identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.text	03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mormoopidae Saussure 1860	<div><p>Family MORMOOPIDAE</p> <p>(GHOSTFACED, NAKED-BACKED AND MUSTACHED BATS)</p> <p>• Smallto medium-sized bats characterized by small eyes, large and funnel-shaped ears and complex lower lips with flap-like outgrowths.</p> <p>• 5-11 cm.</p> <p>• Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.</p> <p>• Arid and semiarid regions to coastal lowlands, tropical rainforest, and montane forests up to elevations of 2700 m.</p> <p>• 2 genera, 18 species, 24 taxa.</p> <p>•] species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.text	03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mormoops blainvillei Leach 1821	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Antllean Ghost-faced Bat</p> <p>Mormoops blainvillei</p> <p>French: Mormoops de Blainville / German: Antillen-Kinnblattfledermaus / Spanish: Mormoépido de Blainville</p> <p>Other common names: Blainville's Ghost-faced Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Mormoops blainvillii [sic] Leach, 1821,</p> <p>“ Jamaica.”</p> <p>W. E. Leach in 1821 described two new species, Aello cuviert and Mormoops blainvilliz, in the same volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, with Aello appearing eight pages before Mormoops. After examining the type specimens, G. E. Dobson in 1878 concluded that both names applied to the same species. Despite the page priority, he argued to retain the name Mormoops because the definition of the genus Aello was incorrect, and the type specimen had lost many of the diagnostic characteristics. Based on Dobson’s recommendation, other subsequent revisions of the group chose the name Mormoops blainvillii over Aello cuvieri. Hence, opinion 462 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in 1957 officially recognized the name Mormoops as having precedence over Aello. In this same document, the specific epithet blainvillei was placed as the correct spelling. Fossil records of M. blainvillei are reported from several islands in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles and Anguilla, Antigua, and Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles. Based on these records, M. blainvillei had a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than it has today. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Mona I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.52-56 mm, tail 28-30 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm, forearm 43-50 mm; weight 6-11 g. Pelage is long, soft, and silky. Fur color varies from pale cinnamon to reddish; hairs are slightly darker dorsally than ventrally. Ears are short and rounded. Labionasal plate is complex, with nostrils surrounded by separate pads; margin above and between nostrils is characterized by several irregularly shaped tubercles. Skull rostrum is strongly upturned, almost at a 90° angle to braincase plane. Braincase is globular, with inflated parietals. Condylo-basal lengths are 12-14 mm. Incisors are delicate, separated from canines by conspicuous diastemata in upper tooth row. There is a geographical trend of increasing overall size from Cuba to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, with Jamaican populations being intermediate in size.</p> <p>Habitat. Semi-open spaces along riverine galleries and forested terraces to forage and caves to roost.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Antillean Ghost-faced Bat feeds exclusively on insects, mostly small lepidopterans, but dipterans, homopterans, coleopterans, and ephemeropterans have also been reported in diets.</p> <p>Breeding. The Antillean Ghostfaced Bat is monoestrous and has one young per year. Records on reproductive status in Cuba noted pregnancy in March—June and lactation until September. There is sexual segregation in roosts at least during part of reproductive cycle.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Antillean Ghost-faced Bat usually flies at greater heights and faster speeds compared with sympatric species of Pteronotus. It is nocturnal; foraging activity starts relatively late after dark and is consistent throughout the night. Higher activity levels are associated with primary forest sites. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short and steep FM pulses averaging c.3 milliseconds, with up to four harmonics; second harmonic of 48-69kHz is typically most intense.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Antillean Ghostfaced Bats roost in hot, humid, and large caves, where colonies containing many thousands of individuals can be observed. They are commonly found roosting with other bat species, particularly mormoopids, but in spatially separated clusters.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Antillean Ghostfaced Bat is one of the most abundant species of insectivorous bats in the Greater Antilles.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dobson (1878), Emrich et al. (2014), Genoways et al. (2005), ICZN (1957), Jennings et al. (2004), Lancaster &amp; Kalko (1996), Leach (1821), Macias et al. (2006), Mancina et al. (2012), Morgan (2001), Patton &amp; Gardner (2008), Rodriguez-Duran &amp; Padilla-Rodriguez (2010), Rolfe et al. (2014), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439154FFE8E4EBC8922E75ABCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.text	03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mormoops megalophylla Peters 1864	<div><p>2.</p> <p>Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat</p> <p>Mormoops megalophylla</p> <p>French: Mormoops de Peters / German: Peters-Kinnblattfledermaus / Spanish: Mormépido de Peters</p> <p>Other common names: Ghost-faced Bat, Leaf-chinned Bat, Old-man Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Mormops [sic] megalophylla Peters, 1864,</p> <p>“ Mexico.” Restricted by |.. D. Smith in 1972 to “Parris, Coahuila, México.”</p> <p>Fossil records of M. megalophylla are reported from several islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, Florida (USA), and Bahia (Brazil). Based on these records, distribution of M. megalophylla was more extensive in the late Quaternary than it is today. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M. m. megalophylla Peters, 1864 — from SW Arizona and Texas, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, S to W Nicaragua.</p> <p>M. m. carteri J. D. Smith, 1972 — Carchi and Pichincha provinces, N Ecuador, and Lambayeque Department, NW Peru.</p> <p>M. m. intermedia G. S. Miller, 1900 — Netherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire).</p> <p>M. m. tumidiceps G. S. Miller, 1902 — coastal and inland localities between C &amp; E Andes ranges of Colombia, Caribbean coast of Venezuela including Margarita I, and Trinidad I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢.56-73 mm, tail 18-31 mm, ear 13-16 mm, hindfoot 9-14 mm, forearm 50-61 mm; weight 11-22 g.; individuals of subspecies intermedia are smallest (forearm 50-54 mm) and those of subspecies carteri are largest (forearm 56— 61 mm). Pelage is long and lax. Fur color varies from pale brown to deep cinnamonred; hairs usually have four color bands. Individuals from South American subspecies have cape of long hairs over shoulders, contrasting in color with dorsal fur. Ears are short and rounded. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat is externally and cranially similar to the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (M. blainvillei) but larger. Skull rostrum is proportionally broader. Braincase is squared in profile, with parietals inflated. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-1-15-1 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Temperate coniferous forest and lowland tropical rainforest to xerophytic scrub. In Ecuador, Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat occurs in cloud forest at elevations of 2350-2700 m. It seems to be more common in hot lowland areas in its northern distribution and in forested areas in tropical regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat feeds mostly on large moths, usually with body lengths of 5-6 mm; other prey items include beetles and flies.</p> <p>Breeding. Female Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats select areas of caves that minimize ventilation and maximize temperature to establish maternity roosts. Male Peters’s Ghostfaced Bats select cooler caves outside mating season. There is evidence that reproductive cycle differs throughout the distribution. Mating season in Venezuela reportedly occurs in March-April. Pregnant females were observed in May and November in Ecuador and February—June in North America. Lactating females were reported in January, March, and October in Ecuador, March on Trinidad Island, and June-August in North America.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats usually roost in large and deep cave systems or in abandoned mine shafts. Although they have been observed in roosts with wide ranges of temperatures (over 15°C) and humidity (over 50%), females only use hot caves as maternity roosts. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats fly higher and faster than other mormoopids, usually foraging in open spaces along canyons and over streams. They are more commonly caught in caves or in other day roosts than in mist nets. They usually become active later than other species of mormoopids, emerging from day roosts after dark. In Ecuador, two activity peaks have been reported. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of steep FM downsweep pulses of ¢.3-5-5 milliseconds, with three harmonics; second harmonic of 48-54 kHz is usually of high intensity.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats are found roosting with other bat species, including mormoopids, but spatially separated from them. Large clusters of hundreds of thousands have been observed in some localities, but small groups are more commonly reported. Individuals usually maintain a distance of ¢. 15 cm from each other within the colony. There are seasonal fluctuations in sizes of colonies, with higher numbers of individuals usually observed in the dry season. In Ecuador, populations occupying caves in different geographical regions might maintain gene flow, suggesting high dispersal abilities. There is sexual segregation in roosts at least during part of the reproductive cycle.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats are classified as vulnerable in Ecuador and critically endangered in Curacao due to size of declines and threats faced by populations known in these areas. Peters’s Ghost-faced Bat has a large but discontinuous distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Avila &amp; Medellin (2004), Bateman &amp; Vaughan (1974), Birney et al. (1974), Boada et al. (2003), Bonaccorso et al. (1992), Camacho et al. (2017), Czaplewski &amp; Cartelle (1998), Goodwin &amp; Greenhall (1961), Morgan (2001), Petit et al. (2006), Rezsutek &amp; Cameron (1993), Rydell et al. (2002), Salles et al. (2014), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972), Smotherman &amp; Guillén-Servent (2008), Torres-Flores et al. (2012), Velazco, O'Neill et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439154FFE8E4E7C52129FBAC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.text	03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus davyi J. E. Gray 1838	<div><p>3.</p> <p>Davy’s Naked-backed Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus davyi</p> <p>French: Ptéronote de Davy / German: Davy-Nacktrlickenfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Davy</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Naked-backed Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pteronotus davyi J. E. Gray, 1838 “Trimidad [Island],” Trinidad and Tobago.</p> <p>J. D. Smith in 1972 recognized three subspecies of P. davyi: P. d. davyi, P. d. fulvus, and P. d. incae. Molecular and morphometric studies have shown that P. davy: represents a species complex, supporting elevation of fulvus to a distinct species. Hence, P davyi sensu stricto occurs in coastal lowlands of Venezuela and in the Lesser Antilles, and as an isolated population in Peru; its distribution might extend to Colombia and northward to Costa Rica and Nicaragua, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not been assessed. Pteronotus davyi seems uncommon in Central America, and no extant populations are known in Panama, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, and Brazil. Occurrence records in north-eastern Brazil were erroneous and corresponded to P. gymnonotus. Fossil records of P. davyi are reported from Bahia and Goias in Brazil and Tobago Island. Based on fossil records, its distribution was more extensive in the late Quaternary than it is today. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>P.d.davyiJ.E.Gray,1838—Nicaragua,CostaRica,NColombia,andNVenezuela;LesserAntillesonMarie-Galante,Dominica,Martinique,St.Lucia,Grenada,Trinidad,andCuracao.</p> <p>P. d. incae]. D. Smith, 1972 — Piura, Lambayeque, and Cajamarca departments, NW Peru.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.50-57 mm, tail 18-25 mm, ear 16-19 mm, hindfoot 9-12 mm, forearm 46-50 mm; weight 8-11 g. Dorsal fur under wing membranes is longer than ventral fur. Hairs are usually unicolored or only slightly bicolored, varying from grayish to reddish brown. Rostrum is very broad, with wide and concave nasals. Individuals of subspecies incae are overall larger than those of davyi. Some external and cranial features are shared with the other species currently recognized in the subgenus Pteronotus: wing membranes fused dorsally at midline; ears pointed, with anteromedial edge of pinna smooth (lacking serrations); skull rostrum noticeably upturned in lateral profile and shorter than one-half total length of skull; braincase oblong and basioccipital region broad between auditory bullae; and lower incisors reduced in size and trilobed. Condylo-basal lengths are 14-4-15-7 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical thorn forest, semideciduous forest, woodlands, and swamps. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat usually forages over water and near vegetation. It is sensitive to ambient temperatures below 15°C; it thermoregulates efficiently and usually maintains high body temperature (c.38°C) in warm environments. In Peru, subspecies incae occurs at higher elevations (up to 2700 m) on western slope of Andes and might be adapted to tolerate colder temperatures.