcat Creek, at first jeep trail crossing, GRSM, N 35.51956, W 83.97927, 21 May 2003, R.E. DeWalt, 4L (INHS). Sevier Co., Le Conte Creek, Gatlinburg, [N 35.70164, W 83.51361], 4 May 1939, T.H. Frison, 7L (INHS). Virginia, Albemarle Co., Blackrock Spring, Fire Rd. off Skyline Dr. (SHEN), N 38.20504, W 78.74916, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 8♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); South Fork Moormans River, Fire Rd. of Skyline Dr. (SHEN), N 38.09850, W 78.77815, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♀ (CSUIC). Alleghany Co., Hays Creek, Rte 619, N 37.73125, W 80.00259, 10 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C, Kondratieff, 2♂, 2♀ (CSUIC). Amherst Co., Dancing Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, Dancing Creek Overlook Parking, BLRI, N 37.63430, W 79.33258, 18 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂ (CSUIC). Augusta Co., Calfpasture River, Jct. Hwy 250 and Rte 715, [N 38.27356, W 79.30068], 8 June 2017, B.C. Kondratieff, 5♂, 3♀ (CSUIC); Love bog Blue Ridge Parkway, mile 15.61, BLRI, [N 37.88348, W 79.01054], 16-17 July 2007, C. R. Parker, 1♂ (CSUIC); Paine Run, Jct 661 and 614, [N 38.19880, W 78.79340], 19 July 1975, O.S., C.M Flint 1♂ (NMNH); tributary to Braley Pond, NW Rte 715, [N 38.28963, W 79.30448], 9 June 2017, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC). Bedford Co., Battery Creek, FR 951, N 37.55194, W 79.44059. 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 2♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Falling Rock Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 37.56403, W 79.40851, 27 May 2017, C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 2♂ (CSUIC); Hunting Creek, Rte 602, N 37.53511, W 79.42025, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Little Stony Creek, Hwy 43, Peaks of Otter Picnic Area, BLRI, N 37.4454, W 79.59713, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 5♂, 6♀ (CSUIC). Bland Co., Laurel Creek, Rte 613, under Hwy 77, N 37.25547, W 81.12081, 8 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); Wolf Creek, Hwy 61, [No GPS], 10 June 1978, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀ (CSUIC). Botetourt Co., spring fed stream, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 37.39235, W 79.83864, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 3♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); Bearwallow Creek, Hwy 443, N of BLRI, Bearwallow Gap, N 37.4856, W 79.66866, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Carroll Co., Big Reed Island Creek Rd. between Rte 640 &amp; Rte 645, N 36.67665, W 80.51019, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); Crooked Creek, Rte 620, trout fishing trail, N 36.67296, W 80.80853, 29 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 20♂, 27♀ (CSUIC); Stewarts Creek, Rte 896, N 36.58083, W 80.76437, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 4♂ (CSUIC); tributary to Crooked Creek, Rte 620 nr. abandoned barn, N 36.67318, W 80.81921, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀ (CSUIC). Craig Co., seeps into Barbours Creek, Rte 617, Potts Jeep Trail, N 37.63398, W 80.05481, 10 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂ (CSUIC). Fauquier Co., Bartons Brook, Jackson Hollow, [no GPS], 15 July 1974, R.W. Baumann, O. Flint, 1♀ (NMNH); Little Bull Run, Bull Run Mtn., Shurburg Home, Hopewell Rd., N 38.86665, W 77.703922, 1 June–10 July 2014, D. R. Smith, 7♂, 3♀ (NMNH); tributary to Broad Run, Arlington Outdoor Lab, [N 38.80720, W 77.72170], 3–20 June 2016, D. R. Smith, 1♀ (NMNH); tributary to Piney Branch, Roland Farm, N 38.843, W 77.8261, 23 May–6 June 2013, D. R. Smith, 3♂, 3♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 7–25 June 2013, D. R. Smith, 5♂, 7♀ (NMNH). Floyd Co., Dodd Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.87178, W 80.27901, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Franklin Co., Grassy Fork, Rte 619, N 36.81097, W 79.74516, 7 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀ (CSUIC); Frederick Co., Cold Spring, 800 m S FR 93 Gate, N 38.80720, W 77.72170, 20 June 2007, A.C. Chazal, 1♂ (NMNH). Greene Co., Fork Hollow, Ranger Station, nr. Simmons Gap (SHEN), N 38.3007, W 78.61979, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 11♂, 6♀ (CSUIC). Madison Co., Cedar Run, Rte. 600, White Oak Canyon Trailhead, SHEN, N 38.53907, W 78.34813, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 6♂ (CSUIC); Rapidan River, Rte 649 (SHEN), N 38.46256, W 78.36535, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♂ (CSUIC); Robinson River, Rte 600, N 38.52717, W 78.35015, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 6♂, 4♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Rapidan River, Rte 649 (SHEN), N 38.46519, W 78.36990, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C, Kondratieff, S. Roble, 4♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Montgomery Co., spring flowing into Craig Creek, 2.7 km off 460 on Rte 621, [No GPS], 17 June 1980, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); spring tributary to Poverty Creek, Rte 708, N 37.26314, W 80.49781, 15 June 2016, C. Verdone, 8♂, 5♀ (CSUIC). Toms Creek, Rte 655, [N 37.238054, W 80.47339], 29 May 1978, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ 1 exuvia. Patrick Co., Little Rock Castle Creek, of milepost 165, Rt. 8, BLRI, [N 36.82747, W 80.32460], 18–19 May 2007, C. R. Parker, 3♂, 2♀ (CSUIC). Prince William Co., Bull Run Mtn., Mountain House, N 38.82500, W 77.70500, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 1♀ (NMNH); Catharpin Creek., Jackson Hollow Campground, N 38.876667, W 77.68900, 11–24 June 2011, D. R. Smith, 5♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 12♂, 5♀ (NMNH); Same location, 12–27 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 