taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.taxon	vernacular_names	(GHOSTFACED, NAKED-BACKED AND MUSTACHED BATS)	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.taxon	diagnosis	• Smallto medium-sized bats characterized by small eyes, large and funnel-shaped ears and complex lower lips with flap-like outgrowths. • 5 - 11 cm. • Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. • Arid and semiarid regions to coastal lowlands, tropical rainforest, and montane forests up to elevations of 2700 m. • 2 genera, 18 species, 24 taxa. •] species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	materials_examined	“ Jamaica. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	discussion	W. E. Leach in 1821 described two new species, Aello cuviert and Mormoops blainvilliz, in the same volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, with Aello appearing eight pages before Mormoops. After examining the type specimens, G. E. Dobson in 1878 concluded that both names applied to the same species. Despite the page priority, he argued to retain the name Mormoops because the definition of the genus Aello was incorrect, and the type specimen had lost many of the diagnostic characteristics. Based on Dobson’s recommendation, other subsequent revisions of the group chose the name Mormoops blainvillii over Aello cuvieri. Hence, opinion 462 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in 1957 officially recognized the name Mormoops as having precedence over Aello. In this same document, the specific epithet blainvillei was placed as the correct spelling. Fossil records of M. blainvillei are reported from several islands in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles and Anguilla, Antigua, and Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles. Based on these records, M. blainvillei had a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than it has today. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Mona I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 52 - 56 mm, tail 28 - 30 mm, hindfoot 10 - 11 mm, forearm 43 - 50 mm; weight 6 - 11 g. Pelage is long, soft, and silky. Fur color varies from pale cinnamon to reddish; hairs are slightly darker dorsally than ventrally. Ears are short and rounded. Labionasal plate is complex, with nostrils surrounded by separate pads; margin above and between nostrils is characterized by several irregularly shaped tubercles. Skull rostrum is strongly upturned, almost at a 90 ° angle to braincase plane. Braincase is globular, with inflated parietals. Condylo-basal lengths are 12 - 14 mm. Incisors are delicate, separated from canines by conspicuous diastemata in upper tooth row. There is a geographical trend of increasing overall size from Cuba to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, with Jamaican populations being intermediate in size.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-open spaces along riverine galleries and forested terraces to forage and caves to roost.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Antillean Ghost-faced Bat feeds exclusively on insects, mostly small lepidopterans, but dipterans, homopterans, coleopterans, and ephemeropterans have also been reported in diets.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Antillean Ghostfaced Bat is monoestrous and has one young per year. Records on reproductive status in Cuba noted pregnancy in March — June and lactation until September. There is sexual segregation in roosts at least during part of reproductive cycle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Antillean Ghost-faced Bat usually flies at greater heights and faster speeds compared with sympatric species of Pteronotus. It is nocturnal; foraging activity starts relatively late after dark and is consistent throughout the night. Higher activity levels are associated with primary forest sites. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short and steep FM pulses averaging c. 3 milliseconds, with up to four harmonics; second harmonic of 48 - 69 kHz is typically most intense.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Antillean Ghostfaced Bats roost in hot, humid, and large caves, where colonies containing many thousands of individuals can be observed. They are commonly found roosting with other bat species, particularly mormoopids, but in spatially separated clusters.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Antillean Ghostfaced Bat is one of the most abundant species of insectivorous bats in the Greater Antilles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mexico. ” Restricted by | .. D. Smith in 1972 to “ Parris, Coahuila, México. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	discussion	Fossil records of M. megalophylla are reported from several islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, Florida (USA), and Bahia (Brazil). Based on these records, distribution of M. megalophylla was more extensive in the late Quaternary than it is today. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	synonymic_list	Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. megalophylla Peters, 1864 — from SW Arizona and Texas, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, S to W Nicaragua. M. m. carteri J. D. Smith, 1972 — Carchi and Pichincha provinces, N Ecuador, and Lambayeque Department, NW Peru. M. m. intermedia G. S. Miller, 1900 — Netherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire). M. m. tumidiceps G. S. Miller, 1902 — coastal and inland localities between C & E Andes ranges of Colombia, Caribbean coast of Venezuela including Margarita I, and Trinidad I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body ¢. 56 - 73 mm, tail 18 - 31 mm, ear 13 - 16 mm, hindfoot 9 - 14 mm, forearm 50 - 61 mm; weight 11 - 22 g.; individuals of subspecies intermedia are smallest (forearm 50 - 54 mm) and those of subspecies carteri are largest (forearm 56 — 61 mm). Pelage is long and lax. Fur color varies from pale brown to deep cinnamonred; hairs usually have four color bands. Individuals from South American subspecies have cape of long hairs over shoulders, contrasting in color with dorsal fur. Ears are short and rounded. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat is externally and cranially similar to the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (M. blainvillei) but larger. Skull rostrum is proportionally broader. Braincase is squared in profile, with parietals inflated. Condylo-basal lengths are 13 - 1 - 15 - 1 mm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Temperate coniferous forest and lowland tropical rainforest to xerophytic scrub. In Ecuador, Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat occurs in cloud forest at elevations of 2350 - 2700 m. It seems to be more common in hot lowland areas in its northern distribution and in forested areas in tropical regions.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat feeds mostly on large moths, usually with body lengths of 5 - 6 mm; other prey items include beetles and flies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats select areas of caves that minimize ventilation and maximize temperature to establish maternity roosts. Male Peters’s Ghostfaced Bats select cooler caves outside mating season. There is evidence that reproductive cycle differs throughout the distribution. Mating season in Venezuela reportedly occurs in March-April. Pregnant females were observed in May and November in Ecuador and February — June in North America. Lactating females were reported in January, March, and October in Ecuador, March on Trinidad Island, and June-August in North America.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats usually roost in large and deep cave systems or in abandoned mine shafts. Although they have been observed in roosts with wide ranges of temperatures (over 15 ° C) and humidity (over 50 %), females only use hot caves as maternity roosts. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats fly higher and faster than other mormoopids, usually foraging in open spaces along canyons and over streams. They are more commonly caught in caves or in other day roosts than in mist nets. They usually become active later than other species of mormoopids, emerging from day roosts after dark. In Ecuador, two activity peaks have been reported. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of steep FM downsweep pulses of ¢. 3 - 5 - 5 milliseconds, with three harmonics; second harmonic of 48 - 54 kHz is usually of high intensity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats are found roosting with other bat species, including mormoopids, but spatially separated from them. Large clusters of hundreds of thousands have been observed in some localities, but small groups are more commonly reported. Individuals usually maintain a distance of ¢. 15 cm from each other within the colony. There are seasonal fluctuations in sizes of colonies, with higher numbers of individuals usually observed in the dry season. In Ecuador, populations occupying caves in different geographical regions might maintain gene flow, suggesting high dispersal abilities. There is sexual segregation in roosts at least during part of the reproductive cycle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats are classified as vulnerable in Ecuador and critically endangered in Curacao due to size of declines and threats faced by populations known in these areas. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bat has a large but discontinuous distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Trimidad [Island], ” Trinidad and Tobago.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	discussion	J. D. Smith in 1972 recognized three subspecies of P. davyi: P. d. davyi, P. d. fulvus, and P. d. incae. Molecular and morphometric studies have shown that P. davy: represents a species complex, supporting elevation of fulvus to a distinct species. Hence, P davyi sensu stricto occurs in coastal lowlands of Venezuela and in the Lesser Antilles, and as an isolated population in Peru; its distribution might extend to Colombia and northward to Costa Rica and Nicaragua, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not been assessed. Pteronotus davyi seems uncommon in Central America, and no extant populations are known in Panama, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, and Brazil. Occurrence records in north-eastern Brazil were erroneous and corresponded to P. gymnonotus. Fossil records of P. davyi are reported from Bahia and Goias in Brazil and Tobago Island. Based on fossil records, its distribution was more extensive in the late Quaternary than it is today. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	synonymic_list	Subspecies and Distribution. P. d. davyiJ. E. Gray, 1838 — Nicaragua, CostaRica, NColombia, andNVenezuela; LesserAntillesonMarie-Galante, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Grenada, Trinidad, andCuracao. P. d. incae]. D. Smith, 1972 — Piura, Lambayeque, and Cajamarca departments, NW Peru.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 50 - 57 mm, tail 18 - 25 mm, ear 16 - 19 mm, hindfoot 9 - 12 mm, forearm 46 - 50 mm; weight 8 - 11 g. Dorsal fur under wing membranes is longer than ventral fur. Hairs are usually unicolored or only slightly bicolored, varying from grayish to reddish brown. Rostrum is very broad, with wide and concave nasals. Individuals of subspecies incae are overall larger than those of davyi. Some external and cranial features are shared with the other species currently recognized in the subgenus Pteronotus: wing membranes fused dorsally at midline; ears pointed, with anteromedial edge of pinna smooth (lacking serrations); skull rostrum noticeably upturned in lateral profile and shorter than one-half total length of skull; braincase oblong and basioccipital region broad between auditory bullae; and lower incisors reduced in size and trilobed. Condylo-basal lengths are 14 - 4 - 15 - 7 mm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical thorn forest, semideciduous forest, woodlands, and swamps. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat usually forages over water and near vegetation. It is sensitive to ambient temperatures below 15 ° C; it thermoregulates efficiently and usually maintains high body temperature (c. 38 ° C) in warm environments. In Peru, subspecies incae occurs at higher elevations (up to 2700 m) on western slope of Andes and might be adapted to tolerate colder temperatures.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Davy’s Naked-backed Bat includes lepidopterans, dipterans, and dermapterans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Dominica, pregnant Davy’s Naked-backed Bats were observed in March and one lactating female in July. Ajuvenile was reported in September in Curacao.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Davy’s Naked-backed Bats seem to be crepuscular, being the first to leave caves at dusk in multispecies assemblages. They prefer roosting in large and warm caves. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c. 4 - 5 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is frequently most intense, starting with a CF component of 68 - 70 kHz, followed by a FM sweep, and ending in a QCF segment averaging 54 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Davy’s Naked-backed Bats frequently share large and warm caves with other mormoopids, phyllostomids, and natalids. Males and females apparently roost in the same areas of caves. They select areas of caves that minimize ventilation and maximize temperature. There are no records of long-range movements by Davy’s Naked-backed Bat, but it is the only mormoopid inhabiting islands of the Lesser Antilles farther from the coast.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat is classified as endangered in Curacao.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	materials_examined	“ Las Penas, west coast ofJalisco, ” Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus fulvus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. davyi, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas S along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, to El Salvador and W Honduras.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 48 - 52 mm, tail 20 - 23 mm, ear 17 - 18 mm, hindfoot 11 mm, forearm 40 - 5 - 46 - 7 mm; weight ¢. 7 - 8: 7 g. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat is the smallest species of naked-backed bat. Dorsal and head pelage colors range from dark brown to bright orange; ventral hairs have grayish white tips. Rostrum is broad but comparatively narrower than in other species of naked-backed bats. Braincase is oval and less robust than in Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyi). Condylo-basal lengths are 13 - 7 - 15 mm. Individuals from Honduras and El Salvador are larger on average than in other areas of its distribution; a marked increase in overall size is also observed in the northernmost distributional limit in Sonora, Mexico. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Pteronotus are listed in descriptive notes for Davy’s Nakedbacked Bat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical dry forest, usually lowland habitats, mostly below 600 m. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat is abundant throughoutits distribution. It has narrow thermal specificity for roosting and is usually reported from hot caves (higher than 30 ° C), with 27 ° C being the lowest recorded roost temperature. This physiological limitation probably restricts habitats occupied by Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat feeds mainly on dipterans, lepidopterans, and dermapterans, but diversity of insects included in diets might increase when prey abundance is low.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with most females giving birth in the beginning of the rainy season. Maternity colonies mostly contain females, but males might be present in small numbers. In Mexico, mating occurs in January — March. Pregnant females are reported in April-May, with embryos ofvariable sizes (3 - 20 mm), and lactating females in July-September.