identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
94578784B622FFAD24FAFCC7FEFDA8C0.text	94578784B622FFAD24FAFCC7FEFDA8C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phanoperla nana Zwick 1982	<div><p>Phanoperla nana Zwick</p> <p>(Figs. 7-12)</p> <p>Phanoperla nana Zwick 1982a:100. Holotype ♂ (Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien), Peradeniya, [Central Province, Kandy District], Ceylon [Sri Lanka]</p> <p>Material examined. SRI LANKA: Matale District, Kibissa, 0.5 miles W Sigiriya Jungle, 28 June-4 July 1978, K. V. Krombein, P.B. Karunaratne, T. Wijesinhe, V. Kulasekare, 1♀ (USNM). Ratnapura District, Uggalkaltota, 23-26 June 1978, K. V. Krombein, P.B. Karunaratne, T. Wijesinhe, L. Jayawickrema, N. Karanaratne, 3♂, 8♀ (USNM).</p> <p>Egg. Outline oval with broadly rounded anterior pole (Fig. 7). Length ca. 318-330 μm, equatorial width ca. 230-240 μm. Collar ca. 18-22 μm long and ca. 55-63 μm wide, margin slightly flanged and irregularly incised, sides covered with two rows of irregular meshes (Figs. 9, 11). Globular anchor subtended by a ring of grape-like clusters of small globular bodies and supported on a long, slender pedicel (Fig. 11). Chorion with shallow, obscure pits over entire surface (Figs. 9-10); follicle cell impressions enclose pits in the chorionic zone adjacent to the collar (Fig. 8), but are not evident over most of surface. Micropyles with slanted, almost circular orifices, without elongate sperm guides (Fig. 12); micropylar row subequatorial.</p> <p>Comments. The anchor on the eggs of these specimens is consistent with that of P. nana (compare Fig. 11 with Fig. 8e in Zwick 1982a) and the female is small, has widely separated ocelli, and the subgenital plate is undeveloped. Zwick’s (1982a) comment on the P. nana egg chorion indicates the surface is “…very finely and densely punctate…” and in the egg image presented (Fig. 8e) there are no follicle cell impressions shown or mentioned in the description. Our figures show a small zone of follicle cell impressions surrounding the collar (Figs. 8-9), and a surface that is covered throughout with obscure pits. Consequently, these specimens might represent an undescribed sibling species in the P. nana -group, but because the aedeagus of males associated with the females at the Uggalkaltota site are consistent with the descriptions of P. nana provided by Zwick (1982a), we accept these females as the probable females of P. nana.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94578784B622FFAD24FAFCC7FEFDA8C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mason, Denise;Stark, Bill P.	Mason, Denise, Stark, Bill P. (2015): Notes On The Genus Phanoperla Banks From Sri Lanka And India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 11 (4): 29-40, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760908
94578784B624FFAF265BFC3EFCBBAEC3.text	94578784B624FFAF265BFC3EFCBBAEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phanoperla peniculus Kawai 1968	<div><p>Phanoperla peniculus Kawai</p> <p>(Figs. 13-20)</p> <p>Phanoperla peniculus Kawai 1968:115.</p> <p>Holotype ♂ (Limnologische Flussstation, Max-Planck-Instituts für Limnologie), Hogenakal Fall, Cauvery River, Madras, India</p> <p>Phanoperla peniculus: Zwick, 1982a:106. Redescription</p> <p>Material examined. INDIA: Karnataka, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.075615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.489767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.075615/lat 13.489767)">Agumbe Ghats</a>, 13 ° 29.386’N, 75 ° 04.537’E, 9 October 2004, light trap, G. Svenson, 33♂, 24♀ (BYUC). Same site, 11 October 2004, canopy light trap, G. Svenson, 24♂, 11♀ (BYUC). Same site, 10-11 May 2004, canopy light trap, G. Svenson, 1♂ (BYUC).</p> <p>Adult habitus. General color pale with pale brown markings; color white in alcohol. Head with a small brown area between ocelli, a small, median, curved, brown marking is present on the anterior frons and lappets and antennae are pale brown (Fig. 19). Pronotum with anterior, posterior and median sutures dark brown; disc with a narrow brown band along median suture and additional irregular brown markings on most of disc. Femora pale yellow-brown; tibiae pale brown. Wing membrane transparent; veins brown except C and Sc pale.</p> <p>Putative Female. Forewing length 8-9 mm. Subgenital plate bilobed with U-shaped notch between lateral lobes (Fig. 20). Sternum 8 relatively hairy; posterior margin and subgenital plate lobes with long setae; area anterior to subgenital plate bearing a thick patch of shorter setae. Sternum 9 with sparse setation; minute hairs present in a dense patch between projecting subgenital plate lobes.