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Davy’s Naked-backed Bat includes lepidopterans, dipterans, and dermapterans.</p> <p>Breeding. In Dominica, pregnant Davy’s Naked-backed Bats were observed in March and one lactating female in July. Ajuvenile was reported in September in Curacao.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Davy’s Naked-backed Bats seem to be crepuscular, being the first to leave caves at dusk in multispecies assemblages. They prefer roosting in large and warm caves. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c.4-5 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is frequently most intense, starting with a CF component of 68-70 kHz, followed by a FM sweep, and ending in a QCF segment averaging 54 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Davy’s Naked-backed Bats frequently share large and warm caves with other mormoopids, phyllostomids, and natalids. Males and females apparently roost in the same areas of caves. They select areas of caves that minimize ventilation and maximize temperature. There are no records of long-range movements by Davy’s Naked-backed Bat, but it is the only mormoopid inhabiting islands of the Lesser Antilles farther from the coast.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat is classified as endangered in Curacao.</p> <p>Bibliography. Adams (1989), Bonaccorso et al. (1992), Czaplewski &amp; Cartelle (1998), Davalos (2006), Eshelman &amp; Morgan (1985), Fracasso &amp; Salles (2005), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Genoways et al. (2001), Ibanez et al. (1999), Jennings et al. (2004), Lenoble, Bochaton et al. (2014), Mares &amp; Wilson (1971), Mares et al. (1981), Patton &amp; Gardner (2008), Pavan &amp; Marroig, (2016), Pedersen et al. (2013), Petit et al. (2006), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972), Willig (1985).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439153FFEFE4D8C8852D71AC5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.text	03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus fulvus (Thomas 1892)	<div><p>4.</p> <p>Thomas's Naked-backed Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus fulvus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote fauve / German: Thomas-Nacktriickenfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Thomas</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris davyifulvus [sic] Thomas, 1892,</p> <p>“Las Penas, west coast ofJalisco,” Mexico.</p> <p>Pteronotus fulvus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. davyi, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas S along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, to El Salvador and W Honduras.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.48-52 mm, tail 20-23 mm, ear 17-18 mm, hindfoot 11 mm, forearm 40-5-46-7 mm; weight ¢.7-8: 7 g. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat is the smallest species of naked-backed bat. Dorsal and head pelage colors range from dark brown to bright orange; ventral hairs have grayish white tips. Rostrum is broad but comparatively narrower than in other species of naked-backed bats. Braincase is oval and less robust than in Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyi). Condylo-basal lengths are 13-7-15 mm. Individuals from Honduras and El Salvador are larger on average than in other areas of its distribution; a marked increase in overall size is also observed in the northernmost distributional limit in Sonora, Mexico. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Pteronotus are listed in descriptive notes for Davy’s Nakedbacked Bat.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical dry forest, usually lowland habitats, mostly below 600 m. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat is abundant throughoutits distribution. It has narrow thermal specificity for roosting and is usually reported from hot caves (higher than 30°C), with 27°C being the lowest recorded roost temperature. This physiological limitation probably restricts habitats occupied by Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat feeds mainly on dipterans, lepidopterans, and dermapterans, but diversity of insects included in diets might increase when prey abundance is low.</p> <p>Breeding. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with most females giving birth in the beginning of the rainy season. Maternity colonies mostly contain females, but males might be present in small numbers. In Mexico, mating occurs in January—March. Pregnant females are reported in April-May, with embryos ofvariable sizes (3-20 mm), and lactating females in July-September.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat has a bimodal activity pattern, which seems to correspond to abundance peaks of crepuscular and nocturnal insects. It typically forages along riparian corridors, in open places 2-10 m aboveground, over water surfaces, and in forest trails. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c.6 milliseconds. Second harmonic, which is the most intense, has two short CF components at 68-71 kHz and 58-60 kHz, joined by a FM downward sweep.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat roosts in hot and humid caves and usually forms large colonies. Fluctuations in colony sizes are commonly reported and are probably related to seasonal movements due to reproductive activity. It exhibits a limited tolerance to low temperatures, which probably excludes it from temperate areas in its northernmost distribution. It has been suggested that mountain peaks and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico) act as physical barriers to dispersal of Thomas’s Naked-backed Bats.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat is included under Davy’s Naked-backed Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.</p> <p>Bibliography. Arriaga-Flores et al. (2012), Avila &amp; Medellin (2004), Birney et al. (1974), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Guevara-Chumacero et al. (2010), O'Farrell &amp; Miller (1997), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Rydell et al. (2002), Salinas-Ramos et al. (2015), Smith (1972), Torres-Flores et al. (2012).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439153FFEFE4DEC5572767A8B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.text	03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus gymnonotus (Natterer 1843)	<div><p>5.</p> <p>Big Naked-backed Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus gymnonotus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote a dos nu / German: GroRe Nacktrlickenfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de espalda desnuda</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris gymnonotus [sic] Wagner, 1843,</p> <p>“Cuyaba [= Cuiabd],” Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p> <p>Some authors attribute the name P. gymnonotus to J. B. Natterer. When J. D. Smith in 1977 clarified the nomenclatural history recognizing P. gymnonotus as the senior synonym of P. suapurensis, he assigned Natterer as its authority. Smith argued that J.