21 June– 10 July 2014, D. R. Smith, 2♂ (CSUIC); Same location, 20 May–2 June 2016, D. R. Smith, 3♂ (NMNH); tributary to North Fork Broad Run, Bull Run Mtn. Natural Area above rd., N 38.84700, W 77.70072, 21 May–5 June 2014, D. R. Smith, 1♂ (NMNH). Rockbridge Co., Back Run, Cave Mtn. Rec. Area, N 37.56891, W 79.54088, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 5♀ (CSUIC). Rockingham Co., Deep Run, Rte 708, N 38.27972, W 78.76374, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♂ (CSUIC). Tazewell Co., Cove Creek, Rte 662, off Hwy 61, N 37.17837, 81.29900, 6 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 9♂, 9♀ (CSUIC); East Fork Cove Creek, Rte 662, [N 37.19464, W 81.30068], 12 June 1983, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC). Washington Co., Detroit Cove, Jct. Brumley Gap Rd. &amp; Rte 689, N 36.79664, W 82.05730, 24 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, B. Evans, 9♂, 9♀ (CSUIC); Detroit Cove, Rte 689, N 36.79664, W 82.05730, 4 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1L (CSUIC); Little Moccasin Creek, Rte 690 (below switchbacks), N 36.83005, W 82.08855, 13 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Wythe Co., Gullion Fork, Rte 619, N 37.01228, W 81.25340, 27 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2L (CSUIC). West Virginia, Hardy Co., Lower Cove Run, 3 mi. NE of Mathias, N 38.91938, W 78.81641, 10-24 July 2003, D. R. Smith, 1♂ (CSUIC); Same location, 18 June–1 July 2004, D. R. Smith 6♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 12–15 July 2004, D. R. Smith, 4♂ (NMNH). Mingo Co., Laurel Branch of Laurel Fork, 2 mi. S Dingess at CR-3/07, [N 37.85006, W 82.20055], 17 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 1♂, 1 exuvia (INHS); Laurel Fork of Pigeon Creek, 2 mi S Dingess at CR-3/07, [N 37.84891, W -82.20064], 8 May 1976, R.F. Kirchner, 2L (INHS); Same location, 13 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 1♀, 1 exuvia (INHS); Same location, 20 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 7N (INHS).</p> <p>Additional records not examined. New York, Franklin Co., Dutton Brook, Rt. 3 nr. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.23818&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.2495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.23818/lat 44.2495)">Saranac Lake</a>, N 44.2495, W 74.23818, 4 August 2006, L. Myers, 3♀ (LCRI). Warren Co., seep to Lake George, Rt. 9 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.6741&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.521" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.6741/lat 43.521)">North</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.6741&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.521" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.6741/lat 43.521)">Basin Bay</a>, N 43.52100, W 73.67410, 5 August 2009, L. Myers, 1♂, 5♀ (LCRI).</p> <p>Distribution. USA – AL, CT, DE, GA, KY, MD, NC, NY, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV. (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Male. (Fig 20). Macropterous; forewing length 10.0– 11.0 mm (n = 10) (Fig. 21). Body length 8.1–10.6 mm (n = 10). General body color yellow-gold with light brown markings. Dorsum of head typical of genus (Fig. 22). Pronotum light brown, covered in regularly spaced setae, with pale, glabrous rugosities mediolaterally (Fig. 22); medial pale area widest posteriorly (Fig. 22). Abdominal terga uniformly yellow-gold (Fig. 23). Tergum 8 with mediolateral patches of &lt;10 sensilla basiconica (Fig. 23). Tergum 9 with a medial glabrous division that extends anteriorly ¾ tergum length and mediolateral patches of ~ 20 sensilla basiconica (Fig. 23). Hemitergal lobes short, separated from 10 th tergum, with long trichoid sensilla and&gt; 20 sensilla basiconica on each lobe (Figs. 23–26). Epiproct length ~ 300–320 μm; width ~ 80–84 μm (n = 3); epiproct flattened laterally (Figs. 23, 26), with a ventral keel (Figs. 24, 27–28), and a mediodorsal sclerite that is broadest basally and greatly exceeds the epiproct apex terminating in a thread-like lash (Figs. 23, 26-27); complete lash length ~ 830 μm (n = 1); keel widest at mid-length (Fig. 26), covered in dense, hair-like spinulae (Fig. 28). Paragenital plates broadly triangular (Figs. 23–24, 26). Basal cowl clothed in dense golden-brown spinulae (Figs. 23– 24).</p> <p>Female. Macropterous; forewing length 9.8–12.0 mm (n = 10). Body length 8.8–11.1 mm (n = 10). Body coloration and morphology similar to male. Sternum 8 with variable subgenital plate extending ~ ½ over sternum 9, or to the posterior margin of sternum 9; subgenital plate moderately sclerotized, broadly triangular (Fig. 29) or broadly rounded (Fig. 30); with regularly spaced setae; posterolateral margins convex; basolateral margins either parallel or convergent posteriorly; basolateral crease nearly straight or convex posteriorly, extending ~ ⅓ length anteriorly into sternum 8 (Figs. 29–30).</p> <p>Ovum. Shape typical of genus (Figs. 31–34). Length 439–440 μm; width 348–361 μm (n = 3).</p> <p>Larva. (Fig. 35). Body length 9.0– 10.4 mm, (n = 5). Head (Fig. 36), lacinia (Fig. 37), mandibles (Fig. 38), and pronotum (Fig. 36) typical of genus. Mature male larva with an elongate terminal process with a constriction at the basal ⅓; apical ⅔ thin and tapered (Fig. 39). Mature larva with paired medial and lateral spots on the abdominal terga. Basal cercal segments with whorls of both long and short setae (Fig. 40).