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat has a bimodal activity pattern, which seems to correspond to abundance peaks of crepuscular and nocturnal insects. It typically forages along riparian corridors, in open places 2 - 10 m aboveground, over water surfaces, and in forest trails. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c. 6 milliseconds. Second harmonic, which is the most intense, has two short CF components at 68 - 71 kHz and 58 - 60 kHz, joined by a FM downward sweep.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat roosts in hot and humid caves and usually forms large colonies. Fluctuations in colony sizes are commonly reported and are probably related to seasonal movements due to reproductive activity. It exhibits a limited tolerance to low temperatures, which probably excludes it from temperate areas in its northernmost distribution. It has been suggested that mountain peaks and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico) act as physical barriers to dispersal of Thomas’s Naked-backed Bats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat is included under Davy’s Naked-backed Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cuyaba [= Cuiabd], ” Mato Grosso, Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	discussion	Some authors attribute the name P. gymnonotus to J. B. Natterer. When J. D. Smith in 1977 clarified the nomenclatural history recognizing P. gymnonotus as the senior synonym of P. suapurensis, he assigned Natterer as its authority. Smith argued that J. A. Wagner, when he described P. gymnonotus, attributed the name of the species to Natterer because the descriptive notes were taken directly from Natterer’s field diary. D. C. Carter and P. G. Dolan in 1978 examined a photocopy of Natterer’s field notes and stated that, even though Wagner used Natterer’s species name, he wrote the species diagnosis independently, and therefore Smith’s claim was not supported. Carter and Dolan’s argument is followed here. Fossil records of P. gymnonotus are reported from Tobago Island. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From S Mexico S along Central America, Caribbean coast of South America, and the Guianas to C & NE Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 51 - 69 mm, tail 17 - 27 mm, ear 13 - 20 mm, hindfoot 9 - 13 mm, forearm 50 - 56 mm; weight 12 - 18 g. The Big Naked-backed Bat is the largest species of naked-backed bat, both externally and cranially. Fur color varies from dark brown to bright orange and is paler ventrally than dorsally. There are short hairs densely covering fused wing membrane, giving back a “ velvety ” appearance. Skull rostrum is conspicuously shorter than one-half total length of skull and very broad, with depressed nasals. Braincase is oblong, and basioccipital region between bullae is very broad. Condylo-basal lengths are 15 - 17 mm. There is a geographical trend of larger overall sizes in the northernmost distribution, but no population structuring at the molecular level is observed. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Pleronotus are listed in descriptive notes for Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyr).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical rainforest, dry forest, xerophytic scrub, and savannas. The Big Naked-backed Bat is more abundant in dry and semi-open environments below elevations of 400 m, although there are several records from the Brazilian central plateau above 1000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diets of Big Naked-backed Bats include moths, beetles, flies, and crickets.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Nicaragua and Mexico, pregnant Big Naked-backed Bats were reported in April, May, and June. In north-eastern Brazil, it has been suggested that the reproductive pattern is related to the wet season, with pregnant females reported in September — November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Big Naked-backed Bat forages more commonly in semi-open areas and over water bodies. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses averaging 6 - 6 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is the most intense, starting with a CF component at 55 kHz and ending with a QCF component of ¢. 48 - 7 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Big Naked-backed Bat prefers roosting in large and humid cave systems, where it is found in association with other species of mormoopids and phyllostomids.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cuba. ” Restricted by G. SilvaTaboada in 1976 to Guanabacoa, Havana Province, Cuba.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	discussion	Description of macleayii was associated with three specimens from Cuba presented by W. S. Macleay to J. E. Gray; original description was detailed and accurate and apparently based on only one male among these specimens. It is believed that such material, however, contained both species of Antillean mustached bats, P. macleayii and P. quadridens, and that during World WarII, the incorrect specimen (an individual of P. quadridens) was segregated as the holotype of P. macleayii and subsequently labeled. J. D. Smith in 1972 designated another of these specimens as the holotype. Fossil records of P. macleayu: are reported from the Dominican Republic and New Providence Island, Bahamas, suggesting a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than today. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	synonymic_list	Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. macleayii]. E. Gray, 1839 — CubaandIsladelaJuventud. P. m. griseus Gosse, 1851 — Jamaica.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 41 - 53 mm, tail 20 - 25 mm, ear 9 - 10 mm, hindfoot 9 - 15 mm, forearm 41 - 45 mm; weight 4 - 8 g. Pelage is tricolored dorsally, basal and tip bands vary from dark brown or olive-brown to orange, and central band is whitish to grayish. Ventral fur is paler. Tragus is long and spatulated, with prominent secondary fold. Labionasal plate is very distinct: nostrils have squared flaps above them and prominent lateral spikes to either side. Calcar length is c. 1 - 5 times longer than hindfoot. Skull has slightly elevated rostrum, which is longer than one-half total length of skull. Braincase is globular. Condylo-basal lengths are 14 - 16 mm. Subspecies macleayi: is smaller than griseus based on external and cranial measurements.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-open spaces over streams and watercourses for foraging. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is considered an obligate cave-dweller, preferably roosting in high-domed chambers in deep and wet cave systems.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Macleay’s Mustached Bat feeds on a high diversity of arthropods, including lepidopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, ephemeropterans, and spiders.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is monoestrous and bears one young each pregnancy. Breeding begins in March, pregnant females are observed in March — July, and lactation occurs in June-August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Macleay’s Mustached Bat has an intermediate flight speed and is most active in edge habitats, usually foraging relatively higher than syntopic species of Pteronotus. There is temporal displacement in activity patterns among Macleay’s Mustached Bat, the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops blainvillei), and the Sooty Mustached Bat (P. quadridens) when foraging in the same habitat. In Jamaica, its activity 1 s more intense a few hours after sunset. In Cuba, it exhibits a unimodal peak of activity in the middle of the night. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM signals of ¢. 4 - 3 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is usually most intense and starts at ¢. 71 kHz and ends at ¢. 