taxonID	type	description	language	source
AF5E87AC2C30FFB1FF12FD21FA003141.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 - 5)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB1FF12FD21FA003141.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (United States National Museum), West Virginia, Logan Co., Frogtown Hollow of Copperas Mine Fork Material examined. WEST VIRGINIA: Cabell Co.: Lusher Hollow of Mud River, 24 April 1977, R. F. Kirchner, 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (reared), 6 pharate larvae (RFK). Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotal grooves slightly darker than background pigment (Fig. 1). Pronotum bearing ca. 10 anterolateral setae, ca. 18 posterolateral setae, and ca. 2 widely spaced lateral setae near margin; longest anterolateral and posterolateral setae subequal in length. Mesonotum with ca. 7 moderately long outer marginal setae (Fig. 2); mesonotum and metanotum without conspicuous intercalary setae on wingpads. Fore femora with a few (ca. 7 long dorsal setae near margin and ca. 10 ventral setae; femoral fringe setae obscure but usually 2 - 3 present. Fore tibiae bearing a sparse outer fringe of short setae, inner margin with ca. 6 thick setae (Fig. 3). Posterior fringe of abdominal terga 8 - 9 typically bearing 4 long setae and interspersed shorter setae; median field with thin setae and usually a grouping of 3 - 4 short thick setae between thin median setae and innermost long seta (Fig. 4); lateral intercalary setae include 1 - 2 thick, long setae in each cluster. Cerci broken but basal 12 segments shown in Fig. 5; longest dorsal setae in segmental whorls exceed segments in length and occur on segments 8 - 10. Comments. Surdick (2004) recognized S. mediana (Banks) and S. onkos as sister species lacking dark pigment on the adult pronotal margins and Kondratieff & Kirchner (2009) recently recognized S. hoffmani as a third species sharing this feature. The three species appear to be allopatric, at least in the southern part of their ranges. Sweltsa hoffmani is not currently known to geographically overlap the range of S. mediana and does so uncommonly with S. onkos in the northeastern portion of their ranges. Sweltsa mediana is known from the Carolinas to Tennessee and southwestern Virginia (Grubbs 2010; Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009; Surdick 2004), S. onkos from north of the Mt. Rogers area of Virginia into Atlantic Canada (Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009) and S. hoffmani is reportedly found from the unglaciated region of New York west through the Interior Plateau region in Indiana, and south to northwestern Alabama (Grubbs 2011; DeWalt & Grubbs 2011); the species is also reported from Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia (Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009). Larvae of these three species can be distinguished by length of the longest dorsal setae on mid-apical cercal segments. Those on S. onkos are about two segments in length, whereas those on S. hoffmani and S. mediana are generally less than 1.5 segments in length. Sweltsa hoffmani larvae are distinct from S. mediana and S. onkos in having the fore tibial fringe composed of short, sparse setae (Fig. 4) and from all eastern Sweltsa examined on the basis of the lack of intercalary setae on the metanotal wingpads (Fig. 2).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB1FF12FD21FA003141.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotal grooves slightly darker than background pigment (Fig. 1). Pronotum bearing ca. 10 anterolateral setae, ca. 18 posterolateral setae, and ca. 2 widely spaced lateral setae near margin; longest anterolateral and posterolateral setae subequal in length. Mesonotum with ca. 7 moderately long outer marginal setae (Fig. 2); mesonotum and metanotum without conspicuous intercalary setae on wingpads. Fore femora with a few (ca. 7 long dorsal setae near margin and ca. 10 ventral setae; femoral fringe setae obscure but usually 2 - 3 present. Fore tibiae bearing a sparse outer fringe of short setae, inner margin with ca. 6 thick setae (Fig. 3). Posterior fringe of abdominal terga 8 - 9 typically bearing 4 long setae and interspersed shorter setae; median field with thin setae and usually a grouping of 3 - 4 short thick setae between thin median setae and innermost long seta (Fig. 4); lateral intercalary setae include 1 - 2 thick, long setae in each cluster. Cerci broken but basal 12 segments shown in Fig. 5; longest dorsal setae in segmental whorls exceed segments in length and occur on segments 8 - 10.