</p> <p>A. Wagner, when he described P. gymnonotus, attributed the name of the species to Natterer because the descriptive notes were taken directly from Natterer’s field diary. D. C. Carter and P. G. Dolan in 1978 examined a photocopy of Natterer’s field notes and stated that, even though Wagner used Natterer’s species name, he wrote the species diagnosis independently, and therefore Smith’s claim was not supported. Carter and Dolan’s argument is followed here. Fossil records of P. gymnonotus are reported from Tobago Island. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From S Mexico S along Central America, Caribbean coast of South America, and the Guianas to C &amp; NE Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.51-69 mm, tail 17-27 mm, ear 13-20 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 50-56 mm; weight 12-18 g. The Big Naked-backed Bat is the largest species of naked-backed bat, both externally and cranially. Fur color varies from dark brown to bright orange and is paler ventrally than dorsally. There are short hairs densely covering fused wing membrane, giving back a “velvety” appearance. Skull rostrum is conspicuously shorter than one-half total length of skull and very broad, with depressed nasals. Braincase is oblong, and basioccipital region between bullae is very broad. Condylo-basal lengths are 15-17 mm. There is a geographical trend of larger overall sizes in the northernmost distribution, but no population structuring at the molecular level is observed. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Pleronotus are listed in descriptive notes for Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyr).</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical rainforest, dry forest, xerophytic scrub, and savannas. The Big Naked-backed Bat is more abundant in dry and semi-open environments below elevations of 400 m, although there are several records from the Brazilian central plateau above 1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Big Naked-backed Bats include moths, beetles, flies, and crickets.</p> <p>Breeding. In Nicaragua and Mexico, pregnant Big Naked-backed Bats were reported in April, May, and June. In north-eastern Brazil, it has been suggested that the reproductive pattern is related to the wet season, with pregnant females reported in September—November.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Big Naked-backed Bat forages more commonly in semi-open areas and over water bodies. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses averaging 6-6 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is the most intense, starting with a CF component at 55 kHz and ending with a QCF component of ¢.48-7 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Big Naked-backed Bat prefers roosting in large and humid cave systems, where it is found in association with other species of mormoopids and phyllostomids.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bernard et al. (2011), Bredt et al. (1999), Cajaiba (2014), Carter &amp; Dolan (1978), Eshelman &amp; Morgan (1985), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Ibanez &amp; Ochoa (1989), Ibanez et al. (2000), Patton &amp; Gardner (2008), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016, 2017), Rocha et al. (2011), Sbragia &amp; Cardoso (2008), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972, 1977), Vargas-Mena et al. (2018), Willig (1985a).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.text	03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleronotus macleayii (J. E. Gray 1839)	<div><p>6.</p> <p>Macleay’s Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pleronotus macleayii</p> <p>French: Ptéronote de Macleay / German: Macleay-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Macleay</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris macleayii J. E. Gray, 1839,</p> <p>“ Cuba.” Restricted by G. SilvaTaboada in 1976 to Guanabacoa, Havana Province, Cuba.</p> <p>Description of macleayii was associated with three specimens from Cuba presented by W. S. Macleay to J. E. Gray; original description was detailed and accurate and apparently based on only one male among these specimens. It is believed that such material, however, contained both species of Antillean mustached bats, P. macleayii and P. quadridens, and that during World WarII, the incorrect specimen (an individual of P. quadridens) was segregated as the holotype of P. macleayii and subsequently labeled. J. D. Smith in 1972 designated another of these specimens as the holotype. Fossil records of P. macleayu: are reported from the Dominican Republic and New Providence Island, Bahamas, suggesting a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than today. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.macleayii].E.Gray,1839—CubaandIsladelaJuventud. P. m. griseus Gosse, 1851 — Jamaica.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.41-53 mm, tail 20-25 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 9-15 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 4-8 g. Pelage is tricolored dorsally, basal and tip bands vary from dark brown or olive-brown to orange, and central band is whitish to grayish. Ventral fur is paler. Tragus is long and spatulated, with prominent secondary fold. Labionasal plate is very distinct: nostrils have squared flaps above them and prominent lateral spikes to either side. Calcar length is c.1-5 times longer than hindfoot. Skull has slightly elevated rostrum, which is longer than one-half total length of skull. Braincase is globular. Condylo-basal lengths are 14-16 mm. Subspecies macleayi: is smaller than griseus based on external and cranial measurements.</p> <p>Habitat. Semi-open spaces over streams and watercourses for foraging. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is considered an obligate cave-dweller, preferably roosting in high-domed chambers in deep and wet cave systems.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Macleay’s Mustached Bat feeds on a high diversity of arthropods, including lepidopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, ephemeropterans, and spiders.</p> <p>Breeding. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is monoestrous and bears one young each pregnancy. Breeding begins in March, pregnant females are observed in March—July, and lactation occurs in June-August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Macleay’s Mustached Bat has an intermediate flight speed and is most active in edge habitats, usually foraging relatively higher than syntopic species of Pteronotus. There is temporal displacement in activity patterns among Macleay’s Mustached Bat, the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops blainvillei), and the Sooty Mustached Bat (P. quadridens) when foraging in the same habitat. In Jamaica, its activity 1s more intense a few hours after sunset. In Cuba,it exhibits a unimodal peak of activity in the middle of the night. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM signals of ¢.4-3 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is usually most intense and starts at ¢.71 kHz and ends at ¢.56 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Macleay’s Mustached Bat roosts in association with other bat species, particularly mormoopids, but it forms spatially separated clusters. In Cuba, colonies ofseveral thousand are found; in Jamaica, it sometimes congregates in smaller clusters. Males and females might disappear from daily roosts during mating season.