56 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Macleay’s Mustached Bat roosts in association with other bat species, particularly mormoopids, but it forms spatially separated clusters. In Cuba, colonies ofseveral thousand are found; in Jamaica, it sometimes congregates in smaller clusters. Males and females might disappear from daily roosts during mating season.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is less abundant and has a more restricted distribution in Jamaica than Cuba.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cafetal St. Antonio el Fundador, ” Canimar, Cuba.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	discussion	G. Silva-Taboada in 1976 concluded that the description of Lobostoma quadridens by J. Gundlach in 1840 referred to the same species described by J. E. Gray in 1843 as Chilonycteris fuliginosa and consequently should be considered the senior synonym of P. fuliginosus, which was formerly recognized byJ. D. Smith in 1972 in his revision of Mormoopidae. Fossil records of P. quadridens are reported for many islands in the Bahamas, suggesting it had a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than today. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	synonymic_list	Subspecies and Distribution. P. q. quadridensGundlach, 1840 — Cuba. P. q. fuliginosusJ. E. Gray, 1843 — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 40 — - 44 mm, tail 16 - 22 mm, ear 14 - 16 mm, hindfoot 8 - 10 mm, forearm 35 - 40 mm; weight 3 - 6 g. The Sooty Mustached Bat is the smallest species of mormoopid. It might be confused with individuals ofits sister species, Macleay’s Mustached Bat (P. macleayit), given similarity in external morphology and sympatric distribution, but it is slightly smaller. Pelage is distinctly tricolored dorsally and bicolored ventrally. Labionasal plate has small lateral spikes and 3 - 4 tubercles on margin above each nostril. Skull rostrum is delicate, slightly elevated, and longer than one-half total length of skull. Braincase is globular. Condylo-basal lengths are 12 - 14 mm. There is a geographical trend of size increase in overall size from west to east in Cuba. Subspecies fuliginosus is larger than quadridens externally and cranially.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forest patches, semi-open areas, and near streams to forage and caves to roost. The Sooty Mustached Bat is commonly found foraging in the same habitats as Macleay’s Mustached Bat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Sooty Mustached Bats eat a wide diversity of insects, including moths, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, homopterans, hemipterans, and orthopterans. It has been suggested that they are opportunistic feeders. Consumption of spiders was reported by different sources and has been associated with hovering ability.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Sooty Mustached Bat is monoestrous and uniparous; there is one case of twins. Mating season starts in January. Pregnant females are most common in May but have been reported in February — June. Lactation occurs in June-September and peaks in July. Infants form dense clusters of 50 - 200 individuals in caves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is evidence of temporal separation in activity of the Sooty Mustached Bat from other species occupying the same cave. It is the first to leave the cave at dusk or a few minutes before sunset. In Cuba, it has initial activity peak lasting four hours after sunset and becomes active again before sunrise. It usually forages at lower heights in the forest understory than Macleay’s Mustached Bat and the Antillean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainviller). Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c. 4 milliseconds, with 2 - 3 harmonics. Second harmonic is usually most intense and starts with short CF component at ¢. 83 kHz and ends at c. 62 kHz. Recorded calls of enclosed Sooty Mustached Bats had shorter duration and greater bandwidth than echolocation calls normally found from freeflying bats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large colonies of Sooty Mustached Bats are commonly reported in hot and humid caves in association with other mormoopids and phyllostomids but in spatially separated clusters. They seem to be more restricted by roost conditions than larger congeners, occupying caves with elevated temperature (over 35 ° C). They can fly up to 9 km between roosts and foraging sites, and some individuals were able to return to their roost from distances up to 30 km. Males and females can disappear from the roost sites during mating season. There is evidence of sexual segregation during maternity period at least in some areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sooty Mustached Bat is one of the most abundant bat species in Cuba and Puerto Rico and the least common mormoopid in Jamaica.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mato grosso [sic], ” Brazil. Restricted byJ. A. Wagner in 1847 to “ St. Vincente [= Sao Vicente] in der Provinz Mato grosso [sic], ” Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	discussion	J. D. Smith in 1972 recognized two subspecies of P. personatus: P. p. personatus and P. p. psilotis. Molecular and morphometric studies have shown that P. personatus represents a species complex, supporting elevation of psilotis to a distinct species. Hence, P. personatus sensu stricto occurs in South America; its distribution possibly extends northward to Costa Rica at the border with Nicaragua, but phylogenetic status of the Central American and Colombian populations has not been assessed. Fossil records of P. personatus are reported from Tobago Island. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From SW Nicaragua S through Costa Rica and Panama to NE & C Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia including lowlands of Colombia and Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 45 - 55 mm, tail 16 - 21 mm, ear 12 - 19 mm, hindfoot 8: 5 — - 12 mm, forearm 43 - 48 mm; weight 6 - 5 - 10 g. Wagner’s Lesser Mustached Batis easily distinguished from other mormoopids occurring in sympatry based on small size and hair-covered back. Dorsal pelage varies from dark brown to reddish brown and ocherous. Ventral pelage is paler than on back and head. Ears are pointed, connected by two low ridges that meet on top of muzzle and form prominent rostral tubercle. Labionasal plate is simple, with typically smooth margin above nostrils. Skull is relatively flat in profile, with ovoid braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 13 - 5 - 15 mm. Rostral breadth is usually equal to length of maxillary tooth row. Infraorbital foramen is located directly above anterior one-half of second upper molar. Lower incisors are reduced, inner pair is distinctly trilobed, and outer pair is weakly trilobed. There is non-linear variation in cranial size throughout the distribution, with individuals from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia averaging larger than individuals from Venezuela and Trinidad Island, and individuals from Brazil increasing in size again.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical dry forests, rainforests, and gallery forests. Wagner’s Lesser Mustached Bat also occurs in areas of humid subtropical forest in Peru. Its occurrence is probably restricted to sites that provide specific roosting requirements.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat feeds on insects, but there is no specific information available on prey itemsin its diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Two pregnant Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bats were reported in May from Venezuela.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat is most commonly reported foraging over water bodies or in dense vegetation near streams. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses with c. 5 milliseconds. Second harmonic is most intense, starting with initial CF component at ¢. 80 kHz, followed by downward FM sweep, and ending in short CF component at ¢. 