taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	description	Arctic Forestfly (Figs. 1 – 52) http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Plecoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 6232	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂, Type locality – Karasjok, Norway	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂, Type locality – Mud Creek, Tompkins Co., New York. New synonym (Holotype ♂ examined)	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, PQ, YK. Europe: Baltic States, Finland, Norway, Sweden. Mongolia. Russia East, Russia North, West Siberia. USA: AK, IA, IL, ME, MI, NY, OH, PA, SD, WI, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). New Canadian province and USA state records.	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	materials_examined	Canada, Saskatchewan, stream at Promontory Campground, 15 miles north of La Rouge, junction Hwy 102, 21 - VI- 1976, L. M. Dosdall, 4 ♂, 2 ♀; Puskwakau River, Hwy 106, 30 - V- 1976, L. M. Dosdall, 1 ♂. USA, Minnesota (Harden & Mickel 1952, their pp. 19 – 20). New Hampshire, Coös Co., Lakes of the Clouds, White Mountains, 20 June 1951, C. P. Alexander, 1 ♂ (USNM); Grafton Co., Franconia, A. T. Slosson, no date information, 1 ♂ (USNM; Ac # 26226). West Virginia, Tucker Co., Abe Run, Canaan Valley State Park, 28 May 1993, S. M. Clark, 1 ♀ (BYU).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cercus. Highly variable. Adults of N. arctica and N. trispinosa have been previously differentiated by a combination of cercal characteristics (males) and body size and distribution (females) (Ricker 1952). Male cerci are sclerotized laterally and terminate typically in a pair of appressed spines that vary in length and degree of tapering (Figs. 1 – 16), plus a third unit that is highly variable and has been used for the past ca. 65 years to separate males of N. arctica and N. trispinosa (Ricker 1952). Lillehammer (1972 a) later illustrated cerci as either lacking (N. arctica, his Fig. 4 b) or possessing a distinct (N. trispinosa, his Fig. 4 a) spine. Ricker’s (1952, p. 36) key to N. trispinosa males focused on “ … the outer edge of the cercus produced into a slender acute spine … may be forked once or twice at the tip ”. This feature is common in North America and shown here clearly for populations from Iowa (Fig. 1),	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	description	Illinois (Fig. 2), Ohio (Fig. 3), Wisconsin (Fig. 4), South Dakota (Fig. 5), Wyoming (Fig. 6), and New Brunswick (Fig. 8), and also from Siberia (Fig. 12), Norway (Fig. 13) and Mongolia (Fig. 16). The spine, however, varies in width and degree of tapering, For example, males from South Dakota have an outer spine that is rectangular, not “ slender ”, and crenulated distally (Fig. 5). Nemoura arctica was separated out by Ricker (1952) as the “ … outer edge of the cercus bordered by a crenulate shelf or ridge ”. No form of a spine is evident for populations studied from North America from Saskatchewan (Fig. 7), Manitoba (Fig. 9), and the Northwest Territories (Figs. 10 – 11) plus Norway (Fig. 14) and Mongolia (Fig. 15). Overall, there is sufficient variability (e. g. forked vs. crenulated; tapered or not) to strongly suggest that the male cercus does not provide objective, diagnostic information to support N. trispinosa as distinct from N. arctica. Epiproct. Males exhibit consistency with epiproct shape and characteristics across the Holarctic with only minor differences between individuals. In lateral aspect, the basal cushion occupies the anterior ca. ½ and is separated from the dorsal sclerite by smooth lateral areas (Figs. 17 – 24). The lateral areas vary in thickness but are consistently recurved slightly over the distal medial portion of the basal cushion. The dorsal sclerite appears scaly at high magnifications, especially at the distal tips (Figs. 41 – 52). The dorsal sclerite is open apically, exposing parallel, broad, hatchet-like apical prongs of the ventral sclerite (Figs. 25 – 40) and prominent, scaly, apical prongs positioned ca. perpendicular to the ridges (Figs. 41 – 52). The prongs terminate laterally bearing two short, thick, grooved spines (e. g. Figs. 42, 45, 49, 52).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF9AF08FE86FBF626F62CC3.taxon	discussion	Comments. Nemoura trispinosa is placed in synonymy with N. arctica due to consistencies in epiproct characteristics across the Holarctic, particularly the paired apical prongs of the ventral sclerite (Figs. 41 – 52). In contrast, cercal spine characteristics are highly variable and do not provide objective, diagnostic information. Even males from the same geographic entity (e. g. Mongolia, Figs. 15 – 16) exhibit different cercal forms. Lillehammer (1972 a, his Fig. 25.4) previously illustrated several different cercal forms from Norway. Geographic notes. Holarctic: Scandinavia east across Asia; east to Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. South in Europe to Latvia and in far eastern Asia to Mongolia and Siberia. South in North America to Wyoming and South Dakota east across the Great Lakes region to Atlantic Canada, with relictual southern populations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Additional notable references include Ricker (1944, 1964), Brinck (1958), Ulfstrand (1969), Jewett (1971), Lillehammer (1974, 1985, 1986, 1988), Harper (1973), Flannagan & Flannagan (1982), Burton (1984), Stewart et al. (1990), Harper & Ricker (1994), Stewart & Ricker (1997), Huntsman et al. (1999), Teslenko & Bazova (2009), Walters et al. (2009), Zhou et al. (2010), Boumans (2011), Boumans & Brittain (2012), Surenkhorloo et al. (2012), Dosdall & Giberson (2014), Kendrick & Huryn (2014), and Potikha (2015).