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Remenus bilobatus, with its characteristic epiproct lash is easily separated from the other Remenus species. However, the lash is rarely complete and may become broken as a result of collection, eversion, preservation, or possibly the lash is naturally broken during development or on mated individuals. Even when incomplete the lash generally still greatly exceeds the epiproct apex. The only other species of Remenus with a dorsal sclerite on the epiproct is R. duffieldi, but it does not greatly exceed the epiproct apex as in this species. Males of R. bilobatus are further differentiated in that the epiproct is laterally flattened, the 9 th tergum has a medial glabrous division, both terga 8 and 9 have mediolateral patches of sensilla basiconica, and the basal cowl is clothed in dense golden-brown spinulae. Whereas in males of R. duffieldi, the epiproct is dorsoventrally flattened, tergum 9 is not divided and lacks sensilla basiconica, and the spinulae covering the basal cowl are pale.</p> <p>In general, the female subgenital plate of R. bilobatus is broadly triangular or broadly rounded, with basolateral margins either parallel or convergent posteriorly and a basolateral crease that is nearly straight or convex posteriorly. The subgenital plate can be quite similar to the other species, but the nearly straight or convex basolateral crease is consistently different compared to the concave crease seen in R. daniellae sp. n., and R. kirchneri. Females of R. bilobatus differ from R. duffieldi by a generally shorter subgenital plate and in pronotal pigmentation. The pronotum of R. bilobatus is brown with pale rugosities, whereas in R. duffieldi, it is pale with brown rugosities. We still agree with Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995) who asserted that females of Remenus should not routinely be identified in the absence of male specimens.</p> <p>Mature larvae of R. bilobatus can be separated from R. kirchneri and R. duffieldi by the presence of long setae on the basal cercal segments. However, this character is shared by R. daniellae sp. n. which is sympatric in several locations. Rearing of larvae is still the best hope for species level identification.</p> <p>Biological notes. No life history or biological studies have been conducted on this species. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this predaceous perlodine has a univoltine life cycle and inhabits leaf packs in areas with swift current (Beaty 2015).</p> <p>Based on the examined material, emergence begins in early May and continues into late July. In the northern part its range emergence can continue into early August. Remenus bilobatus inhabits springs to 6 th order rivers (Kondratieff &amp; Voshell 1982) with drainage areas ranging from 0.26–165.2 km 2 and has been recorded from six eastern Nearctic physiographic provinces (Adirondack, Appalachian Plateau, Blue Ridge, New England, Piedmont Plateau, and Ridge and Valley). The average elevation of occurrence localities is 503.4 m (SD ± 219.1 m). The relatively large range of this species may be explained in part by the wide range of stream sizes it inhabits, providing it with greater habitat connectivity. Although this species is widely distributed, adults are seldom collected in large numbers. Of the 88 adult records presented only 13.6% (n = 12) were represented by more than 10 individuals, 43.2% (n = 38) were represented by a single specimen.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/671B126BFFE6FFF8FF73FC47AD809801	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verdone, Chris J.;Kondratieff, Boris C.	Verdone, Chris J., Kondratieff, Boris C. (2018): Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 14 (5): 81-125, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757871
671B126BFFF8FFF1FCFBFBFDAE469849.text	671B126BFFF8FFF1FCFBFBFDAE469849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Remenus daniellae Verdone & Kondratieff 2018	<div><p>Remenus daniellae Verdone &amp; Kondratieff, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 42–67)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:502852</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype ♂: Tennessee, Sevier Co., tributary to Le Conte Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.50096&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.68706" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.50096/lat 35.68706)">Twin Creeks Uplands Research Lab</a>, GRSM, N 35.68706, W 83.50096, 16 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff (NMNH). Paratypes: North Carolina, Haywood Co., Ball Branch, Old Cataloochee Turnpike, GRSM, N 35.71817, W 83.09251, 25 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂, 3♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 14 May 2017, [emerged 18 May 2017], C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 3♀, 3 exuvia (CSUIC); Same location, 20 May 2017, C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 3♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); Right Fork Cove Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.05193&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.62104" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.05193/lat 35.62104)">Rte</a> 284, [N 35.62104, W 83.05193], 23 May 1993, B.C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, 2♂, 1♀ (CSUIC). Swain Co., Collins Creek, Collins Creek Picnic Area, Hwy 441, GRSM, N 35.56752, W 83.09251, 14 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.09251&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.56752" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.09251/lat 35.56752)">Gunna Creek</a>, at confluence with Spence Cabin Branch, GRSM, N 35.55120, W 83.73220, 3 June 2003, B.D. Heinold, C. Favret, 1♂ (INHS); Proctor Branch, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.7322&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.5512" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.7322/lat 35.5512)">Twentymile Creek</a> Trail, GRSM, N 35.48558, W 83.83684, 5 June 2003, B.D. Heinold, 1♂ (INHS). Tennessee, Blount Co., Anthony Creek, E Cades Cove Campground, Anthony Creek Trail at 3 rd footbridge going upstream, GRSM, N 35.58680, W 83.75160, 26 May 2001, R. E. DeWalt, B.D. Heinold, 1♂, 2♀ (INHS). Sevier Co., Greenbriar Cove, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.51361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.51361/lat 35.70164)">Smoky Mtns.