65 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat has been reported roosting in hot caves in association with other mormoopids, particularly the Big Naked-backed Bat (P. gymnonotus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	materials_examined	type locality unknown. Restricted by IL. de Ia Towe in 1955 to “ Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	discussion	P. psilotis was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. personatus, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, S to El Salvador and W Honduras.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 45 - 54 mm, tail 15 - 18 mm, ear 16 - 18 mm, hindfoot 9 - 4 - 12 mm, forearm 40 - 8 - 45 mm; weight 6: 5 - 7 - 4 g. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is the smallest species of mormoopid on the mainland. Pelage is highly variable in color. Dorsal fur is gray to brownish when hairs are new, becoming reddish brown and ocherous as hairs age. Ventral fur is bicolored; hairs of new pelage have brown bases and grayish or cinnamon tips; as hairs age, tips get reddish or almost yellowish. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat resembles Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (PF. personatus) externally and cranially but it has an average smaller overall size. Skull of Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Batis similar in size to that of Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat (PF. fulvus), which occurs in the same geographical area, but it is flatter in profile; rostrum 1 s also narrower; and basioccipital region is less developed. Condylo-basal lengths are 13 - 2 - 14 - 5 mm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Woodlands of tropical deciduous and semideciduous forest, rainforest, and vegetation with well-developed canopies. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is usually associated with streams and rivers. Similar to Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat, Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat has a narrow thermal tolerance for roosting; it prefers roosting in hot and humid caves or mines, which probably restricts habitats that it can use.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat is known to eat insects, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with females usually giving birth at beginning of rainy season. Males seem to form bachelor colonies during at least part of the year, with maternity colonies almost exclusively comprised of females. In Mexico, pregnant females have been reported in April-July, lactating females in July-September, and most records of young in August-December.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is reportedly crepuscular. On average, it uses the first four hours of the night to emerge and forage, returning immediately to its roost. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of 4 - 7 milliseconds. Second harmonic, which is most intense, is composed by initial short CF component at ¢. 83 kHz, followed by downward FM sweep, and terminal short CF component of 65 - 68 kHz. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bats seem able to perform DSC.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Mexico, Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bats are found in colonies that can exceed 10,000 individuals and in association with other mormoopids, particularly Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat, phyllostomids, and natalids. Colonies exhibit seasonal changes in size, with larger numbers of individuals most commonly reported during dry seasons. Fluctuations in colony size are probably related to seasonal movements for reproduction. Individuals were reported to maintain specific flyways in arroyos and canyon bottoms, foraging in areas 3 - 5 km from roosts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is included under Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	materials_examined	Jamaica.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	discussion	J. D. Smith in 1972 recognized seven extant subspecies of P. parnelli: P. p. parnellii, Pp. pusillus, P. p. portoricensis, P. p. mexicanus, P. p. mesoamericanus, P. p. fuscus, and P. p. rubiginosus. Several studies based on molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data have shown that P. parnellii represents a species complex, supporting elevation of these subspecies to distinct species. Accordingly, P. parnellii sensu stricto is currently known exclusively from Jamaica; it has been proposed that the population in Cuba belongs to the same lineage of theJamaican population, although its phylogenetic status has not yet been assessed. There are fossil records of Pteronotus cf. parnellii from Florida, several islands in the Bahamas, and Greater and Lesser Antilles, whose taxonomic status needs to be reevaluated. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cuba and Jamaica.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 59 mm, tail 18 - 22 mm, ear 20 - 22 mm, hindfoot 13 mm, forearm 50 - 54 mm; weight 10 - 5 - 16 g. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis the largest species of mormoopid in the Greater Antilles. Dorsal fur is generally tricolored, although color bands are not obviously discernible; hairs are dark brown on bases and tips, grading to paler central zone. Ventral fur is bicolored; hairs are dark brown with whitish tips. Rostrum is relatively long and delicate. Condylo-basal lengths are 18 - 4 - 19 - 5 mm. Many external and cranial features of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat also apply to the other species within this complex, which are currently recognized in subgenus Phyllodia: ears pointed, with lanceolated part broad; tragus simple and lanceolated, with small secondary fold; ears connected by two low, inconspicuous ridges that fuse on top of muzzle forming prominent rostral tubercle; skull flat in profile, with rostrum of equal length as braincase; braincase oval and broad; tympanic rings relatively small, covering about one-third of auditory bullae; basioccipital region narrow, constricted between two large bullae; upper incisors robust and markedlybifurcated; and outer lower incisors bilobed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Highly cluttered habitats varying from gallery forests at sea level to forests, croplands, and plantations with high densities of vegetation at elevations up to ¢. 1300 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bats feed on a high diversity of lepidopterans, but its diet also includes dipterans, coleopterans, cockroaches, termites, and hemipterans. It captures and eats various sizes of insects from fruit flies to moths with 7 cm wingspan. Several groups oflepidopterans and coleopterans are avoided, which suggests they are selective relative to prey.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is monoestrous and uniparous. Reproductive season seems to start in March in Jamaica, with several reports of pregnant females in March — May. Females give birth in April-July, and lactating females are observed until September. In Cuba, mating season starts in January or February and pregnant females are found from March to July. Births occur mostly in July and juveniles are observed until September. A large maternity colony was reported from the middle ofJuly to the end of August on the southern coast of Cuba.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is more active in the first part of the night, usually emerging after dark. In Cuba, it is reported to be crepuscular, becoming active up to 35 minutes after sunset. It flies slower and lower compared with smaller sympatric mormoopids. Despite overlapping in activity time with other mormoopids, larger overall size and unique foraging strategy of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat probably reduce competition for prey. It can fly at least 2 - 3 hours without landing. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of long CF-FM pulses of more than 20 milliseconds and contain three harmonics. The CF segment of second harmonic contains the frequency of maximum energy, at c. 60 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat prefers to roost in hot and humid chambers of large caves but is also found in cooler roosts like small chambers and along cave walls. It is found in association with other bat species, particularly mormoopids. It flies at a variety of heights when foraging. There is sexual segregation during the breeding season, causing movements of individuals among distinct roosts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis very common and widespread in Jamaica, but it is the least common species of mormoopid in Cuba.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	materials_examined	“ cave near Pueblo Viejo [= Cueva di Fari], ” Puerto Rico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus portoricensis was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Puerto Rico and Mona I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 58 - 69 mm, tail 13 - 22 mm, ear 16 - 25 mm, hindfoot 8 - 13 mm, forearm 50 - 54 mm; weight 11 - 3 - 14 - 3 g. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat is slightly smaller than Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelli) in external and cranialsizes; skull rostrum is also proportionally shorter. Condylo-basal lengths are 17 - 18 mm. Fur color does not differ from the other Antillean species of common mustached bats; dorsal hairs are generally tricolored, dark brown on bases and tips, grading to paler central zone, and ventral fur is dark brown with whitish tips. Individuals inhabiting Mona Island are smaller than the main population from Puerto Rico. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rainforests to forage and humid hot caves to roost.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat feeds on several groups of insects, particularly coleopterans, lepidopterans, hymenopterans, hemipterans, and dipterans. It has the broadest diet among species of mormoopids in Puerto Rico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Pregnant Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats have been captured as late as August (presumably also found earlier in the year), and lactating females and a maternity colony have been reported in late November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats become active early in the evening, usually near sunset. They typically leave caves after Sooty Mustached Bats (P. quadridens) but before Antillean Ghost-faced Bats (Mormoops blainvillei). Echolocation calls during search phase are long CF-FM pulses of ¢. 22 milliseconds, with up to four harmonics. The CF segment in second harmonic, which contains the most energy, is c. 61 - 3 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats form colonies of a few thousand individuals in hot caves where air temperatureis higher than 30 ° C. They are found roosting in association with other mormoopids and also phyllostomids, particularly Leach’s Single-leaf Bat (Monophyllus redmani) and the Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis). Fluctuations in colony sizes of Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats have been observed at different times of the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. It is not particularly abundant compared with other species of mormoopids in Puerto Rico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Arroyo Salado, Santo Domingo, ” Dominican Republic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus pusillus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellir, but here it is considered a distinct species. Fossil subspecies gonavensis, described by K. F. Koopman in 1995 from an owl pellet deposit found in a cave near En Café, Gonave Island, off western Hispaniola, is considered a temporal variation of the population currently inhabiting Hispaniola (i. e. P. pusillus). Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Haiti and Dominican Republic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body ¢. 53 mm, tail 20 mm, ear 18 mm, hindfoot 12 mm, forearm 49 - 7 - 52 - 9 mm. The Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat is the smallest species of common mustached bat. It is easily distinguished from Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelliz) and the Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (P. portoricensis) based on smaller external and cranial sizes. Pelage is darker dorsally than ventrally; hairs on back have paler central zone similar to Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat. Skull of the Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat has delicate rostrum and comparatively robust, globular braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 17 - 17 - 8 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense vegetation in dry thorn scrub and forests or along streams.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat feeds on insects, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. No reproductive activity was observed in Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bats collected in May and August in three distinct localities in Haiti.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of the Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat consist of long CF-FM pulses with most energy at ¢. 67 - 5 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bats roost in caves with other mormoopids and phyllostomids. There are seasonal changes in colony sizes, probably related to reproductive activity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. It is not particularly abundant compared with other species of mormoopids on Hispaniola.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Blas, ” Nayarit, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus mexicanus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnelliz, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	distribution	Distribution. L. owlands along Pacific coast and C Mexico, from Sonora to Guerrero and Puebla.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 64 — 70 mm, tail 19 - 24 mm, ear 21 - 23 mm, hindfoot 13 - 14 mm, forearm 53 - 58 mm; weight c ¢. 13 - 5 g. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon to brownish; it becomes paler or grayish ventrally. Skull is robust, with broad braincase and proportionally shorter rostrum. Condylo-basal lengths are 18: 5 - 20 mm. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is slightly larger than Antillean species in the subgenus Phyllodia but is smaller in size, on average, externally and cranially, compared with other species on the mainland. Pelage color is also noticeably paler. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense vegetation in coastal lowlands, scrublands, or tropical dry forest at elevations up to 1600 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat has a diverse diet that mainly includes lepidopterans, small beetles, and dipterans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Mating occurs in December-February, and gestation lasts c. 4 months. Most young are born in the first one-half ofJune when rainy season begins, and lactation takes c. 1 month. Males are reproductively active throughout the year, but they only produce mature spermatozoa in December — February.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mexican Common Mustached Bats appear to emerge earlyafter sunset. After individuals leave roosts, they travel along well-established routes to foraging areas, which can be located more than 3 - 5 km from roost sites. They can actively forage all night, returning to the roost 5 - 7 hours after they emerge. Long CF-FM pulses of c. 25 milliseconds characterize echolocation calls during search phase. The CF component of second harmonic is ¢. 