</p> <p>Egg. Outline oval. Length ca. 300-310 μm, equatorial width ca. 250-265 μm (Fig. 13). Collar short, ca. 12 μ long and ca. 72 μm wide (Fig. 18). Anchor medusa-like with short tentacle-like processes in clusters around the margins (Figs. 14, 17); hexagonal imprints visible in membrane of anchor Fig. 17), but globular bodies absent (perhaps removed during ultrasonic cleaning). Chorion covered throughout with large, ca. 8-9 μm diameter pores (Figs. 13, 15), arranged in curved rows of ca. 15-16 pores between collar and base of lid; pores slightly smaller near collar and on lid. Micropyles not observed.</p> <p>Comments. In addition to the holotype, Kawai’s (1968) type series of this species includes a male and female paratype from the type locality and a paratype male from Chiengmai Province, Thailand. Zwick (1982a) discovered the aedeagus was missing for the paratype from India, and that the Thai specimen represents an entirely different species, P. simplex Zwick 1982a. Zwick (1982a) also reported another male specimen from Bhadravati, Mysore, India, and stated Jewett’s (1975) records of this species from Assam, Thailand and Malaysia were in error. In the light trap material provided by the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, this is the only Phanoperla species represented among more than 50 male specimens collected in the Agumbe Ghats of southern India. A single species is also represented among the female specimens in these samples and we consider it the probable true female for this species. Adult males and females correspond in the obscure color pattern available, in size, and the large sample size comprised of only one type of male and one type of female. Although these data are inconclusive they do support the association.</p> <p>21</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94578784B624FFAF265BFC3EFCBBAEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mason, Denise;Stark, Bill P.	Mason, Denise, Stark, Bill P. (2015): Notes On The Genus Phanoperla Banks From Sri Lanka And India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 11 (4): 29-40, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760908
94578784B626FFA02659F9EEFD5FAFA8.text	94578784B626FFA02659F9EEFD5FAFA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phanoperla testacea (Hagen 1858)	<div><p>Phanoperla testacea (Hagen)</p> <p>(Fig. 21)</p> <p>Perla testacea Hagen 1858:475.</p> <p>Lectotype ♂, designation Zwick, 1982a, (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Ceylon [Sri Lanka]</p> <p>Phanoperla testacea: Zwick, 1982a:115</p> <p>Material examined. SRI LANKA: Kandy District,</p> <p>Kabaragala, Millomalai, 22-23 March 1975, S. Karunaratne, P.B. Karunaratne, 1♂ (USNM). Nuwara Eliya District, Kande-ela, 14 March 1973, Baumann, Cross, 1♂ (USNM). Nuwara Eliya District, stream below Lover’s Leap, 2 April 1979, M.D. Hubbard, T. Wigesiuhe, 2♂ (USNM). Nuwara Eliya District, Horton Plains, 5 April 1978, M.D. Hubbard, T. Wigesiuhe, 1♂ (USNM).</p> <p>Comments. The P. testacea -group proposed by Zwick (1982a) includes six formally recognized species and two recognized by informal designation (Table 1). Zwick (1982a) noted the male “…Ceylonese members of this group, the testacea -group sensu stricto, are the most difficult species in the genus…” to distinguish. He further indicated that specimens of females with eggs are essential for species recognition in the group. All specimens of P. testacea and P. wedda (see below) in this sample were consistent in lacking a sternal brush on segment 8, and in having one on segment 7 (Fig. 21), but the number of Rs veins, the details of the median patch of sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 and the aedeagal features varied, at least subtly, as detailed by Zwick (1982a). It seemed probable, given the number of male specimens we examined from sites where female specimens of P. wedda dominate, that Zwick’s (1982a) indication, regarding the presence of sternal brushes on male abdominal segment 8 for Sri Lankan members of the testacea- group, might be in error. This has been confirmed now for small samples of P. limosa, P. srilanka, P. testacea and P. wedda (P. Zwick, pers. com., and our observations). Unfortunately, we have not had an opportunity to check this character for specimens of P. ceylonica, consequently we have not included this species in our revised key (below) to Sri Lankan and Indian Phanoperla males.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94578784B626FFA02659F9EEFD5FAFA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mason, Denise;Stark, Bill P.	Mason, Denise, Stark, Bill P. (2015): Notes On The Genus Phanoperla Banks From Sri Lanka And India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 11 (4): 29-40, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760908
