taxonID	type	description	language	source
0380FE17FF89FFE4FEB1B76431C5FC0A.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 27)	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF89FFE4FEB1B76431C5FC0A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratype ♂ and ♀, U. S. A., New York: Tompkins Co., Ithaca, April 1922, no collector indicated (INHS); Canada, Ontario: Grey Co., spring, Inglish Falls, Owen Sound, 4 May 1986, B. J. Sinclair and S. A. Marshall, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BYU); Wentworth Co., spring, Webster Falls, Dundas, 12 April 1986, B. J. Sinclair, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (BYU); Quebec: tributary of Riviere Jean Larose, Mont Sainte Anne Park, 9 June 1997, C. R. Nelson, R. W. Baumann and B. C. Kondratieff, 2 ♂ (BYU). USA, Illinois: Vermillion Co., seep, Forest Glen County Forest Preserve, 15 April 1996, B. C. Kondratieff, B. O. Huntsman and R. W. Baumann, 2 ♂, 7 ♀ (BYU); Forest Glen County Forest Preserve, 21 – 27 April 1977, D. W. Webb, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (INHS); same but 3 March 2001, R. E. DeWalt, 6 ♂, 1 ♀, 7 nymphs (INHS); Indiana: Crawford Co., tributary to Otter Creek, Yellow Birches Ravine Nature Preserve, 25 March 2003, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (WKU); Montgomery Co., Shades State Park, 16 March 1958, H. H. Ross and C. O. Mohr, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (INHS); Orange Co., spring into Youngs Creek, 20 February 2006, S. A. Grubbs, 2 ♂, (WKU); Parke Co., seep, Turkey Run State Park, 23 March 1975, R. W. Baumann and O. S. Flint, 11 ♂, 11 ♀ (BYU); Vermillion Co., seep into unnamed tributary to Little Vermillion River, 12 March 2005, S. A. Grubbs and R. E. DeWalt, 2 ♂ (WKU); Iowa: Dubuque Co., seep into Middle Fork Maquoketa River, 4 April 2004 (reared), D. P. Heimdal, 1 ♂ (UI); Kentucky: Adair Co., spring into unnamed tributary to Sulphur Creek, 10 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 4 ♂, 7 ♀ (WKU); Spout Spring Branch, Green River, 10 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 7 ♂, 10 ♀ (WKU); Allen Co., tributary to Garrett Creek, 3 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 5 ♂, 3 ♀ (WKU); Barren Co., spring into Skaggs Creek, Brigadoon State Nature Preserve, 17 February 2001, S. A. Grubbs, 8 ♂, 8 ♀ (WKU); Breathitt Co., Upper Clemons Fork, 21 February 2004, S. A. Grubbs, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (WKU); Green Co., spring into Little Brush Creek, 13 – 24 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and C. Boswell, 2 ♂, 5 ♀ (reared) (WKU); Harlan Co., tributary to Brownies Creek, 21 March 2002, Shillalah Creek Wildlife Management Area, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (WKU); Hart Co., spring into Lynn Camp Creek, 23 March 2004, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, 5 ♀ (WKU); McCreary Co., spring into South Fork Cumberland River, Big South Fork Recreation Area, 18 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (WKU); Rockcastle Co., (sic), Disputanta (sic), 21 – 27 March 1964, J. M. Campbell, 2 ♂ (INHS); Maryland: Allegany Co., tributary to Sideling Hill Creek, Sideling Hill Creek, Green Ridge State Forest, 17 March 1996, S. A. Grubbs, 2 ♂ (WKU); tributaries to Fifteenmile Creek, Green Ridge State Forest, 17 March 1996, S. A. Grubbs, 5 ♂, 3 ♀ (WKU); tributaries to Black Sulphur Run, Green Ridge State Forest, 7 March 1997, S. A. Grubbs, 8 ♂, 6 ♀ (WKU); tributary to Maple Run, Green Ridge State Forest, 7 March 1997, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, (WKU); tributary to Purslane Run, Green Ridge State Forest, 7 March 1997, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, (WKU); tributary to Trading Run, Green Ridge State Forest, 7 March 1997, S. A. Grubbs, 4 ♂, 2 ♀ (WKU); Massachusetts: Berkshire Co., brooklet, October Mountain State Forest, 27 April 1991, R. W. Baumann and M. F. Whiting, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BYU); Franklin Co., Sunderland Reservoir, Sunderland, 9 May 1964, C. H. Nelson, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (BYU); Worcester Co., Shaw Brook, Leicester, 22 April 1969, L. M. Potter, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (BYU); Michigan: Benzie Co., Platte River, 10 May 1940, T. H. Frison and H. H. Ross, 1 ♂ (INHS); Mason Co., Big South Branch Pere Marquette River, Manistee National Forest, 26 May 1998, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 2 ♂ (WKU); Montmorency Co., Hunt Creek, 14 April 1939, J. W. Leonard, 1 ♂ (INHS); New Hampshire: Grafton Co., Lebanon, 22 April 1973, R. Grey, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BYU); New York: Cortland Co., Kenney Brook, north