64 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mexican Common Mustached Bats usually roost in caves; groups with up to 4000 individuals have been reported. Colony sizes change markedly throughout the year. Highest densities have been reported during the mating season when males and females share the same roosts. There is sexual segregation in roosts during gestation and lactation when males occupy bachelor roosts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Las Quiguas, 5 miles [= 8 km] south of Puerto Cabello, altitude 650 feet [= 198 m], Venezuela. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	discussion	Pteronotusfuscus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Its distribution potentially includes coastal and inland sites of Colombia and south-western Venezuela on the border with Colombia, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not yet been assessed. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, NW Guyana, and St. Vincent, Trinidad, and Margarita Is in the Lesser Antilles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 63 - 72 mm, tail 20 - 27 mm, ear 18 - 25 mm, hindfoot 13 - 16 mm, forearm 56 - 62 mm; weight 13 - 4 - 22 - 4 g. Pelage color is brown to reddish; ventral fur is paler. Skull has narrow and delicate rostrum; nasal bones are parallel and flat. Condylo-basal lengths are 19 - 21 mm. Maxillary bones are not inflated in their suture with nasals; greatest width across molars is generally less than 8 - 1 mm in individuals from Guyana and Venezuela. It is larger externally and cranially on Trinidad Island, and noticeable reduction in overall size is noted in individuals from Margarita Island, Venezuela. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical dry forests, lower montane forests, and croplands with dense vegetation. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat occurs throughout Venezuela, except in most of the Llanos. It seems to be more tolerant of lower temperatures than smaller mormoopids, roosting in relatively colder caves at ¢. 26 ° C. It is sensitive to temperatures lower than 8 ° C for long periods of time.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is insectivorous, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with most females giving birth in beginning of rainy season (May-June). On Trinidad Island, females with young have been found in May. In Venezuela, pregnant females have been reported in April and lactating females in July-August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Echolocation calls consist in long CF-FM pulses, with most energy at a frequency of ¢. 62 kHz in Venezuelan populations; frequency used by Trinidadian individuals is lower at ¢. 58 - 9 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat commonly roosts in large cave systems associated with other mormoopids and phyllostomids, butit is also found in smaller caves and other type of roosts. Fluctuations in colony sizes seem to be related to seasonal movements due to reproductive activity. Males and females roost together during mating season, but sexual segregation apparently occurs during gestation and lactation. Males select coolest areas of caves, and females select warmer roosts for nurseries.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	materials_examined	“ 1 mi [= 1 - 6 km] § and 0 - 75 mi [= 1 - 2 km] E Yepocapa, 4280 ft [= 1305 m], Chimaltenango, Guatemala. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus mesoamericanus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnelliz, but here itis considered a distinct species. There is a potentially large zone of secondary contact between P. mesoamericanus and P. mexicanus north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec and on the Yucatan Peninsula. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, along Gulf Coast, in Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and Yucatan Peninsula, S to Canal Zone, Panama.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 70 - 72 mm, tail 23 - 27 mm, ear 20 - 22 mm, hindfoot 14 mm, forearm 55 - 63 mm; weight c. 16 - 19 - 5 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to ocherous; ventral hair tips are paler, giving a frosted appearance. Populations inhabiting the Yucatan Peninsula are noticeably small (forearm 55 - 56 - 5 mm), and individuals from Costa Rica and Panama are the largest (forearm 60 - 63 mm). Condylo-basal lengths are 19 - 21 - 5 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelliz).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Continuous or fragmented forests and dense riparian vegetation with high canopies and croplands. Although Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bats prefer roosting in warm caves, they have less thermal specificity than smaller mormoopids and tolerate roost temperatures below 20 ° C in their northernmost distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat feeds on coleopterans, besides lepidopterans, dipterans, orthopterans, and hymenopterans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Seasonal polyestry has been suggested for the Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat. It seems to depend on hot caves for maternity roosts. In Yucatan, Mexico, pregnant females are reported in late April and early May, with embryos of 20 - 22 mm. In Veracruz, Mexico, pregnant females were observed in most parts of the year but in higher frequency in April-June and August-September. In Costa Rica, lactating females with young are reported in February. Lactation is most frequently reported in June-September, but a bimodal pattern has also been suggested.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat is often seen foraging together with smaller species of mormoopids butflies closer to the ground or within vegetation. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of long CF-FM pulses of 22 - 25 milliseconds and up to four harmonics. Most energy is in the second harmonic, but there seems to be variation in the CF component across the distribution. Individuals from the Yucatan Peninsula have higher frequency calls, with the CF component of 63 - 5 kHz; mean CF of individuals from Costa Rica 1 s 60 - 5 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sizes of colonies of Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bats contain a few hundred individuals. They can range widely, with records of recaptures in areas located more than 2 km from the originalsite of capture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat is relatively common throughoutits distribution and a generalist relative to its habitat requirements.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	materials_examined	Cueva de Piedra Honda, 7 km SW Pueblo Nuevo, 120 m, Peninsula de Paraguana, Estado Falcon, Venezuela.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus paraguanensis has been originally described as a subspecies of P. parnelli. In 2008, it received specific status based on morphometric evidence. Its phylogenetic position in the subgenus Phyllodia is unknown. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon State, Venezuela.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c ¢. 61 - 64 mm, tail 17 - 26 mm, ear 19 - 24 mm, hindfoot 12 - 13 mm, forearm 52 - 6 - 55 - 8 mm; weight 12 - 17 g. It averages smaller in size, externally and cranially, than Allen’s Common Mustached Bat (P. fuscus) that inhabits mainland Venezuela. Fur color is pale yellowish brown. Skull is comparatively broad, with proportionally higher braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 18 - 3 — 19 - 5 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (PF. parnelli).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense vegetation in tropical thorn forests at elevations of 0 - 120 m. The Paraguana Common Mustached Bat is known from only three caves, where it roosts in temperatures of 33 - 36 ° C. It is sensitive to temperatures below 20 ° C.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Paraguana Common Mustached Bats feed on a high diversity of prey from nine insect orders and two families of chelicerates. It has been reported that 62 % ofits diet is composed of insects harmful to agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Pregnant Paraguana Common Mustached Bats have been collected in July-September. They establish maternity roosts in two of the three caves where they are known to occur: Cueva del Guano and Cueva de Piedra Honda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of the Paraguana Common Mustached Bat consist of long CF-FM pulses, with most energy at frequency of ¢. 