94578784B629FFA0264DFA90FBBAAC30.text	94578784B629FFA0264DFA90FBBAAC30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phanoperla wedda Zwick 1982	<div><p>Phanoperla wedda Zwick</p> <p>(Figs. 22-27)</p> <p>Phanoperla wedda Zwick 1982a:118.</p> <p>Holotype ♂ (United States National Museum), Hasalaka Oya, Kandy District, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]</p> <p>Material examined. SRI LANKA: Matale District, Kibissa, 0.5 miles W of Sigiriya Jungle, 28 June-4 July 1978, K. V. Krombein, 7♂, 7♀ (USNM). Ratnapura District, Balihyloya, 9-10 April 1978, M.D. Hubbard, T. Wijesinhe, 1♀ (USNM). Uggalkaltota, 23-26 June 1978, K. V. Krombein, P.B. Karunaratne, T. Wijesinhe, L. Jayawickrema, N. Karanaratne, 29♂, 15♀ (USNM).</p> <p>Egg. Spindle shaped. Length ca. 364-381 μm, equatorial width ca. 270-280 μm (Fig. 22). Collar ca. 25-29 μm long and ca. 102-114 μm wide, margin slightly flanged and irregularly incised (Figs. 23-24 μm), sides bearing a series of thick vertical ridges (ca. 10 in lateral aspect); ridges continue onto body of egg for ca. 142 μm, forming a series of narrow striae, subtended on each side by a row of punctations; broad sulci between striae without punctations (Figs. 22-23, 26). Mesal chorionic zone (ca. 178 μm wide) consists of rather widely spaced coarse pits which extend over micropylar row and become somewhat finer beyond micropyles (Fig. 25). Lid covered with follicle cell impressions, most containing five pits. Micropylar orifices circular, without prominent sperm guides (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Comments. The scanning electron micrographs provide a few subtle chorionic details not observed in Zwick’s (1982a) description. These include, 1) the extension of chorionic striae (or “ribs”) onto the collar (Fig. 8), 2) the presence of FCIs on the lid, and 3) continuation of the fine punctations to the base of lid (not shown in Zwick’s Fig. 24c, but noted in his description as “…punctures, very fine along otherwise invisible suture of lid;…”). Although the egg appears distinctive among the Sri Lankan species, several species (e.g. P. huang Sivec &amp; Stark 2010b; P. magnaspina Sivec &amp; Stark 2011; P. uchida Sivec &amp; Stark 2010b) from other areas have eggs with a mixture of similar chorionic striae and punctations (Sivec &amp; Stark 2010b; 2011). The common occurrence of this egg pattern in other species groups raises the question of whether the two named species in the testacea -group with unknown females (P. ceylonica, P. srilanka) might have eggs similar enough to those of P. wedda (also included in this group) to go undetected. We have examined at least one egg from every female listed above with light microscopy and have examined several eggs (ca. 10) from each of 10 females with SEM. No significant variation of the chorionic pattern has been detected but additional samples are needed from more localities to test this hypothesis.</p> <p>The following key is modified from that of Zwick (1982a) but includes only males of species known from India and Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan Plecopteran fauna is completely endemic, consequently the initial couplet is based on geographic separation.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94578784B629FFA0264DFA90FBBAAC30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mason, Denise;Stark, Bill P.	Mason, Denise, Stark, Bill P. (2015): Notes On The Genus Phanoperla Banks From Sri Lanka And India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 11 (4): 29-40, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760908
94578784B62BFFA327A4FF60FCF1AACF.text	94578784B62BFFA327A4FF60FCF1AACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phanoperla	<div><p>Key to Males of Phanoperla Species Known from India and Sri Lanka</p> <p>(P. ceylonica not included)</p> <p>1 Known from Sri Lanka ………………………… 2</p> <p>1’ Known from India ……………………………... 8</p> <p>2 Hair brushes absent from abdominal sterna ………………...……………………………. nuwara</p> <p>2’ Hair brush present on at least abdominal sternum 7 (Fig. 21) ……………………...………. 3</p> <p>3 Rs vein with 2 branches (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 1e) …………………………….………………….…… 4</p> <p>3’ Rs vein with 3-4 branches …………………...…. 6</p> <p>4 Everted aedeagal sac with at least one linear subapical grouping of large black spines (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 8d); median sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 united into a single patch (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 8a).