</a>, [N 35.70704, W 83.38294], 15 June 1939, A.C. Cole, 1♂ (INHS); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.51361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.51361/lat 35.70164)">Le Conte Creek</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.51361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.70164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.51361/lat 35.70164)">Gatlinburg</a>, [N 35.70164, W 83.51361], 14 June 1940, T.H. Frison, 1♂, 3♀ (INHS); Le Conte Creek, ATBI Plot, Twins Creek, GRSM, [N 35.68500, W 83.49888], 8 May–25 May 2010, C. R. Parker, 2♂ (CSUIC); Little Laurel Branch, Ramsey Cascade Trail. GRSM, N 35.70270, W 83.35654, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 4♂, 4♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Le Conte Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.35654&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.7027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.35654/lat 35.7027)">Twin Creeks Uplands Research Lab</a>, GRSM, N 35.68706, W 83.50096, 16 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 11♂, 9♀ (CSUIC).</p> <p>Additional material not paratypes. North Carolina, Haywood Co., Ball Branch, Old Cataloochee Turnpike, GRSM, N 35.71817, W 83.09251, 14 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 3L (CSUIC); Mt. Sterling Creek, Old Cataloochee Turnpike, GRSM, N 35.70819, W 83.09658, 10 July 1983, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Hemphill Creek, 5 km WNW Jonathan, pumphouse spring below Purchase Knob House, GRSM, N 35.58220, W 83.07370, 31 May 2003, R.E. DeWalt, 2L (INHS). Tennessee, Sevier Co., Le Conte Creek, Gatlinburg, [N 35.70164, W 83.51361], 14 June 1940, T.H. Frison, 6L (INHS).</p> <p>Distribution. USA – NC, TN (Fig. 41)</p> <p>Etymology. The patronym honors the senior author’s wife, Danielle M. Fuller, for her valued support and patience. The proposed common name is the “Danielle’s Stripetail”.</p> <p>Male. (Fig. 42). Macropterous; forewing length 9.3– 10.4 mm (n = 10) (Fig. 43). Body length, 8.0– 9.8 mm (n = 10). General body color yellow-gold with light brown markings. Dorsum of head typical of genus (Fig. 44). Pronotum light brown, covered in regularly spaced setae, with pale, glabrous rugosities mediolaterally (Fig. 44); medial pale area widest medially (Fig. 44). Abdominal terga with anterior margin darkened (Fig. 45); rarely darkened laterally. Hemitergal lobes short, not separated from 10 th tergum, with long trichoid sensilla and 0–4 minute sensilla basiconica on each lobe (Figs. 45– 48). Epiproct length ~ 170–270 μm; width ~ 82–89 μm (n = 3); epiproct clavate (club- shaped) and lightly sclerotized (Figs. 45–46); covered in dense, thick palmate hair-like spinulae; when produced forward rarely exceeding the anterior margin of the basal anchor; clavate in dorsal and lateral aspects, widest near the apical ¼ and typically bearing a short translucent tube at the apex (Figs. 49–52). Base of epiproct with sparse palmate hair-like spinulae with between 4–10 seta arising from a common base (Fig. 53). Paragenital plates short, rounded, or triangular (Figs. 45, 49–50). Basal cowl covered in dense lightly pigmented spinulae (Figs. 45–46).</p> <p>Female. Macropterous; forewing length 11.2–11.7 mm (n = 10). Body length, 9.2–10.2 mm (n = 10). General color and morphology similar to the male. Abdominal terga pale, without darkened anterior pigmentation. Subgenital plate broadly rounded (Fig. 54–56), occasionally with a posteromedial emargination (Fig. 56); lightly sclerotized, with regularly spaced setae, extending ½–⅘ over sternum 9; posterolateral margins convex; basolateral margins convergent posteriorly; basolateral crease typically curved, concave posteriorly, extending ~ ¼ length anteriorly into sternum 8 (Figs. 54–56).</p> <p>Ovum. Shape typical of genus (Figs. 57–60). Length 434–435 μm; width 324–355 μm (n =3).</p> <p>Larva. (Fig. 61). Body length 8.3–10.8 mm, (n = 3). Head (Fig. 62), lacinia (Fig. 63), mandibles (Fig. 64), and pronotum (Fig. 62) typical of genus. Mature male larva with a short ovoid process on abdominal tergum 10 outlining the developing epiproct (Fig. 65). Basal cercal segments with whorls of both short and long setae (Fig. 66).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Males of R. daniellae are morphologically similar R. kirchneri, both of which lack a medial dorsal sclerite. However, R. daniellae can be distinguished by details of the epiproct and terminalia. Males of R. daniellae possess an epiproct that is clavate in dorsal and lateral aspects, which is widest towards the apical ¼ and bears a short translucent tube at the apex. Whereas the epiproct of R. kirchneri is dorsoventrally flattened, widest medially or near the basal ¼ and lacks a translucent tube at the apex. Additionally, the new species lacks sensilla basiconica on the 9 th tergum and has 4 or fewer sensilla basiconica on each hemitergal lobe. Remenus kirchneri occasionally lacks sensilla basiconica on the 9 th tergum, but consistently has 12–20 on each hemitergal lobe.</p> <p>Females of R. daniellae are most similar to R. kirchneri. Separation of these species may require associated males. Generally, the subgenital plate of R. kirchneri is parallel sided basally, whereas in R. daniellae, the subgenital plate is typically convergent. Based on presently available records, the ranges of these two species do not overlap. Remenus daniellae occurs west of the French Broad River, whereas R. kirchneri inhabits the region to the east (Fig. 115). As such, morphology paired with geographic location should help inform identification of these two similar species.