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Macleay’s Mustached Bat is less abundant and has a more restricted distribution in Jamaica than Cuba.</p> <p>Bibliography. Emrich et al. (2014), Genoways et al. (2005), Mancina (2005), Mancina, Echenique-Diaz et al. (2007), Mancina, Garcia-Rivera &amp; Miller (2012), Mora &amp; Macias (2011), Morgan (2001), Silva-Taboada (1976b), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972), Velazco, O'Neill et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439152FFEEE4E4CC8F27C9A2B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.text	03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleronotus quadridens Gundlach 1840	<div><p>7.</p> <p>Sooty Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pleronotus quadridens</p> <p>French: Ptéronote fuligineux / German: RulRfarbene Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus tiznado</p> <p>Taxonomy. Lobostoma quadridens Gundlach, 1840,</p> <p>“Cafetal St. Antonio el Fundador,” Canimar, Cuba.</p> <p>G. Silva-Taboada in 1976 concluded that the description of Lobostoma quadridens by J. Gundlach in 1840 referred to the same species described by J. E. Gray in 1843 as Chilonycteris fuliginosa and consequently should be considered the senior synonym of P. fuliginosus, which was formerly recognized byJ. D. Smith in 1972 in his revision of Mormoopidae. Fossil records of P. quadridens are reported for many islands in the Bahamas, suggesting it had a more extensive distribution in the late Quaternary than today. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>P.q.quadridensGundlach,1840—Cuba.</p> <p>P. q. fuliginosusJ. E. Gray, 1843 — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.40—-44 mm, tail 16-22 mm, ear 14-16 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 35-40 mm; weight 3-6 g. The Sooty Mustached Bat is the smallest species of mormoopid. It might be confused with individuals ofits sister species, Macleay’s Mustached Bat (P. macleayit), given similarity in external morphology and sympatric distribution, but it is slightly smaller. Pelage is distinctly tricolored dorsally and bicolored ventrally. Labionasal plate has small lateral spikes and 3-4 tubercles on margin above each nostril. Skull rostrum is delicate, slightly elevated, and longer than one-half total length of skull. Braincase is globular. Condylo-basal lengths are 12-14 mm. There is a geographical trend of size increase in overall size from west to east in Cuba. Subspecies fuliginosus is larger than quadridens externally and cranially.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest patches, semi-open areas, and near streams to forage and caves to roost. The Sooty Mustached Bat is commonly found foraging in the same habitats as Macleay’s Mustached Bat.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Sooty Mustached Bats eat a wide diversity of insects, including moths, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, homopterans, hemipterans, and orthopterans. It has been suggested that they are opportunistic feeders. Consumption of spiders was reported by different sources and has been associated with hovering ability.</p> <p>Breeding. The Sooty Mustached Bat is monoestrous and uniparous; there is one case of twins. Mating season starts in January. Pregnant females are most common in May but have been reported in February—June. Lactation occurs in June-September and peaks in July. Infants form dense clusters of 50-200 individuals in caves.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is evidence of temporal separation in activity of the Sooty Mustached Bat from other species occupying the same cave. It is the first to leave the cave at dusk or a few minutes before sunset. In Cuba, it has initial activity peak lasting four hours after sunset and becomes active again before sunrise. It usually forages at lower heights in the forest understory than Macleay’s Mustached Bat and the Antillean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainviller). Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of c.4 milliseconds, with 2-3 harmonics. Second harmonic is usually most intense and starts with short CF component at ¢.83 kHz and ends at c.62 kHz. Recorded calls of enclosed Sooty Mustached Bats had shorter duration and greater bandwidth than echolocation calls normally found from freeflying bats.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large colonies of Sooty Mustached Bats are commonly reported in hot and humid caves in association with other mormoopids and phyllostomids but in spatially separated clusters. They seem to be more restricted by roost conditions than larger congeners, occupying caves with elevated temperature (over 35°C). They can fly up to 9 km between roosts and foraging sites, and some individuals were able to return to their roost from distances up to 30 km. Males and females can disappear from the roost sites during mating season. There is evidence of sexual segregation during maternity period at least in some areas.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sooty Mustached Bat is one of the most abundant bat species in Cuba and Puerto Rico and the least common mormoopid in Jamaica.</p> <p>Bibliography. Genoways et al. (2005), Gray (1843a), Gundlach (1840), Macias &amp; Mora (2003), Macias et al. (2006), Mancina et al. (2012), Morgan (2001), Rodriguez-Duran &amp; Kunz (1992), Silva-Taboada (1976a, 1979), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439152FFEEE1E1CA2B280AADFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.text	03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus personatus (Wagner 1843)	<div><p>8.</p> <p>Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus personatus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote masqué / German: Kleine \WWagnerSchnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Wagner</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris personata Wagner, 1843,</p> <p>“ Mato grosso [sic],” Brazil. Restricted byJ. A. Wagner in 1847 to “St. Vincente [= Sao Vicente] in der Provinz Mato grosso [sic],” Brazil.</p> <p>J. D. Smith in 1972 recognized two subspecies of P. personatus: P. p. personatus and P. p. psilotis. Molecular and morphometric studies have shown that P. personatus represents a species complex, supporting elevation of psilotis to a distinct species. Hence, P. personatus sensu stricto occurs in South America; its distribution possibly extends northward to Costa Rica at the border with Nicaragua, but phylogenetic status of the Central American and Colombian populations has not been assessed. Fossil records of P. personatus are reported from Tobago Island. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From SW Nicaragua S through Costa Rica and Panama to NE &amp; C Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia including lowlands of Colombia and Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.45-55 mm, tail 16-21 mm, ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 8:5—-12 mm, forearm 43-48 mm; weight 6-5-10 g. Wagner’s Lesser Mustached Batis easily distinguished from other mormoopids occurring in sympatry based on small size and hair-covered back. Dorsal pelage varies from dark brown to reddish brown and ocherous. Ventral pelage is paler than on back and head. Ears are pointed, connected by two low ridges that meet on top of muzzle and form prominent rostral tubercle. Labionasal plate is simple, with typically smooth margin above nostrils. Skull is relatively flat in profile, with ovoid braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-5-15 mm. Rostral breadth is usually equal to length of maxillary tooth row. Infraorbital foramen is located directly above anterior one-half of second upper molar. Lower incisors are reduced, inner pair is distinctly trilobed, and outer pair is weakly trilobed. There is non-linear variation in cranial size throughout the distribution, with individuals from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia averaging larger than individuals from Venezuela and Trinidad Island, and individuals from Brazil increasing in size again.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical dry forests, rainforests, and gallery forests. Wagner’s Lesser Mustached Bat also occurs in areas of humid subtropical forest in Peru. Its occurrence is probably restricted to sites that provide specific roosting requirements.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat feeds on insects, but there is no specific information available on prey itemsin its diet.</p> <p>Breeding. Two pregnant Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bats were reported in May from Venezuela.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat is most commonly reported foraging over water bodies or in dense vegetation near streams. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses with c.5 milliseconds. Second harmonic is most intense, starting with initial CF component at ¢.80 kHz, followed by downward FM sweep, and ending in short CF component at ¢.65 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat has been reported roosting in hot caves in association with other mormoopids, particularly the Big Naked-backed Bat (P. gymnonotus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p> <p>Bibliography. Arias-Aguilar et al. (2018), Bernard et al. (2011), Bowles et al. (1979), Davalos (2006), Eshelman &amp; Morgan (1985), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Goodwin &amp; Greenhall (1961), Ibanez &amp; Ochoa (1989), Montes et al. (2012), Ochoa &amp; Ibanez (1985), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Rocha et al. (2011), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Smith (1972), de la Torre &amp; Medellin (2010), Wagner (1847).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439151FFEDE4D8C82A2DB3A9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.text	03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus psilotis Dobson 1878	<div><p>9.</p> <p>Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus psilotis</p> <p>French: Ptéronote a oreilles nues / German: Kleine Dobson-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Dobson</p> <p>Other common names: Dobson's Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris psilotis Dobson, 1878,</p> <p>type locality unknown. Restricted by IL. de Ia Towe in 1955 to “Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.”</p> <p>P. psilotis was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. personatus, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, S to El Salvador and W Honduras.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.45-54 mm, tail 15-18 mm, ear 16-18 mm, hindfoot 9-4-12 mm, forearm 40-8-45 mm; weight 6:5-7-4 g. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is the smallest species of mormoopid on the mainland. Pelage is highly variable in color. Dorsal fur is gray to brownish when hairs are new, becoming reddish brown and ocherous as hairs age. Ventral fur is bicolored; hairs of new pelage have brown bases and grayish or cinnamon tips; as hairs age, tips get reddish or almost yellowish. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat resembles Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (PF. personatus) externally and cranially but it has an average smaller overall size. Skull of Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Batis similar in size to that of Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat (PF. fulvus), which occurs in the same geographical area, but it is flatter in profile; rostrum 1s also narrower; and basioccipital region is less developed. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-2-14-5 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Woodlands of tropical deciduous and semideciduous forest, rainforest, and vegetation with well-developed canopies. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is usually associated with streams and rivers. Similar to Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat, Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat has a narrow thermal tolerance for roosting;it prefers roosting in hot and humid caves or mines, which probably restricts habitats that it can use.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat is known to eat insects, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.</p> <p>Breeding. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with females usually giving birth at beginning of rainy season. Males seem to form bachelor colonies during at least part of the year, with maternity colonies almost exclusively comprised of females. In Mexico, pregnant females have been reported in April-July, lactating females in July-September, and most records of young in August-December.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is reportedly crepuscular. On average, it uses the first four hours of the night to emerge and forage, returning immediately to its roost. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses of 4-7 milliseconds. Second harmonic, which is most intense, is composed by initial short CF component at ¢.83 kHz, followed by downward FM sweep, and terminal short CF component of 65-68 kHz. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bats seem able to perform DSC.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Mexico, Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bats are found in colonies that can exceed 10,000 individuals and in association with other mormoopids, particularly Thomas’s Naked-backed Bat, phyllostomids, and natalids. Colonies exhibit seasonal changes in size, with larger numbers of individuals most commonly reported during dry seasons. Fluctuations in colony size are probably related to seasonal movements for reproduction. Individuals were reported to maintain specific flyways in arroyos and canyon bottoms, foraging in areas 3-5 km from roosts.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat is included under Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.</p> <p>Bibliography. Avila &amp; Medellin (2004), Bateman &amp; Vaughan (1974), GBIF Secretariat (2017), MacSwiney etal. (2006), O'Farrell &amp; Miller (1997), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Smith (1972), Smotherman &amp; Guillén-Servent (2008), de la Torre, J.A. &amp; Medellin (2010), de la Torre, L. (1955), Torres-Flores et al. (2012).