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF5AF0DFC3CFBEF23FC2C8B.taxon	description	(Figs. 53 ‒ 84) http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Plecoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 6326	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF5AF0DFC3CFBEF23FC2C8B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cercus. Highly variable. Male cerci are sclerotized laterally and terminate in either one (Figs. 54 – 57, 59) or two (Figs. 53, 58, 60) produced, curved spines that vary in length, curvature, and degree of tapering, plus a third unit (= outer spine) that tapers little and is typically crenulated distally. Epiproct. Males exhibit consistency with epiproct shape and characteristics across the Holarctic with only minor differences between individuals. In lateral aspect, the basal cushion occupies the anterior ca. ½ and is separated from the dorsal sclerite by smooth lateral areas (Figs. 61 – 68). The lateral areas are consistently recurved slightly over the distal medial portion of the basal cushion. The dorsal sclerite is open apically, exposing paired, rounded apical prongs bearing scale-like ridges, terminating laterally into one or two stout, grooved lateral spines (Figs. 69 – 76). The apical prongs are positioned either ca. parallel (Figs. 82, 84) or ca. diagonal to the ridges (Figs. 77 – 81, 83).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF5AF0DFC3CFBEF23FC2C8B.taxon	discussion	Comments. The synonymy of N. rickeri with N. sahlbergi has been suggested previously (e. g. Lillehammer 1972 b; Boumans & Brittain 2012). Jewett (1971) noted in his description of N. rickeri that this species “ … is similar to the rare northern European Nemoura sahlbergi … ”. Lillehammer (1972 a, his Fig. 29.4) illustrated several different cercal forms from Norway, showing variability in the curved and outer spines. The epiproct apical prongs studied herein from the Northwest Territories (Fig. 78), Alaska (Fig. 80), Norway (Fig. 82), and Mongolia (Fig. 84) are consistent with illustrations or images in Lillehammer (1972 a, his Fig. 31.3; Norway), Boumans (2011, his Fig. 2; Norway) and Judson & Nelson (2012, their Fig. 187; Mongolia). Geographic notes. Holarctic: Scandinavia east across Asia; in North America from Alaska east to Nunavut and Manitoba. South in Europe to Latvia and in eastern Asia south to Mongolia and far eastern Siberia. South in North America to the treeline in the Saskatchewan River Basin in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Additional notable references include Rauser (1968), Lillehammer (1972 a, 1974, 1985, 1988), Burton (1984), Teslenko & Bazova (2009), Zhou et al. (2010), Zwick (2010), Boumans (2011), Boumans & Brittain (2012), and Judson & Nelson (2012).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF0AF0DFEDAFC5B270B2B53.taxon	description	Alaska Forestfly http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Plecoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 6350	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF0AF0DFEDAFC5B270B2B53.taxon	materials_examined	Nemoura normani Ricker 1952: 37. Type locality – Mackenzie River, Fort Norman, Northwest Territories (Holotype ♀ and Paratype ♀ examined) Nemoura normani: Illies 1966: 209.	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF0AF0DFEDAFC5B270B2B53.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Canada: NT. USA: AK (DeWalt et al. 2018).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF0AF0DFEDAFC5B270B2B53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nemoura normani was described from the holotype female and one paratype female (Ricker 1952) and is still unknown from the male stage. The females were described as “ noticeably larger ” than both N. arctica and N. trispinosa and exhibit subtle differences in the shape of the subgenital plate (Ricker 1952). Stewart and Oswood (2006) examined the paratype female (Alaska, Anaktuvik Pass, 6 July 1949, preserved in alcohol) during their study of the stoneflies of Alaska and western Canada but were unable to collect additional material. We likewise studied the paratype female and determined that it was indeed a Nemoura female with the correct wing venation, sclerotized cerci, and no cervical gills. The color of the wings are fumose in alcohol. This species is perhaps also absent from the Yukon (Stewart and Ricker 1997). Hence, the two females remain the only specimens of this species collected and none since 1949. Males or molecular data are needed to determine if this is a valid species, another Nemoura species (Ricker, 1964), or a junior synonym of either N. arctica or N. sahlbergi.	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
03A03716FFF0AF0DFEDAFC5B270B2B53.taxon	discussion	Conclusions We present morphological evidence with SEM micrographs of the male epiprocts and cerci to propose that Nearctic N. rickeri and Nearctic N. trispinosa are junior synonyms of Holarctic N. arctica and Palearctic N. sahlbergi, respectively. Hence, both N. arctica and N. sahlbergi exhibit Holarctic distributions. On a similar note, Boumans & Baumann (2012) synonymized Amphinemura linda (Ricker, 1952), a species recognized for ca. 65 years, with A. palmeni (Koponen, 1917) using a combination of external reproductive morphology plus mitochondrial COI subunit and nuclear 28 S gene sequence data. Amphinemura palmeni likewise is a Holarctic species (DeWalt et al. 2018).	en	Grubbs, Scott A., Baumann, Richard W., Burton, David K. (2018): Nearctic Nemoura Trispinosa Claassen, 1923 And N. Rickeri Jewett, 1971 Are Junior Synonyms Of Holarctic Nemoura Species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 14 (3): 44-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761204