of Truxton, 6 May 1991, R. W. Baumann and S. A. Wells, 5 ♂, 11 ♀ (BYU); Hamilton Co., Alder Brook, east of Hoffmeister, 4 June 1997, R. W. Baumann and B. C. Kondratieff, 1 ♂ (BYU); Tompkins Co., Ithaca, April (no year indicated), no collector indicated, 1 ♂ (INHS); Ohio: Ashland Co., seep to Hog Hollow Clear Fork Mohican River, 12 March 1990, R. F. Kirchner and R. W. Baumann, 2 ♂ (RFK); seep joining Hog Hollow Creek, Mohican State Park, 13 March 1990, R. W. Baumann and R. F. Kirchner, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (BYU); Pennsylvania: Beaver Co., spring into Traverse Creek, Raccoon Creek State Park, 9 – 24 April 1999, S. A. Grubbs, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (WKU); spring joining Traverse Creek, Raccoon Creek State Park, 20 March 1975, R. W. Baumann and O. S. Flint Jr., 10 ♂, 10 ♀ (BYU); stream below Frankfort Mineral Springs, Hwy 18, 20 March 1975, R. W. Baumann and O. S. Flint Jr., 1 ♂ (BYU); Blair Co., Brush Mountain, 14 March 1987, S. Bonta, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (BYU); Erie Co., tributary of Conneaut Creek, 13 April 1980, B. Travis, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BYU); Butler Co., spring into unnamed tributary to Connoquenessing Creek, 20 April 1999, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂, 5 ♀ (WKU); Venango Co., seep, Drake Well State Park, Titusville, 21 April 1979, R. W. Baumann and E. C. Masteller, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (BYU); Warren Co., Hemlock Creek, 22 April 1979, R. W. Baumann and O. S. Flint Jr., 1 ♂ (BYU); seep, Kinzua Dam, 22 April 1979, R. W. Baumann and O. S. Flint, 9 ♂, 10 ♀ (BYU); Tennessee: Cannon Co., spring into East Fork Stones River, 7 March 2004, S. A. Grubbs, 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (WKU); Virginia: Wythe Co., East Fork of Stony Fork Reed Creek, 24 February 1976, R. F. Kirchner, 2 ♂ (RFK); West Virginia: Logan Co., Frogtown Hollow of Copperas Mine Fork, 11 March 1975, R. F. Kirchner, 2 ♂ (RFK). Male. Forewing length 7.0 – 7.5 mm; body length 6.0 – 6.5 mm. General body color dark brown; legs dark brown. Wings fumose with darker area near cord; venation typical for genus with veins A 1 and A 2 united near margin. Gills absent. Seventh abdominal tergum distinctly upturned distally into a slightly, but broadly, incised bilobed process. Eighth abdominal tergum also distally upturned, but as a low convex ridge lower in profile than the seventh tergum. Cerci small, membranous, single‐ segmented. Hypoproct well‐ developed, with broad base covering most of ninth abdominal sternum and apex narrowing to a pointed, lightly‐ sclerotized tip. Epiproct moderately short; apex width subequal to basal width, typical bilateral asymmetry with right half noticeably longer; ventral sclerites long and narrow, covered with spines on outer margins throughout length (Figs. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25); dorsal sclerite lightly sclerotized and densely covered by tooth‐ like scales throughout length, ending in broadly‐ rounded, separated tips, open throughout apical half, revealing darkly‐ sclerotized inner structure which terminates as blunt hook‐ like structures with subterminal bolt‐ like knobs; lateral sclerite long and thin, extending near epiproct base for approximately 4 / 5 of dorsal sclerite length; basal sclerite broadly triangular in shape. Paraproct with two lobes; inner lobes small, narrow, and lightly sclerotized; outer lobes enlarged, darkly sclerotized, broadest at base, narrowed markedly at midlength to slightly concave or convex apical portion, inner and outer shoulders rounded, with outer shoulder raised slightly above inner shoulder (Figs. 2 – 3, 5 – 6, 8 – 9, 11 – 12, 14 – 15, 17 – 18, 20 – 21, 23 – 24, 26 – 27). Female. Forewing length 7.5 – 9.0 mm; body length 6.0 – 8.0 mm. Body, leg, and wing coloration similar to male. Subgenital plate well‐ developed; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; apical portion darker than basal portion and ending in broadly‐ round tip.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF89FFE4FEB1B76431C5FC0A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Morphological features of S. vallicularia have been provided by numerous authors, namely Wu (1923), Needham & Claassen (1925), and Hitchcock (1974). The apical portion of the outer paraproct lobe of S. vallicularia narrows markedly beyond the bulbous base to yield the “ flask ” shape (i. e. Hitchcock 1974). The flask‐ like shape of the paraproct was illustrated both by Needham & Claassen (1925, Fig. 3) and Hitchcock (1974, Fig. 137) somewhat differently, yet little variation exists in either the shape or size of this structure across the broad range of this species. Slightly different rotational aspects accounted for variability of the appearance of the paraprocts both within and between populations.