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439151FFEDE4DAC0D82672A6EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.text	03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus parnellii J. E. Gray 1843	<div><p>10.</p> <p>Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus parnellii</p> <p>French: Ptéronote de Parnell / German: Parnell-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Parnell</p> <p>Other common names: Parnell's Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Phyllodia parnellii J. E. Gray, 1843,</p> <p>Jamaica.</p> <p>J.D. Smith in 1972 recognized seven extant subspecies of P. parnelli: P. p. parnellii, Pp. pusillus, P. p. portoricensis, P. p. mexicanus, P. p. mesoamericanus, P. p. fuscus, and P. p. rubiginosus. Several studies based on molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data have shown that P. parnellii represents a species complex, supporting elevation of these subspecies to distinct species. Accordingly, P. parnellii sensu stricto is currently known exclusively from Jamaica; it has been proposed that the population in Cuba belongs to the same lineage of theJamaican population, although its phylogenetic status has not yet been assessed. There are fossil records of Pteronotus cf. parnellii from Florida, several islands in the Bahamas, and Greater and Lesser Antilles, whose taxonomic status needs to be reevaluated. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Cuba and Jamaica.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 59 mm, tail 18-22 mm, ear 20-22 mm, hindfoot 13 mm, forearm 50-54 mm; weight 10-5-16 g. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis the largest species of mormoopid in the Greater Antilles. Dorsal fur is generally tricolored, although color bands are not obviously discernible; hairs are dark brown on bases and tips, grading to paler central zone. Ventral fur is bicolored; hairs are dark brown with whitish tips. Rostrum is relatively long and delicate. Condylo-basal lengths are 18-4-19-5 mm. Many external and cranial features of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat also apply to the other species within this complex, which are currently recognized in subgenus Phyllodia: ears pointed, with lanceolated part broad; tragus simple and lanceolated, with small secondary fold; ears connected by two low, inconspicuous ridges that fuse on top of muzzle forming prominent rostral tubercle; skull flat in profile, with rostrum of equal length as braincase; braincase oval and broad; tympanic rings relatively small, covering about one-third of auditory bullae; basioccipital region narrow, constricted between two large bullae; upper incisors robust and markedlybifurcated; and outer lower incisors bilobed.</p> <p>Habitat. Highly cluttered habitats varying from gallery forests at sea level to forests, croplands, and plantations with high densities of vegetation at elevations up to ¢. 1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bats feed on a high diversity of lepidopterans, but its diet also includes dipterans, coleopterans, cockroaches, termites, and hemipterans. It captures and eats various sizes of insects from fruit flies to moths with 7cm wingspan. Several groups oflepidopterans and coleopterans are avoided, which suggests they are selective relative to prey.</p> <p>Breeding. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is monoestrous and uniparous. Reproductive season seems to start in March in Jamaica, with several reports of pregnant females in March—May. Females give birth in April-July, and lactating females are observed until September. In Cuba, mating season starts in January or February and pregnant females are found from March to July. Births occur mostly in July and juveniles are observed until September. A large maternity colony was reported from the middle ofJuly to the end of August on the southern coast of Cuba.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is more active in the first part of the night, usually emerging after dark. In Cuba, it is reported to be crepuscular, becoming active up to 35 minutes after sunset. It flies slower and lower compared with smaller sympatric mormoopids. Despite overlapping in activity time with other mormoopids, larger overall size and unique foraging strategy of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat probably reduce competition for prey. It can fly at least 2-3 hours without landing. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of long CF-FM pulses of more than 20 milliseconds and contain three harmonics. The CF segment of second harmonic contains the frequency of maximum energy, at c.60 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat prefers to roost in hot and humid chambers of large caves but is also found in cooler roosts like small chambers and along cave walls. It is found in association with other bat species, particularly mormoopids. It flies at a variety of heights when foraging. There is sexual segregation during the breeding season, causing movements of individuals among distinct roosts.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis very common and widespread in Jamaica, but it is the least common species of mormoopid in Cuba.</p> <p>Bibliography. Clare et al. (2013), Davalos (2006), Emrich et al. (2014), Genoways et al. (2005), Goldman &amp; Henson (1977), Macias et al. (2006), Mancina et al. (2012), Morgan (2001), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Smith (1972), Simmons &amp; Conway (2001), Silva-Taboada (1979), de Thoisy et al. (2014), Vater et al. (2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.text	03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus portoricensis (G. S. Miller 1902)	<div><p>12.</p> <p>Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus portoricensis</p> <p>French: Ptéronote de Porto Rico / German: Puerto-Rico-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Puerto Rico</p> <p>Other common names: Puerto Rican Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris portoricensis G. S. Miller, 1902,</p> <p>“cave near Pueblo Viejo [= Cueva di Fari],” Puerto Rico.</p> <p>Pteronotus portoricensis was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Puerto Rico and Mona I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.58-69 mm, tail 13-22 mm, ear 16-25 mm, hindfoot 8-13 mm, forearm 50-54 mm; weight 11-3-14-3 g. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat is slightly smaller than Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelli) in external and cranialsizes; skull rostrum is also proportionally shorter. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-18 mm. Fur color does not differ from the other Antillean species of common mustached bats; dorsal hairs are generally tricolored, dark brown on bases and tips, grading to paler central zone, and ventral fur is dark brown with whitish tips. Individuals inhabiting Mona Island are smaller than the main population from Puerto Rico. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforests to forage and humid hot caves to roost.