</p> <p>Mature larvae of R. daniellae can be separated from R. kirchneri and R. duffieldi by the presence of long setae on the basal cercal segments. However, this character is shared by R. bilobatus which is sympatric in some locations.</p> <p>Biological notes. Occasionally, the epiproct of R. daniellae is moderately to highly reduced, or appears flaccid and deflated, possibly due to insufficient hemolymphatic pressure (Fig. 67), an apparent aberrancy not observed in any other species of Remenus. Kondratieff and Nelson (1995) reported R. bilobatus from Haywood County, North Carolina based on two females collected in 1985 from Mt. Sterling Creek in GRSM. This location is 1.1 km from the type locality of R. daniellae. These specimens have been re-examined and have been determined as R. daniellae based on the subgenital plate morphology, habitat similarity and proximity to the paratype locality at Ball Branch.</p> <p>No life history or biological studies have been conducted on this species. Remenus daniellae is known only from 12 locations in GRSM in North Carolina and Tennessee. This species has been documented from 1 st –3 rd order streams with drainage areas ranging from 0.47–11.07 km 2. The average elevation of occurrence localities is 875.1 m (SD ± 285.7 m). Based on the material examined, emergence occurs from mid-May to mid-July. Existing records are limited, but this species probably inhabits many other streams within GRSM, which possesses more than 3400 km of high quality stream habitats. The type locality (Fig. 68) of this new species is located in what was the heart of the Chimney Tops 2 fire that burned more than 46 km 2 in December 2016. The effects of this event on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are unknown; however, stonefly species richness at the type locality six months later was relatively high. Other stoneflies collected with the holotype included Alloperla nanina Banks, 1911, A. usa Ricker, 1952, Amphinemura wui (Claassen, 1936), Isoperla dewalti Verdone &amp; Kondratieff, 2017, Leuctra grandis Banks, 1906, L. sibleyi Claassen, 1923, Sweltsa lateralis (Banks, 1911), S. mediana (Banks, 1911), S. urticae (Ricker, 1952), Tallaperla anna (Needham &amp; Smith, 1916), and T. laurie (Ricker, 1952).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/671B126BFFF8FFF1FCFBFBFDAE469849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verdone, Chris J.;Kondratieff, Boris C.	Verdone, Chris J., Kondratieff, Boris C. (2018): Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 14 (5): 81-125, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757871
671B126BFFF1FFCBFCE6FBE9A86B9E45.text	671B126BFFF1FFCBFCE6FBE9A86B9E45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Remenus duffieldi Nelson & Kondratieff 1995	<div><p>Remenus duffieldi Nelson &amp; Kondratieff, 1995</p> <p>(Figs. 70–87)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:607</p> <p>Remenus duffieldi Nelson &amp; Kondratieff (1995: 600).</p> <p>Holotype ♂: Georgia, Towns County, Soapstone Creek, Rt. 180, nr. jct. Rt. 180 &amp; Owl Cr. Rd., Chattahoochee National Forest (NMNH). Figures: adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate, ova (dorsal, ventral).</p> <p>Remenus duffieldi: Kondratieff (2004: 164). Figures: adult–figures from Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995).</p> <p>Remenus duffieldi: Stark (2017: 236). Figures: larva– cercus (basal, middle).</p> <p>Material examined: Georgia, Union Co., Rock Creek, Rte 69, 1.5 mi. W Hightower Gap, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.13592&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.67981" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.13592/lat 34.67981)">Chattahoochee National Forest</a>, [N 34.67981, W 84.135914], 29 May 1990, R. M. Duffield, 2♂ (CSUIC, paratypes). White Co., Andrews Creek, Rte 17/75, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.73738&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.77817" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.73738/lat 34.77817)">Andrews Cove Campground</a>, [N 34.77817, W 83.73738], 2 June 1994, C.H. Nelson, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC, paratypes). North Carolina, Haywood Co., Yellowstone Prong of East Fork Pigeon River, Graveyard Fields, BLRI, [N 35.321966, W 82.845768, 17 June 2009, J. Robinson, 1♂ (CSUIC). Macon Co., Nantahala River, [no GPS], 30 May 1939, Thelma Howell, 1L (INHS); Tellico Creek, Tellico Rd. [no GPS], 27 May 1993, B.P. Stark, R. Simmons, P. Kelly, 1♂ (CSUIC); Tellico Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.54347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.27688" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.54347/lat 35.27688)">Tellico Rd.</a> ~ 0.5 mi. W of Sugar Cove Rd., N 35.27688, W 83.54347, 15 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 7♂, 7♀ (CSUIC). Swain Co., Collins Creek, Collins Creek Picnic Area, Hwy 441, GRSM, N 35.56752, W 83.33663, 16 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 5♂, 2♀, 1L (CSUIC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.33663&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.56752" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.33663/lat 35.56752)">Kanati Fork</a>, Hwy 441, GRSM, N 35.58738, W 83.36297, 16 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂ (CSUIC). Transylvania Co., Pigeon Branch South Fork Mills River, NFR 1206, off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.7781&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.35815" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.7781/lat 35.35815)">Rte</a> 276, [N 35.35815, W 82.77810], 8 July 1981, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 2♀ (CSUIC).