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB1FF12FD21FA003141.taxon	discussion	Comments. Surdick (2004) recognized S. mediana (Banks) and S. onkos as sister species lacking dark pigment on the adult pronotal margins and Kondratieff & Kirchner (2009) recently recognized S. hoffmani as a third species sharing this feature. The three species appear to be allopatric, at least in the southern part of their ranges. Sweltsa hoffmani is not currently known to geographically overlap the range of S. mediana and does so uncommonly with S. onkos in the northeastern portion of their ranges. Sweltsa mediana is known from the Carolinas to Tennessee and southwestern Virginia (Grubbs 2010; Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009; Surdick 2004), S. onkos from north of the Mt. Rogers area of Virginia into Atlantic Canada (Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009) and S. hoffmani is reportedly found from the unglaciated region of New York west through the Interior Plateau region in Indiana, and south to northwestern Alabama (Grubbs 2011; DeWalt & Grubbs 2011); the species is also reported from Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia (Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009). Larvae of these three species can be distinguished by length of the longest dorsal setae on mid-apical cercal segments. Those on S. onkos are about two segments in length, whereas those on S. hoffmani and S. mediana are generally less than 1.5 segments in length. Sweltsa hoffmani larvae are distinct from S. mediana and S. onkos in having the fore tibial fringe composed of short, sparse setae (Fig. 4) and from all eastern Sweltsa examined on the basis of the lack of intercalary setae on the metanotal wingpads (Fig. 2).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB4FC25FAE7FC1F365B.taxon	description	(Figs. 6 - 10)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB4FC25FAE7FC1F365B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♀ (Museum of Comparative Zoology), North Carolina, Black Mountains Material examined. NORTH CAROLINA: Avery Co.: Gragg Prong Lost Cove Creek, Rosenborough Road, 19 April 2007, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, D. Lenat, 2 ♂, 3 larvae (CSU). Macon Co.: Berties Falls, Wayah Bald, 23 May 1984, B. Stark, 3 ♂ (1 reared), 2 ♀, 3 pharate larvae (BPS). Rattlesnake Spring, Wayah Bald, 18 May 1983, B. Stark, 2 ♂, 1 pharate larva (BPS). Same site, 18 April 1981, J. S. Weaver, R. W. Holzenthal, 6 larvae (BPS). Robin Branch, Wayah Bald, 19 May 1983, B. Stark, 1 ♂, 1 larva (BPS). Yancey Co.: Mt. Mitchell State Park, 25 May 1994, B. Stark, S. W. Szczytko, J. Sandberg, 1 ♂, 1 larva (BPS). WEST VIRGINIA: Pocahontas Co.: Right Fork Tea Creek, 9 May 1986, K. W. Stewart, R. F. Kirchner, 2 ♂, 4 ♀ (reared) (KWS). Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Head with a slightly paler area forward of median ocellus and pronotum with slightly darker submarginal grooves. Pronotum bearing ca. 15 anterolateral setae and ca. 15 posterolateral setae near margin (Fig. 6); setal length variable but longest occur on posterolateral angles. Mesonotum bearing prominent setae scattered along outer margins from base to apex, and a few inner marginal setae are present above notch (Fig. 7). Metanotum with several thin intercalary setae on wingpad and outer and inner margins scattered around wingpad; apex of wingpad with long and interspersed short setae. Fore femora without fringe setae, tibiae sparsely fringed on outer margin (Fig. 8). Thick setae present along much of dorsal and ventral margins of femora and scattered on surface; tibiae bearing long thin setae interspersed within fringe setae on outer margin. Posterior abdominal fringe on tergum 8 with very thin setae between innermost long setae (Fig. 9); intercalary setae clustered in lateral group of ca. 10. Cerci with 15 - 16 segments (Fig. 10); each segmental whorl beyond segment 7 with 1 or 2 dorsal setae about two segments in length. Comments. Sweltsa lateralis is widely distributed throughout much of eastern North America (Surdick 2004). It is a common species of headwater seeps, rheocrenes and smaller streams of the higher Appalachians where it is often sympatric with all other eastern Nearctic Sweltsa. The male epiproct is generally similar to S. onkos, S. pocahontas Kirchner & Kondratieff and several other species, particularly in dorsal aspect (Surdick 2004), however the presence of a pair of basolateral lobes on the epiproct are unique to this species. Larvae of S. lateralis are similar to S. naica and S. onkos in