………………………..……... nana</p> <p>4’ Everted aedeagal sac without linear groupings of large black spines; median sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 form a pair of narrow elongate patches (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 21b)..……………… 5</p> <p>5 Abdominal sternum 6 with a weak hair brush, significantly smaller than the one on sternum 7; basolateral armature on everted aedeagal sac consists of spines slightly larger than those on sac apex (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 23d); ventrobasal margin of everted sac without a protruding, bag-like lobe ……………………………….. wedda</p> <p>5’ Abdominal sternum 6 without hair brush; basolateral armature on everted aedeagal sac consists of spines distinctly longer than those on sac apex (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 23g); ventrobasal margin of everted sac bears a protruding, baglike lobe ………………………..… limosa (in part)</p> <p>6 Median sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 form a pair of narrow elongate patches (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 21b).…………………………. limosa (in part)</p> <p>6’ Median sensilla basiconica on tergum 9 form a single, often V-shaped patch (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 21a).………………………………………….…… 7</p> <p>7 Basolateral armature on everted aedeagal sac forms a long, slender, conspicuously rectangular patch (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 22d); dorsum of everted sac lacks a small membranous lobe located near distal end of basolateral spine patch ……………..…… srilanka</p> <p>7’ Basolateral armature on everted aedeagal sac forms an obscure, small patch of minute spines Zwick 1982a, Fig. 22b); dorsum of everted sac bears a small membranous lobe near distal end of basolateral spine patch...…………….. testacea</p> <p>8 Hair brushes on abdominal sterna 4-5 well developed, but absent on sternum 7..………………………………………..… sertispina</p> <p>8’ Hair brushes absent from abdominal sterna 4-5, but usually well developed on sternum 7 (Fig. 21).………………………………………….….…. 9</p> <p>9 Rs vein with 3-4 branches.………..….. maindroni</p> <p>9’ Rs vein with 2 branches (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 1e) ……………………...……………..……….….…. 10</p> <p>10 Aedeagal tube bearing a prominent, sclerotized pair of ventroapical horns (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 7a)...………………………………………….… cornuta</p> <p>10’ Aedeagal tube without sclerotized ventroapical horns ………………………….…………….…... 11</p> <p>11 Subapical area of everted aedeagal sac armed, in part, with one or more discrete linear or circumlinear patches of very large black spines (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 9a).....................................… 12</p> <p>11’ Largest spines of subapical area of everted aedeagal sac not extremely enlarged, or forming discretely isolated linear patches (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 25a, g) …………………………………........ 14</p> <p>12 Largest black spines on everted aedeagal sac form a complete, irregularly double, subapical ring (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 9a) ………………... parva</p> <p>12’ Largest black spines on everted aedeagal sac not organized into a complete ring...………... 13</p> <p>13 Largest black spines on everted aedeagal sac form a single, almost complete subapical row (Zwick 1982a, 6d); aedeagal sac without a membranous dorsal finger-like lobe …………………………………………. himalayana</p> <p>13’ Largest black spines on everted aedeagal sac form three widely separated subapical, linear groupings (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 13c); aedeagal sac bearing a membranous, dorsal finger-like lobe..………………………………………….. peniculus</p> <p>14 Apical region of everted aedeagal sac bulbshaped and densely armed with multiple rows of spines which decrease regularly in size approaching apex (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 25d); tube surrounding basal part of sac bears four lobes armed with minute spicules.…………… schmidi</p> <p>14’ Apical region of everted aedeagal sac not bulbshaped and spines not organized in welldefined rows (Zwick 1982a, Fig. 25g); tube apex without lobes ……………….…………… amorpha</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94578784B62BFFA327A4FF60FCF1AACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mason, Denise;Stark, Bill P.	Mason, Denise, Stark, Bill P. (2015): Notes On The Genus Phanoperla Banks From Sri Lanka And India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 11 (4): 29-40, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760908