</p> <p>Additional records not examined. North Carolina, Haywood Co., Yellowstone Prong of East Fork Pigeon River, N 35.32814, W 82.82897, 26 May 2014, A.L. Sheldon 1♀ (WKUC); tributary to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.89282&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.32303" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.89282/lat 35.32303)">Flat Laurel Creek</a>, TR 617, N 35.32303, W 82.89282, 22 July 2015, A.L. Sheldon, 1♂ (WKUC).</p> <p>Distribution. USA – GA, NC. (Fig. 69)</p> <p>Male. (Fig. 70). Macropterous; forewing length 9.5– 10.4 mm (n = 10) (Fig. 71). Body length, 7.9–9.8 mm (n = 10). General body color pale yellow-gold with light brown markings. Dorsum of head typical of genus (Fig. 72). Pronotum pale, covered in regularly spaced setae, with light brown rugose areas, glabrous rugosities mediolaterally (Fig. 72); anterior and posterior margins brown (Fig. 72). Abdominal terga with a narrow mid-dorsal, dusky, interrupted brown stripe (Fig. 73); terga 1–4 pale yellow, terga 5–9 pale yellow to light brown; terga darkened laterally (Fig. 73); tergum 9 lacking sensilla basiconica (Fig. 74). Hemitergal lobes short, not separated from 10 th tergum, with long trichoid sensilla and 15–17 sensilla basiconica on each lobe (Figs. 74-77). Epiproct length ~ 382–420 μm; width ~ 136–168 μm (n = 3); epiproct flattened dorsoventrally (Figs. 75, 78), clothed in appressed hair-like spinulae, and with a mediodorsal sclerite (Figs. 74, 77–78); epiproct widest basally; hair-like spinulae of distal ¼ splayed (Fig. 79). Mediodorsal sclerite narrow throughout its length (slightly wider at its base) and barely exceeding the epiproct apex (Figs. 77–80); sclerite with a dorsal hump near distal ¼ (Figs. 77–79); apex smoothly rounded and glabrous (Fig. 80). Paragenital plates short, rounded, or triangular (Figs. 74, 77). Basal cowl covered in dense lightly pigmented spinulae (Figs. 74–75).</p> <p>Female. Macropterous; forewing length 10.5–11.1 mm (n = 10). Body length, 8.9–10.4 mm (n = 10). General color and morphology similar to the male. Abdominal pigment pattern usually less developed. Medial dusky stripe is faint and lateral margins are not distinctly darkened. Subgenital plate broadly rounded, elongate, lightly sclerotized, with regularly spaced setae, extending ⅘ over sternum 9, or slightly beyond the posterior margin of sternum 9 (Fig. 81); basolateral crease nearly straight or convex posteriorly, extending ~ ⅓ length anteriorly into sternum 8 (Fig. 81).</p> <p>Ovum. Shape typical of genus (Figs. 82–84). Length 444–446 μm; width 340–355 μm (n =3).</p> <p>Larva. (Fig. 85). Body length 9.1 mm, (n = 1). Head (Fig. 86), lacinia (Fig. 87), mandibles (Fig. 88), and pronotum (Fig. 86) typical of genus. Mature male larva with a short triangular terminal process (developing epiproct) (Fig. 89), Basal cercal segments with whorls of short setae (Fig. 90).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Remenus duffieldi is distinguished from all other Remenus species in coloration and genitalic structure. The pale pronotum and grayish wings are unlike any other species in the genus. The epiproct is most similar to R. bilobatus in that it has a dorsal sclerite, but in contrast, it does not greatly exceed the epiproct apex. Additionally, R. duffieldi is differentiated in that the epiproct is dorsoventrally flattened, tergum 9 is not divided, lacks sensilla basiconica, and the spinulae covering the basal cowl are pale. Whereas in males of R. bilobatus, the epiproct is flattened laterally, the 9 th tergum has a medial glabrous division, both terga 8 and 9 have mediolateral patches of sensilla basiconica and the basal cowl is clothed in dense golden-brown spinulae.</p> <p>Females are distinguished by the distinctive pronotal coloration in addition to differences in the subgenital plate. In R. duffieldi, the subgenital plate is broadly rounded and elongate, generally, as long as, or longer than tergum 9. Whereas in R. bilobatus, the subgenital plate is either broadly triangular or broadly rounded and typically does not exceed the posterior margin of tergum 9.</p> <p>Mature larvae of R. duffieldi are separable from the two other sympatric species, R. bilobatus and R. daniellae by the lack of long setae on the basal cercal segments. Remenus kirchneri also lacks long setae on the basal cercal segments, but based on presently available records, the ranges of these two species do not overlap with R. duffieldi occurring west of the French Broad River and R. kirchneri occurring to the east (Fig. 115).</p> <p>Biological notes. No life history or biological studies have been conducted on this species. Remenus duffieldi is known from 11 locations in Blue Ridge Physiographic Province of Georgia and North Carolina. This species has been documented from 1 st –3 rd order streams with drainage areas ranging from 0.28–9.72 km 2. The average elevation of occurrence localities is 987.1 m (SD ± 346.1 m). Based on examined material, emergence occurs from mid-May to late July. Existing records are limited, but this species probably inhabits many other streams within GRSM, Nantahala and Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forests.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/671B126BFFF1FFCBFCE6FBE9A86B9E45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verdone, Chris J.;Kondratieff, Boris C.	Verdone, Chris J., Kondratieff, Boris C. (2018): Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 14 (5): 81-125, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757871