having the longest dorsal cercal setae subequal to two segments in length, but differs from both in having the fore tibial fringe setae sparse and about half as long as the median outer marginal seta. The larvae of S. lateralis share more features with S. pocahontas than with other species examined, but the longest dorsal cercal setae for that species are about 1.5 times as long as the midapical segments. The combination of short tibial fine fringe setae (Fig. 9), few or no intercalary metanotal wingpad setae (Fig. 7), and the long dorsal cercal setae (Fig. 10) usually is sufficient to distinguish larvae. These characters, however, should be used with caution if larvae are immature or missing numerous cercal segments. Caution is also needed because larvae of two sympatric species, S. holstonensis Kondratieff & Kirchner and S. voshelli Kondratieff & Kirchner, are unknown.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB4FC25FAE7FC1F365B.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Head with a slightly paler area forward of median ocellus and pronotum with slightly darker submarginal grooves. Pronotum bearing ca. 15 anterolateral setae and ca. 15 posterolateral setae near margin (Fig. 6); setal length variable but longest occur on posterolateral angles. Mesonotum bearing prominent setae scattered along outer margins from base to apex, and a few inner marginal setae are present above notch (Fig. 7). Metanotum with several thin intercalary setae on wingpad and outer and inner margins scattered around wingpad; apex of wingpad with long and interspersed short setae. Fore femora without fringe setae, tibiae sparsely fringed on outer margin (Fig. 8). Thick setae present along much of dorsal and ventral margins of femora and scattered on surface; tibiae bearing long thin setae interspersed within fringe setae on outer margin. Posterior abdominal fringe on tergum 8 with very thin setae between innermost long setae (Fig. 9); intercalary setae clustered in lateral group of ca. 10. Cerci with 15 - 16 segments (Fig. 10); each segmental whorl beyond segment 7 with 1 or 2 dorsal setae about two segments in length.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C30FFB4FC25FAE7FC1F365B.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sweltsa lateralis is widely distributed throughout much of eastern North America (Surdick 2004). It is a common species of headwater seeps, rheocrenes and smaller streams of the higher Appalachians where it is often sympatric with all other eastern Nearctic Sweltsa. The male epiproct is generally similar to S. onkos, S. pocahontas Kirchner & Kondratieff and several other species, particularly in dorsal aspect (Surdick 2004), however the presence of a pair of basolateral lobes on the epiproct are unique to this species. Larvae of S. lateralis are similar to S. naica and S. onkos in having the longest dorsal cercal setae subequal to two segments in length, but differs from both in having the fore tibial fringe setae sparse and about half as long as the median outer marginal seta. The larvae of S. lateralis share more features with S. pocahontas than with other species examined, but the longest dorsal cercal setae for that species are about 1.5 times as long as the midapical segments. The combination of short tibial fine fringe setae (Fig. 9), few or no intercalary metanotal wingpad setae (Fig. 7), and the long dorsal cercal setae (Fig. 10) usually is sufficient to distinguish larvae. These characters, however, should be used with caution if larvae are immature or missing numerous cercal segments. Caution is also needed because larvae of two sympatric species, S. holstonensis Kondratieff & Kirchner and S. voshelli Kondratieff & Kirchner, are unknown.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB5FEAEFF72FB193581.taxon	description	(Figs. 11 - 15)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB5FEAEFF72FB193581.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♀ (Museum of Comparative Zoology), North Carolina, Black Mountain, North Fork of Swannanoa River Material examined. NORTH CAROLINA: Haywood Co.: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cataloochee River, 4 May 1985, K. W. Stewart, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, 7 ♂, 4 ♀, 7 larvae (KWS). TENNESSEE: Sevier Co.: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 2 mi below Newfound Gap Summit, 18 May 1993, B. Stark, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, 1 pharate larva. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Greenbriar Cove, 3 mi above Ranger Station, 17 May 1983, B. Stark, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 larva (BPS). Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 14 anterolateral setae and ca. 16 posterolateral setae near margin; posterolateral setal row extends to median suture (Fig. 11). Mesonotum bearing prominent setae scattered along outer margin from base to apex (Fig. 12), and a few inner marginal setae near notch. Metanotum with several outer marginal setae and a large grouping of intercalary setae on wingpad surface; apex of wingpads with interspersed long and short setae. Fore femora with a few fringe setae, tibiae sparsely fringed on outer surface (Fig. 13). Thick setae present on dorsal and ventral margins and a few scattered on femoral surface; tibiae bearing long thin setae and a row of short thick setae along outer margin. Posterior abdominal fringe on tergum 8 with a mixture of thin and thick setae between innermost long setae (Fig. 14); intercalary setae clustered in lateral group of ca. 7. Cerci with ca. 15 segments; long dorsal setae in segmental whorls about as long as 1.5 segments (Fig. 15). Comments. This southern Appalachian species is found in the upper Tennessee River drainage southward in the mountainous regions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (Surdick 2004) and earlier records from Alabama were recently assigned to S. hoffmani by Grubbs (2010). Generally S. mediana occurs in larger streams than S. lateralis, but they are known to be sympatric at numerous sites. Mature larvae of S. mediana are the only southern Appalachian Sweltsa species with a long tibial fine setal fringe (Fig. 14). See additional comments above for S. hoffmani.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB5FEAEFF72FB193581.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 8.0 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 14 anterolateral setae and ca. 16 posterolateral setae near margin; posterolateral setal row extends to median suture (Fig. 11). Mesonotum bearing prominent setae scattered along outer margin from base to apex (Fig. 12), and a few inner marginal setae near notch. Metanotum with several outer marginal setae and a large grouping of intercalary setae on wingpad surface; apex of wingpads with interspersed long and short setae. Fore femora with a few fringe setae, tibiae sparsely fringed on outer surface (Fig. 13). Thick setae present on dorsal and ventral margins and a few scattered on femoral surface; tibiae bearing long thin setae and a row of short thick setae along outer margin. Posterior abdominal fringe on tergum 8 with a mixture of thin and thick setae between innermost long setae (Fig. 14); intercalary setae clustered in lateral group of ca. 7. Cerci with ca. 15 segments; long dorsal setae in segmental whorls about as long as 1.5 segments (Fig. 15).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB5FEAEFF72FB193581.taxon	discussion	Comments. This southern Appalachian species is found in the upper Tennessee River drainage southward in the mountainous regions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (Surdick 2004) and earlier records from Alabama were recently assigned to S. hoffmani by Grubbs (2010). Generally S. mediana occurs in larger streams than S. lateralis, but they are known to be sympatric at numerous sites. Mature larvae of S. mediana are the only southern Appalachian Sweltsa species with a long tibial fine setal fringe (Fig. 14). See additional comments above for S. hoffmani.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB6FC37FE2BFB7F3282.taxon	description	(Figs. 16 - 20)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB6FC37FE2BFB7F3282.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (Quebec Provincial Museum), vicinity of Quebec City	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB6FC37FE2BFB7F3282.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NEWFOUNDLAND: Bowed Brook, Hwy 430, Bellburns, 5 June 1998, B. C. Kondratieff, R. W. Baumann, 13 ♂, 1 pharate larva (CSU). PENNSYLVANIA: Westmoreland Co., Powdermill Run, Powdermill Nature Reserve, 15 May 1993, S. A. Grubbs, 6 ♂, 2 ♀, 7 larval skins (WKU). Same site, 16 May 1993, S. A. Grubbs, 21 ♂, 13 ♀, 5 larval skins (WKU).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB6FC37FE2BFB7F3282.