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE4FEB6B54F34F5FBA2.taxon	description	(Figs. 28 – 31)	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE4FEB6B54F34F5FBA2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♂ and paratype ♀, U. S. A., Williamson Co., spring into Pinewood Branch, Leipers Fork, West Fork Harpeth River, 4 km W Leipers Fork, 15 March 2003, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King (INHS); Paratypes, Tennessee: Cheatham Co., spring into unnamed tributary to Harpeth River, 6 km W Ashland City, 1 March 2003, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 2 ♂, 5 ♀ (WKU); Sumner Co., spring into Liggett Branch, Station Camp Creek, 6 km SE White House, 1 March 2003, S. A. Grubbs and D. E. King, 6 ♂, 8 ♀ (WKU, BYU, INHS); Williamson Co., same as holotype, 1 ♂, 4 ♀ (WKU).	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE4FEB6B54F34F5FBA2.taxon	description	Male. Forewing length 7.0 – 7.5 mm; body length 5.0 – 5.5 mm. Body color, wings, absence of gills, cerci, hypoproct, and epiproct (Fig. 28) as in S. vallicularia. Paraproct with two lobes; inner lobes small, narrow, and lightly sclerotized; outer lobes noticeably robust and enlarged, darkly sclerotized, broadest at base, narrowed very slightly at distal fourth, apical portion with slightly convex tip, inner and outer shoulders rounded, with outer shoulder raised slightly above inner shoulder (Figs. 29 – 30). Female. Forewing length 7.5 – 9.0 mm; body length 5.0 – 7.0 mm. Body, leg, and wing coloration similar to male. Subgenital plate well‐ developed; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; apical portion darker than basal portion and ending in broadly‐ rounded to moderately‐ pointed tip (Fig. 31). Diagnosis. Soyedina alexandria is distinguished from S. vallicularia by the outline of the outer lobe of the paraproct. Although moderately variable in shape, the outer paraproct lobe of S. vallicularia is much narrower in lateral profile than the robust shape exhibited by S. alexandria. The apical portion of the epiproct of S. alexandria is much broader than S. vallicularia. Both the epiprocts and the female subgenital plates of S. alexandria and S. vallicularia are inseparable. The SEM micrograph of the subgenital plate of S. alexandria shows that while this structure may appear more pointed in some specimens, this is simply a manifestation of the outer margins sometimes folding under the plate. Etymology. Soyedina alexandria is named in honor of my daughter Alexandria Arlene.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE4FEB6B54F34F5FBA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Soyedina alexandria is distinguished from S. vallicularia by the outline of the outer lobe of the paraproct. Although moderately variable in shape, the outer paraproct lobe of S. vallicularia is much narrower in lateral profile than the robust shape exhibited by S. alexandria. The apical portion of the epiproct of S. alexandria is much broader than S. vallicularia. Both the epiprocts and the female subgenital plates of S. alexandria and S. vallicularia are inseparable. The SEM micrograph of the subgenital plate of S. alexandria shows that while this structure may appear more pointed in some specimens, this is simply a manifestation of the outer margins sometimes folding under the plate.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE4FEB6B54F34F5FBA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Soyedina alexandria is named in honor of my daughter Alexandria Arlene.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE7FC3BB5273553FA8E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♂ and paratype ♀, U. S. A., Kentucky: Hart Co., small spring‐ fed stream, 7.5 km NW Bonnieville, 2 – 6 March 2000, S. A. Grubbs and J. M. Ferguson (reared) (INHS); Paratypes, same as holotype but 9 March 2000, S. A. Grubbs and J. M. Ferguson, 1 ♂, 7 ♀ (reared) (WKU); 2 April 2000, S. A. Grubbs and J. M. Ferguson, 1 ♂, (reared) (WKU); same but 4 ‐ 19 March 2001, S. A. Grubbs and J. M. Ferguson, 11 ♂, 12 ♀ (reared) (WKU, BYU); same but 15 February 2003, S. A. Grubbs and J. M. Ferguson, 1 ♂ (WKU); same but 27 February 2003, S. A. Grubbs, 1 ♂ (WKU); same but 20 February 2004, J. M. Butler, 1 ♂ (WKU); Male. Forewing length 7.0 – 7.5 mm; body length 6.0 – 6.5 mm. Body color, wings, absence of gills, cerci, hypoproct, and epiproct (Fig. 32) as in S. vallicularia. Paraproct with two lobes; inner lobes small, narrow, and lightly sclerotized; outer lobes enlarged, darkly sclerotized and robust, broadest at base, narrowed noticeably at distal third, both inner and outer portions concave; apical portion constricted toward concave tip, inner and outer shoulders rounded, with outer shoulder raised slightly above inner shoulder (Figs. 33 – 35). Female. Forewing length 7.5 – 9.0 mm; body length 6.0 – 8.0 mm. Body, leg, and wing coloration similar to male. Subgenital plate well‐ developed; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; apical portion darker than basal portion and ending in broadly‐ round tip (Fig. 36).	