671B126BFFCBFFCDFF6DF917A85D9C69.text	671B126BFFCBFFCDFF6DF917A85D9C69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Remenus kirchneri Kondratieff & Nelson 1995	<div><p>Remenus kirchneri Kondratieff &amp; Nelson, 1995</p> <p>(Figs. 1, 92–113)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:606</p> <p>Remenus kirchneri Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995: 600).</p> <p>Holotype ♂: Virginia, Patrick County, Little Rock Castle Creek, Rock Castle Gorge National Recreation Area (NMNH). Figures: adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate.</p> <p>Remenus kirchneri: Kondratieff (2004: 165). Figures: adult–figures from Kondratieff &amp; Nelson (1995).</p> <p>Material examined: North Carolina, Avery Co., Jones Creek, Old Hanging Rock Rd., N 35.982213, W 82.01676, 22 June 2013, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC). Wilkes Co., Garden Creek, Stone Mountain Rd., N 36.38905, W 81.06922, 29 May 2008, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 2♂ (CSUIC). Tennessee, Carter Co., Roan Mountain State Park, [N 36.19623, W 82.07040], 2 June 2000, J. Enshinger, 1♂ (CSUIC). Virginia, Bedford Co., Battery Creek FR 951, N 37.55194, W 79.44059, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 2♂, 3♀ (CSUIC). Carroll Co., North Fork Stewarts Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.60630, W 80.81663, 11 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 11♂, 6♀, 6L (CSUIC); Same location, 25 May 2017, C. Verdone, 3♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Pine Creek, nr. Jct. Co. Rd. 633 &amp; Co. Rd. 640, N 36.66773, W 80.51043, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 4♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Turkey Creek, Rte 620, N 36.61184, W 80.77082, 11 May 2017, 2♂, 6L (CSUIC). Floyd Co., Dodd Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.87178, W 80.27901, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC); small spring fed stream, 6 miles east of Floyd Rte 221, [no GPS] 28 June 1981, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC, paratype); spring fed stream, Blue Ridge Parkway, E. of Mt. Olivet Church, BLRI, N 37.11577, W 80.12949, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 14♂, 19♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 11 June 2016, C. Verdone, 5♂, 7 ♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 9 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff. 38L (CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 19 May 2017], 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 24 May 2017], 1♀ (CSUIC); spring fed stream, Blue Ridge Parkway (spring house S of Rte 642), BLRI, N 37.01133, W 80.12679, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Spring tributary to Little River, Rte 706, N 36.98935, W 80.39589, 29 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Dodd Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.86353, W 80.28702, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 13♂, 10♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Dodd Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.8717, W 80.27943, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂ (CSUIC); tributary to Little River, BLRI, N 37.01919, W 80.11913, 18–19 July 2007, C. R. Parker, 8♂, 6♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Little River, Blue Ridge Parkway, N of Rte 642 "Poff", BLRI, N 37.01437, W 80.12343, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♂, 3♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Lick Fork, Blue Ridge Parkway, 0.9 mi. S of Rte 602, BLRI, N 37.11251, W 80.12924, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 7♂, 4♀, 4L (CSUIC). Franklin Co., Brogan Branch, Rte 680/793, N 36.91700, W 80.19504, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC). Patrick Co., Haunted Branch, Blue Ridge Parkway ~ 1 mi. S of Rte 634, BLRI, N 36.70024 W 80.44730, 9 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 15L (CSUIC); Same location, 11 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 18L (CSUIC); Same location, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 2♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); Little Rock Castle Creek, Rocky Knob Rec. Area, Rte 605, BLRI, N 36.80783, W 80.33112, 24 May 1994, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 1♂, 1♀ (CSUIC); same location, 26 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 2♀ (CSUIC); Mayberry Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, ~ 0.25 mi. S of Rte 634, BLRI, N 36.70842, W 80.44395, 26 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 6♂, 9♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 9 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1L (CSUIC); small spring fed stream into [Talbott Reservoir], [no GPS], 2 August 1982, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀ (CSUIC, paratype); spring fed tributaries of [Rock Castle Creek] Rte 605, [N 36.80874, W 80.3255], 10 May 1983, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ (CSUIC, paratype); tributary to Rock Castle Creek, Rte 605 at Cemetery, N 36.80874, W 80.3255, 26 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 8♂, 7♀ (CSUIC); Same location, 9 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 10L (CSUIC); Same location, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 2♂, 3♀ (CSUIC). Roanoke Co., tributary to Back Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 37.18181, W 80.04742, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 7♂, 12♀ (CSUIC); tributary to Back Creek; Blue Ridge Parkway, 0.5 mi. E of Rte 688 overpass, BLRI, N 37.19653, W 80.02029, 11 June 2016, C. Verdone, 2♂ (CSUIC).