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 10 mm. General color brown, head darker over frons (Fig. 16). Pronotum bearing ca. 14 anterolateral setae and ca. 19 posterolateral setae near margin; posterolateral row extends to median suture. Mesonotum bearing ca. 13 prominent outer marginal setae and metanotum bearing ca. 17 prominent outer marginal setae (Fig. 17); intercalary surface of metanotal wingpad with numerous setae. Fore femora with numerous thick setae in basal half and along dorsal margin (Fig. 18); dorsal margin with a few fringe setae. Tibiae with outer fringe setae and inner row of thick setae. Posterior abdominal fringe on tergum 8 with median field occupied by a small group of thin setae, tergum 9 fringe with thick setae in median field (Fig. 19). Cerci with ca. 15 segments; long dorsal setae in segmental whorls about as long as 2 segments (Fig. 20); most apical segments with several long setae visible in profile.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C34FFB6FC37FE2BFB7F3282.taxon	discussion	Comments. The distinctive shoehorn shaped male epiproct for S. naica suggests it is not closely related to other eastern Nearctic members of the genus, however Surdick (2004) presents evidence which support the species being more closely related to members of the S. onkos complex than to S. oregonensis (Frison) or other western species with similar epiproct structure. Geographically, S. naica is known from West Virginia and Virginia, north through Atlantic Canada (Surdick 2004), where it is often sympatric with S. onkos and sometimes with S. lateralis. Larvae of S. naica are generally similar to those of S. onkos, particularly in sharing long dorsal cercal setae (Fig. 20) and long tibial fringe (Fig. 19), but pre-emergent larvae of the two are distinguished on the basis of abdominal and occipital pigment patterns. Sweltsa naica larvae are the only eastern Nearctic Sweltsa species known to have a dark frons and a relatively pale occipital area.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C37FFB8FC1AF92AFD923736.taxon	description	(Figs. 21 - 25)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C37FFB8FC1AF92AFD923736.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (Royal Ontario Museum), Ontario, Dufferin Co., Horning’s Mills, headwaters of Pine River Material examined. QUEBEC PROVINCE: Diable Parc, Mont-Tremblant, Lac Monroe, 8 June 1997, B. C. Kondratieff, R. W. Baumann, 20 ♂, 1 pharate larva (CSU). River Rems, north of Baie St. Paul, 9 June 1997, B. C. Kondratieff, R. W. Baumann, 13 ♂, 2 larval skins (CSU).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C37FFB8FC1AF92AFD923736.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 7.5 - 8.5 mm. General color brown, abdomen chestnut brown; body without distinctive pattern except underlying adult features in pharate individuals. Thorax and abdomen covered with abundant dark clothing hairs. Pronotum bearing ca. 20 anterolateral setae, and ca. 19 posterolateral setae; both rows extend to near median suture (Fig. 21). Mesonotum bearing ca. 13 outer marginal setae and a few inner marginal setae (Fig. 22). Foreleg with sparse femoral and more extensive tibial fringe setae; femora with ca. 5 long thick setae on dorsal margin and ca. 9 on ventral margin (Fig. 23); tibiae bearing 3 - 4 long thin outer marginal setae and ca. 5 inner marginal thick setae. Abdominal tergum 8 with posterior fringe complete; mesally fringe includes mixed thin and thick setae (Fig. 24); lateral intercalary setal cluster includes ca. 14 thick setae. Cerci with ca. 14 - 15 segments; long dorsal setae in apical segmental whorls about as long as two segments (Fig. 25).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C37FFB8FC1AF92AFD923736.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sweltsa onkos is a common species that occurs from Atlantic Canada, Newfoundland, Ontario and Quebec south to Virginia (Kondratieff & Kirchner 2009). Fiance (1977) provides a habitus drawing of larvae of this species and several figures showing setal arrangements for several larval body parts, based on material from Bear Brook, New Hampshire. These figures are in general agreement with our data derived from Quebec specimens, except the length of cercal setae appear shorter, the lateral pronotal setae much more extensive, and dorsal femoral fringe setae more numerous in Fiance’s (1977) illustrations. Larvae appear most similar to the sympatric S. naica but the meso and metanotum are densely covered with long clothing hairs (Fig. 22). See additional comments above for S. hoffmani, S. lateralis and S. naica.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFB8FEB6FCF2FC273752.taxon	description	(Figs. 26 - 30)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFB8FEB6FCF2FC273752.