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE7FC3BB5273553FA8E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Soyedina calcarea is differentiated from both S. alexandria and S. vallicularia by the shape of the outer paraproctal lobe. The compact, robust paraproct with the concave tip of S. calcarea is easily distinguished from the narrow, flask‐ like paraproct of S. vallicularia. The combination of the concave tip and the noticeably concave inner and outer margins of the paraproct of S. calcarea are also readily distinguished from S. alexandria. With S. alexandria the paraproct lobe is only faintly concave along both the inner and outer margins and the tip is straight or slightly convex. In addition, the epiproct and female subgenital plate of S. calcarea cannot be distinguished from S. alexandria and S. vallicularia.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE7FC3BB5273553FA8E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The highly asymmetrical and scaly epiproct, with the distinctive inner structure, is shared only by S. alexandria, S. calcarea, and S. vallicularia, and easily separates these three species from the remaining eastern Nearctic Soyedina species (S. carolinensis, S. kondratieffi, S. merritti and S. washingtoni). The latter four species are distributed mainly in the Appalachian Mountains. Soyedina vallicularia is distributed broadly, as (1) throughout the northern Great Lakes region east to Maine and Nova Scotia, (2) at lower elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, and (3) within the lower Ohio River Basin and one location in the lower Cumberland River Basin in Tennessee (Grubbs 1997; Stark & Baumann 2005), and (4) Heimdal et al. (2004) provided the first record west of the Mississippi River in eastern Iowa. The type and sole known locality of S. calcarea occurs within the southwestern portion of the distribution of S. vallicularia, while the known localities of S. alexandria overlap with S. vallicularia only in central Tennessee.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE7FC3BB5273553FA8E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is in reference to the well‐ developed calcareous limestone bedrock in the central Kentucky karst region.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
0380FE17FF8CFFE7FC3BB5273553FA8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The Kentucky type locality (195 m A. S. L.) emanates on a sandstone ridge and flows 35 m as an intermittent reach before dropping over a hollowed cliff. The stream continues intermittently before two small springs provide perennial surface flow for approximately 20 m. Downstream of the spring reach the stream sinks through fractured limestone into a subterranean fluvial network. Soyedina calcarea adults have been collected only from the spring reach. Other stonefly species collected with S. calcarea from the type locality were Allocapnia recta (Claassen), Amphinemura varshava (Ricker), Clioperla clio (Newman), Diploperla robusta Stark and Gaufin, Leuctra alta James, L. sibleyi Claassen, L. cf. tenuis (Pictet), and Ostrocerca truncata (Claassen). The adult flight period of S. calcarea at the Kentucky type locality occurred between mid‐ February and early April. Early‐ instar nymphs appeared by May after no apparent egg diapause and grew continuously through summer and autumn (Fig. 37). Nymphal growth increased through winter prior to emergence. The growth pattern displayed was similar to the univoltine‐ slow cycles (Hynes 1961) displayed by S. vallicularia in Ontario (Harper 1973) and Quebec (Mackay 1969). Both studies revealed that early‐ instar nymphs appeared shortly after adult emergence, suggesting a direct development of eggs similar to S. calcarea. The similar growth patterns displayed by the two species, despite the disparate latitudinal settings, are not surprising because the two taxa are likely sibling species.	en	Grubbs, Scott A. (2006): Soyedina Alexandria And S. Calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), New Stonefly Species From The Eastern Nearctic Region And Notes On The Life Cycle Of S. Calcarea. Illiesia 2 (6): 39-49, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754597