</p> <p>Distribution. USA – NC, TN, VA (Fig. 91)</p> <p>Male. (Fig. 92). Macropterous; forewing length, 9.1– 10.5 mm (n = 10) (Fig. 93). Body length, 8.2–10.2 mm (n = 10). General body color yellow-gold with light brown markings. Dorsum of head typical of genus (Fig. 94). Pronotum light brown, covered in regularly spaced setae, with pale, glabrous rugosities mediolaterally (Fig. 94); medial pale area slightly wider posteriorly (Fig. 94). Abdominal terga yellow-gold with darkened anterior margins; rarely with darkened lateral margins. Tergum 9 with or without mediolateral patches of 3–5 sensilla basiconica (Fig. 95). Hemitergal lobes short, not separated from 10 th tergum, with long trichoid sensilla and 12–20 sensilla basiconica on each lobe (Figs. 95–97). Epiproct length ~ 270–500 μm; width ~ 20–59 μm (n = 3); epiproct dorsoventrally flattened, tongue-shaped and lightly sclerotized (Figs. 95-96, 98–100); covered in dense, thick hair-like spinulae (Fig. 100); when produced forward, exceeding the anterior margin of the basal sclerite. Paragenital plates triangular (Figs. 95, 98). Basal cowl covered in dense lightly pigmented spinulae (Figs. 95–96).</p> <p>Female. Macropterous; forewing length 10.0– 11.9 mm (n = 10). Body length, 9.2–12.6 mm (n = 10). General color and morphology similar to the male. Abdominal terga pale, without darkened anterior or lateral margins. Subgenital plate broadly rounded (Fig. 101–102), occasionally with a shallow posteromedial emargination (Fig. 102), or broadly triangular (Fig. 103); lightly sclerotized, with regularly spaced setae, extending ½–⅘ over sternum 9; posterolateral margins convex; basolateral margins typically parallel; basolateral crease typically curved, concave posteriorly, extending ~ ¼ length anteriorly into sternum 8 (Figs. 101–103).</p> <p>Ovum. Shape typical of genus (Figs. 104–107). Length 438–460 μm; width 348–353 μm.</p> <p>Larva. (Fig. 108). Body length 8.5–11.4 mm, (n = 10). Head (Fig. 109), lacinia (Fig. 110), mandibles (Fig. 111), and pronotum (Fig. 109) typical of genus. Mature male larva with a short terminal process (developing epiproct) with a constriction at the basal ⅓; apical ⅔ tapering to a narrowly rounded apex (Fig. 112). Basal cercal segments with whorls of short setae (Fig. 113).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Males of R. kirchneri are morphologically similar R. daniellae. Males possess a tongue-shaped epiproct in dorsal aspect, which is widest medially or near the basal ¼ and is dorsoventrally flattened. Whereas the epiproct of R. daniellae is clavate, is widest towards the apical ¼ and narrows posteriorly both in dorsal and lateral aspects. Additionally, the epiproct of R. daniellae typically possesses a short translucent tube at the apex, which R. kirchneri lacks. Furthermore, R. kirchneri generally has sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 and consistently has 12–20 sensilla basiconica on each hemitergal lobe. In contrast, R. daniellae generally lacks sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 and has &lt;4 minute sensilla basiconica on each hemitergal lobe.</p> <p>Females of R. kirchneri are most similar to R. daniellae. Separation of these species may require associated males. Generally, the subgenital plate of R. kirchneri is parallel sided basally, whereas in R. daniellae, the subgenital plate is typically convergent. Based on presently available records, the ranges of these two species do not overlap, as previously mentioned. As such, morphology paired with geographic location should help inform identification of these two similar species.</p> <p>Mature larvae of R. kirchneri are separable from the other sympatric species, R. bilobatus, by the lack of long setae on the basal cercal segments. Remenus duffieldi also lacks long setae on the basal cercal segments, but it does not occur east of the French Broad River (Fig. 115).</p> <p>Biological notes. Prior to this study R. kirchneri was known from six locations in Virginia, one in North Carolina and one in Tennessee. Despite considerable effort, we were unable to find this species in either year in North Carolina or Tennessee. However, R. kirchneri proved to be a frequent inhabitant of headwater streams along the Blue Ridge Parkway in southern Virginia. This species is now known from 25 locations ranging from Bedford County, Virginia to Carter County, Tennessee. Remenus kirchneri occurs in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province in 1 st –3 rd order streams with drainage areas ranging in size from 0.09–8.75 km 2. The average elevation of occurrence localities is 717.8 m (SD ± 163.5 m). Based on the material examined, emergence begins in mid-May and continues until early August.</p> <p>This species can achieve moderate benthic densities ranging from 11–161/m 2 (n = 12) despite apparently low fecundity. Females collected from a spring fed stream, along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Mt. Olivet Church, were kept alive in ventilated plastic jars with moistened paper towels (and no food) so that they might mate and produce eggs. In total, only three females produced eggs, each consisting of a single clutch of 59–61 ova. However, ova dissected from another female numbered 134. The ova were not fully formed and may have numbered more if fully developed. Possibly R. kirchneri produces several clutches of ova, or may need to feed to do so. Other similarly sized perlodids are known to produce egg masses ranging in size from ~ 90 to 1000 ova (Peckarsky &amp; Cowan 1991, Tierno De Figueroa et al. 2000, Sandberg &amp; Stewart 2001, Tierno De Figueroa &amp; López-Rodríguez 2005).</p> <p>DNA Barcodes</p> <p>The neighbor-joining tree constructed from COI DNA barcode sequences supported the morphological species concepts presented above (Fig. 114). All four species, R. bilobatus, R. daniellae, R. duffieldi, and R. kirchneri were clearly delineated and supported by high bootstrap values for species level nodes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/671B126BFFCBFFCDFF6DF917A85D9C69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verdone, Chris J.;Kondratieff, Boris C.	Verdone, Chris J., Kondratieff, Boris C. (2018): Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 14 (5): 81-125, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757871