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (United States National Museum), West Virginia, Hardy Co., Lost River State Park Material examined. MARYLAND: Allegany Co.: Tributary Fifteenmile Creek, Fifteenmile Creek Rd, 13 May 1995, S. A. Grubbs, 2 ♂, 5 pharate larvae (WKU). Tributary Fifteenmile Creek, Treasure Rd, 13 May 1996, S. A. Grubbs, 16 ♂, 11 ♀, 3 pharate larvae. Spring, Sidling Hill Creek drainage, Swain Hollow Rd, 5 May 1996, S. A. Grubbs, 8 ♂, 4 ♀, 3 larvae (WKU). Tributary Maple River, Twigg Rd, 4 May 1996, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 8 pharate larvae (WKU). Mature larva. Body length 8.0 - 9.5 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 12 anterolateral setae and ca. 20 posterolateral setae along margins (Fig. 26); setal length variable but longest set near anterolateral and posterolateral angles. Mesonotum and metanotum with sparse row of long marginal setae; metanotum with ca. 3 - 5 erect intercalary setae beyond mesonotal apex (Fig. 27). Fore femora and tibiae with few fine fringe setae; tibiae bearing three long thin setae on outer margin (Fig. 28). Abdominal terga with ca. 6 long thin setae interspersed in posterior fringe and with few, mainly lateral intercalary setae on terga 8 - 9, tergum 10 without intercalary setae (Fig. 29). Cerci with ca. 17 segments (Fig. 30); each segmental whorl beyond ca. segment 10 with 1 or 2 dorsal setae about 1.5 segments in length. Comments. The known distribution of S. palearata currently includes sites in Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, primarily in the drainages of the upper Potomac and North and South Forks of the Shenandoah (Surdick 2004). Adult characters place this species as a close relative of S. pocahontas but larvae are more similar to S. hoffmani in having few, usually less than five intercalary setae on the metanotal wingpad. Among available specimens these species appear to differ in numbers of intercalary setae on tergum 10 with S. hoffmani usually having two and S. palearata usually with none.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFB8FEB6FCF2FC273752.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 8.0 - 9.5 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult pattern in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 12 anterolateral setae and ca. 20 posterolateral setae along margins (Fig. 26); setal length variable but longest set near anterolateral and posterolateral angles. Mesonotum and metanotum with sparse row of long marginal setae; metanotum with ca. 3 - 5 erect intercalary setae beyond mesonotal apex (Fig. 27). Fore femora and tibiae with few fine fringe setae; tibiae bearing three long thin setae on outer margin (Fig. 28). Abdominal terga with ca. 6 long thin setae interspersed in posterior fringe and with few, mainly lateral intercalary setae on terga 8 - 9, tergum 10 without intercalary setae (Fig. 29). Cerci with ca. 17 segments (Fig. 30); each segmental whorl beyond ca. segment 10 with 1 or 2 dorsal setae about 1.5 segments in length.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFB8FEB6FCF2FC273752.taxon	discussion	Comments. The known distribution of S. palearata currently includes sites in Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, primarily in the drainages of the upper Potomac and North and South Forks of the Shenandoah (Surdick 2004). Adult characters place this species as a close relative of S. pocahontas but larvae are more similar to S. hoffmani in having few, usually less than five intercalary setae on the metanotal wingpad. Among available specimens these species appear to differ in numbers of intercalary setae on tergum 10 with S. hoffmani usually having two and S. palearata usually with none.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFBAFC9AFC15FC493581.taxon	description	(Figs. 31 - 35)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFBAFC9AFC15FC493581.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (United States National Museum), West Virginia, Pocahontas Co., Monongahela National Forest, Right Fork of Tea Creek Material examined. MARYLAND: Garrett Co., Spring to Elk Lick Run, Westernport Rd, 1.7 mi upstream Savage River confluence, 17 May 1995, S. A. Grubbs, 2 ♀, 3 larvae (WKU). WEST VIRGINIA: Pocahontas Co.: North Fork Cherry River, Hwy 39 / 53, 17 May 1993, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, 8 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 pharate larvae (BCK). Mature larva. Body length 8.5 - 9.0 mm. General color brown, without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult features in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 16 anterolateral setae near margin and ca. 17 posterolateral setae (Fig. 31); both setal rows extend near median suture. Mesonotum bearing ca. 10 long outer marginal setae and an irregular submarginal row of ca. 6 setae beyond basal grouping (Fig. 32). Metanotum with numerous intercalary setae on wingpad and an outer marginal row of mostly short thick setae extending to apex of wingpad; a few inner marginal setae on meso and metanota. Fore femora with a sparse grouping of several fringe setae and a few long thick setae along dorsal margin (Fig. 33); additional thick setae on femoral surface and along ventral margin; fore tibiae fringed along outer margin and bearing three long outer setae and ca. 9 thick inner setae. Abdominal tergum 8 with posterior fringe incomplete mesally; lateral intercalary cluster includes ca. 12 setae (Fig. 34). Cerci with ca. 18 segments; long dorsal setae in apical segmental whorls about as long as 1.75 segments (Fig. 35). Comments. As Surdick (2004) noted, this species is restricted to the Ridge and Valley Province and Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia and Maryland. It is sympatric with S. lateralis and may also be sympatric with S. palearata. Larvae of S. lateralis and S. pocahontas generally occur in headwater seeps and rheocrenes. The two species can be distinguished on the basis of dorsal cercal setation length which in S. pocahontas is about as long as 1.5 cercal segments whereas in S. lateralis these setae are typically as long as two segments. Also the larvae of S. palearata may be distinguished from similar S. hoffmani by the absence of intercalary setae on tergum 10. See additional comments above for S. lateralis.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFBAFC9AFC15FC493581.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 8.5 - 9.0 mm. General color brown, without distinctive pigment pattern except underlying adult features in pharate individuals. Pronotum bearing ca. 16 anterolateral setae near margin and ca. 17 posterolateral setae (Fig. 31); both setal rows extend near median suture. Mesonotum bearing ca. 10 long outer marginal setae and an irregular submarginal row of ca. 6 setae beyond basal grouping (Fig. 32). Metanotum with numerous intercalary setae on wingpad and an outer marginal row of mostly short thick setae extending to apex of wingpad; a few inner marginal setae on meso and metanota. Fore femora with a sparse grouping of several fringe setae and a few long thick setae along dorsal margin (Fig. 33); additional thick setae on femoral surface and along ventral margin; fore tibiae fringed along outer margin and bearing three long outer setae and ca. 9 thick inner setae. Abdominal tergum 8 with posterior fringe incomplete mesally; lateral intercalary cluster includes ca. 12 setae (Fig. 34). Cerci with ca. 18 segments; long dorsal setae in apical segmental whorls about as long as 1.75 segments (Fig. 35).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C39FFBAFC9AFC15FC493581.taxon	discussion	Comments. As Surdick (2004) noted, this species is restricted to the Ridge and Valley Province and Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia and Maryland. It is sympatric with S. lateralis and may also be sympatric with S. palearata. Larvae of S. lateralis and S. pocahontas generally occur in headwater seeps and rheocrenes. The two species can be distinguished on the basis of dorsal cercal setation length which in S. pocahontas is about as long as 1.5 cercal segments whereas in S. lateralis these setae are typically as long as two segments. Also the larvae of S. palearata may be distinguished from similar S. hoffmani by the absence of intercalary setae on tergum 10. See additional comments above for S. lateralis.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C3AFFBCFEA6FF72FEF331B6.taxon	description	(Figs. 36 - 40)	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C3AFFBCFEA6FF72FEF331B6.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (Illinois Natural History Survey), North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Wild Cherry Branch Material examined. VIRGINIA: Smyth Co.: headwaters of Big Branch, Whitetop, Rt 600, 28 May 1983, B. C. Kondratieff, 4 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 pharate larvae (CSU). Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 7.5 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pattern except for pale median ocellar spot due to underlying features of pharate adult. Pronotum bearing ca. 14 anterolateral setae near margin and ca. 18 posterolateral setae (Fig. 36); posterolateral setal row extends to median suture. Mesonotum bearing ca. 12 long outer marginal setae and shorter marginal setae basally and near wingpad apex (Fig. 37); mesonotal surface with few intercalaries. Metanotum with numerous intercalary setae and a mixture of long and short outer marginal setae; several inner marginal setae occur on both meso and metanota. Fore femora with sparse fringe setae and a few long and short thick setae near dorsal margin (Fig. 38); ventral margin with few thick setae. Fore tibiae with sparse outer fringe made up of hairs much shorter than the three long, thick outer setae; inner margin with ca. five short thick setae. Abdominal tergum 8 with posterior fringe widely spaced mesally; lateral intercalary cluster includes ca. 18 setae (Fig. 39). Cerci with ca. 15 segments; long dorsal setae much more prominent than longest ventral setae through segment 10; longest setae only slightly longer than segment (Fig. 40). Comments. Sweltsa urticae is a southern Appalachian species recorded from higher elevation rheocrenes and streams of southwestern North Carolina into the Great Smoky Mountains and north to the Mount Rogers area in southwestern Virginia (Surdick 2004). It is sympatric with S. lateralis and S. mediana but is more closely related to S. holstonensis and S. voshelli in epiproct structure than to other members of the genus (Surdick 2004). Unfortunately, no larval material for either of these latter species is available. Mature larvae of S. urticae can usually be recognized by the combination of short tibial fine fringe setae (Fig. 34), metanotal wingpads with at least 10 intercalary setae (Fig. 32), and tergum 10 bearing about 10 - 12 intercalary setae in lateral clusters (Fig. 33). Larvae of the species are more similar to those of S. pocahontas than to other known eastern species, but the two appear distinct on the basis of number of intercalary setae on tergum 10 and in geographical distribution.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C3AFFBCFEA6FF72FEF331B6.taxon	description	Mature larva. Body length 7.0 - 7.5 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pattern except for pale median ocellar spot due to underlying features of pharate adult. Pronotum bearing ca. 14 anterolateral setae near margin and ca. 18 posterolateral setae (Fig. 36); posterolateral setal row extends to median suture. Mesonotum bearing ca. 12 long outer marginal setae and shorter marginal setae basally and near wingpad apex (Fig. 37); mesonotal surface with few intercalaries. Metanotum with numerous intercalary setae and a mixture of long and short outer marginal setae; several inner marginal setae occur on both meso and metanota. Fore femora with sparse fringe setae and a few long and short thick setae near dorsal margin (Fig. 38); ventral margin with few thick setae. Fore tibiae with sparse outer fringe made up of hairs much shorter than the three long, thick outer setae; inner margin with ca. five short thick setae. Abdominal tergum 8 with posterior fringe widely spaced mesally; lateral intercalary cluster includes ca. 18 setae (Fig. 39). Cerci with ca. 15 segments; long dorsal setae much more prominent than longest ventral setae through segment 10; longest setae only slightly longer than segment (Fig. 40).	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
AF5E87AC2C3AFFBCFEA6FF72FEF331B6.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sweltsa urticae is a southern Appalachian species recorded from higher elevation rheocrenes and streams of southwestern North Carolina into the Great Smoky Mountains and north to the Mount Rogers area in southwestern Virginia (Surdick 2004). It is sympatric with S. lateralis and S. mediana but is more closely related to S. holstonensis and S. voshelli in epiproct structure than to other members of the genus (Surdick 2004). Unfortunately, no larval material for either of these latter species is available. Mature larvae of S. urticae can usually be recognized by the combination of short tibial fine fringe setae (Fig. 34), metanotal wingpads with at least 10 intercalary setae (Fig. 32), and tergum 10 bearing about 10 - 12 intercalary setae in lateral clusters (Fig. 33). Larvae of the species are more similar to those of S. pocahontas than to other known eastern species, but the two appear distinct on the basis of number of intercalary setae on tergum 10 and in geographical distribution.	en	Stark, Bill P., Kondratieff, Boris C., Kirchner, Ralph F., Stewart, Kenneth W. (2011): Larvae Of Eight Eastern North American Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia 7 (4): 51-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760403