68 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Paraguana Common Mustached Bats are found in association with other mormoopids, including Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyi) and Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the natalid Trinidadian Funnel-eared Bat (Natalus tumidirostris), and the phyllostomid Southern Longnosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae). Movements of Paraguana Common Mustached Bats might be limited to flight within major forested areas of the peninsula; xeric vegetation of the Isthmus of Médanos would preclude dispersal to mainland. Males and females seem to roost in the same areas of caves during mating season, but sexual segregation occurs at least during part ofthe year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Paraguana Common Mustached Bat has a small distribution and faces continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat. Its known distribution is limited to only three caves, one of which is subject to frequent acts of vandalism (e. g. fires being lit in the cave with intent to destroy bats). Sexual segregation among caves, as consequence of the establishment of maternity roosts, is an additional threat because loss of one cave could kill most members of one sex or the other.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) area, 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2 ° 20 ’ S, 60 ° 6 ’ W, elevation of 30 - 125 m). ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus alitonus was split from P. rubiginosus based on molecular, morphological, and acoustic evidence; it was referred to in some previous molecular studies as Pleronotus sp. 3 or Pteronotus sp. 1. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Guianas and N Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body ¢. 65 - 70 mm, tail 24 - 31 mm, ear 17 - 19 mm, hindfoot 13 - 15 mm, forearm 59 - 64 mm; weight 18 - 26 g. Pelage is dense and short; color varies from pale brown to reddish. Skull rostrum is robust, and braincase is large and rounded. Condylo-basal lengths are 20 - 22 mm. Nasal bones form markedly concave area in rostrum at suture of maxillary and frontal bones; they are narrower and slightly upturned in their anterior part. Pterygoid canal has pair of foramina varying from almost indistinct perforations to small pits. Maxillary tooth row length is less than 9 - 7 mm. Greatest width across molars is more than 8: 1 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Continuous forests in the Amazon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat is insectivorous, but there is no specific information available on prey itemsin its diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In French Guiana, pregnant and lactating females were found in July, and post-lactating females between August and October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat shows highest activity levels in forests in contrast to foraging sites over water bodies. Its activity patterns seem to be similar between dry and wet season in the central Amazon. Echolocation calls consist of long CF-FM pulses of ¢. 25 milliseconds. Second harmonic has maximum energy at 59 - 60 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat exhibits high genetic structuring, which might be consequence of low dispersal capability related to limitations to cross open landscapes in the Amazon region.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Caicara, ” Mato Grosso, Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	discussion	Pteronotus rubiginosus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Distribution of P. rubiginosus has been restricted to South America. Molecular and morphological data confirm its occurrence in the Guianas, Brazil, and Bolivia; its distribution potentially extends to the Amazonian regions of Peru and Venezuela, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not been assessed. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From S Venezuela and the Guianas S to C & NE Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 63 - 79 mm, tail 24 - 31 mm, ear 18 - 21 - 5 mm, hindfoot 13 - 16 mm, forearm 61 - 67 mm; weight 20 - 27 g. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat is the largest species of mormoopid. Dorsally, new pelage varies from light to extremely dark brown; hairs acquire an intense reddish color with age. Ventral hairs are also comparatively darker, with brownish white tips. Rostrum is robust, with nasals parallel and flattened throughout their extension. Pterygoid canal has large pair of foramina, as large as one-half the diameter of foramen ovale. Condylo-basal lengths are 21 - 23 - 5 mm. Ratio of interorbital breadth to palatal length is usually equal or less than 0 - 44. Maxillary tooth row is more than 9 - 8 mm in individuals from the Amazon region. There is geographical variation in external and cranial sizes of individuals; Wagner's Common Mustached Bat is overall larger in the Amazon region whereits distribution overlaps with that of the Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (P. alitonus). Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Amazon rainforest and northern parts of Brazilian Cerrado.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Moths dominate diets of Wagner's Common Mustached Bats, but other prey items have been reported, including termites, homopterans, and many groups of coleopterans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat has been considered monoestrous, but seasonality in reproductive pattern is not clear. In central Amazon of Brazil, it has been suggested that mating occurs from November to January. In central Brazil (Cerrado biome), mating season apparently occurs in July-August, with parturition in December — January. Pregnant females are reported in April, August, and November in Brazil; in French Guiana, they are reported in June and July. Lactating females have been reported throughout the year (February, May, June, and August-October).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Overall, Wagner's Common Mustached Bat does not exhibit an activity peak and forages constantly throughout the night. It usually forages along manmade trails inside the forest and more intensely in places with greater insect availability, showing preference for vegetation clutter in non-riparian areas. In the central Amazon of Brazil, activity level increases two hours after sunset, which has been suggested to be correlated with lepidopteran availability. Activity is also positively related to moon intensity, increasing during bright nights, which suggests an activity pattern driven by prey abundance. Echolocation calls consist of long CF-FM pulses of more than 20 milliseconds. Second harmonic has the maximum energy at 53 - 55 kHz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Clusters with hundreds to thousands of Wagner’s Common Mustached Bats have been reported in sandstone caves in the eastern Amazon of Brazil. Small groups of less than 100 individuals also have been reported roosting in limestone cavities and man-made structures in central Brazil, suggesting flexibility regarding roost requirements. Wagner's Common Mustached Bats probably fly large distances between day roosts and foraging sites, but there is no information available on how far they fly. In central Brazil, they were found sharing day roosts with Big Naked-backed Bats (P. gymnonotus) and many species of phyllostomids. Sexual segregation seems to exist at least during part of the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Wagner's Common Mustached Batis one of the most common insectivorous bats in Amazon lowlands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