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat feeds on several groups of insects, particularly coleopterans, lepidopterans, hymenopterans, hemipterans, and dipterans. It has the broadest diet among species of mormoopids in Puerto Rico.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats have been captured as late as August (presumably also found earlier in the year), and lactating females and a maternity colony have been reported in late November.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats become active early in the evening, usually near sunset. They typically leave caves after Sooty Mustached Bats (P. quadridens) but before Antillean Ghost-faced Bats (Mormoops blainvillei). Echolocation calls during search phase are long CF-FM pulses of ¢.22 milliseconds, with up to four harmonics. The CF segment in second harmonic, which contains the most energy, is c.61-3 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats form colonies of a few thousand individuals in hot caves where air temperatureis higher than 30°C. They are found roosting in association with other mormoopids and also phyllostomids, particularly Leach’s Single-leaf Bat (Monophyllus redmani) and the Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis). Fluctuations in colony sizes of Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bats have been observed at different times of the year.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. It is not particularly abundant compared with other species of mormoopids in Puerto Rico.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gannon et al. (2005), Jennings et al. (2004), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Rodriguez-Duran &amp; Padilla-Rodriguez (2010), Rolfe &amp; Kurta (2012), Smith (1972).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439150FFECE4E4C5C8289FA7A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.text	03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus pusillus (G. M. Allen 1917)	<div><p>11.</p> <p>Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus pusillus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote d'Hispaniola / German: Hispaniola-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Hispaniola</p> <p>Other common names: Hispaniolan Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris parnellii pusillus [sic] G. M. Allen, 1917,</p> <p>“Arroyo Salado, Santo Domingo,” Dominican Republic.</p> <p>Pteronotus pusillus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellir, but here it is considered a distinct species. Fossil subspecies gonavensis, described by K. F. Koopman in 1995 from an owl pellet deposit found in a cave near En Café, Gonave Island, off western Hispaniola,is considered a temporal variation of the population currently inhabiting Hispaniola (i.e. P. pusillus). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Haiti and Dominican Republic.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢. 53 mm, tail 20 mm, ear 18 mm, hindfoot 12 mm, forearm 49-7-52-9 mm. The Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat is the smallest species of common mustached bat. It is easily distinguished from Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelliz) and the Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (P. portoricensis) based on smaller external and cranial sizes. Pelage is darker dorsally than ventrally; hairs on back have paler central zone similar to Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat. Skull of the Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat has delicate rostrum and comparatively robust, globular braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-17-8 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat.</p> <p>Habitat. Dense vegetation in dry thorn scrub and forests or along streams.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat feeds on insects, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.</p> <p>Breeding. No reproductive activity was observed in Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bats collected in May and August in three distinct localities in Haiti.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of the Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat consist of long CF-FM pulses with most energy at ¢.67-5 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bats roost in caves with other mormoopids and phyllostomids. There are seasonal changes in colony sizes, probably related to reproductive activity.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. It is not particularly abundant compared with other species of mormoopids on Hispaniola.</p> <p>Bibliography. Davalos et al. (2019), Klingener et al. (1978), Koopman (1955), Nunez-Novas et al. (2016), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Smith (1972).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439150FFECE4EACCF02EB6ACD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.text	03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus mexicanus (Miller 1902)	<div><p>13.</p> <p>Mexican Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus mexicanus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote du Mexique / German: Mexiko-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus mexicano</p> <p>Other common names: Mexican Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris mexicana G. S. Miller, 1902,</p> <p>“San Blas,” Nayarit, Mexico.</p> <p>Pteronotus mexicanus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnelliz, but here it is considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. L.owlands along Pacific coast and C Mexico, from Sonora to Guerrero and Puebla.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 64— 70 mm, tail 19-24 mm, ear 21-23 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm, forearm 53-58 mm; weight c¢.13-5 g. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon to brownish; it becomes paler or grayish ventrally. Skull is robust, with broad braincase and proportionally shorter rostrum. Condylo-basal lengths are 18:5-20 mm. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is slightly larger than Antillean species in the subgenus Phyllodia but is smaller in size, on average, externally and cranially, compared with other species on the mainland. Pelage color is also noticeably paler. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).</p> <p>Habitat. Dense vegetation in coastal lowlands, scrublands, or tropical dry forest at elevations up to 1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat has a diverse diet that mainly includes lepidopterans, small beetles, and dipterans.</p> <p>Breeding. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Mating occurs in December-February, and gestation lasts c.4 months. Most young are born in the first one-half ofJune when rainy season begins, and lactation takes c.1 month. Males are reproductively active throughout the year, but they only produce mature spermatozoa in December—February.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mexican Common Mustached Bats appear to emerge earlyafter sunset. After individuals leave roosts, they travel along well-established routes to foraging areas, which can be located more than 3-5 km from roost sites. They can actively forage all night, returning to the roost 5-7 hours after they emerge. Long CF-FM pulses of c.25 milliseconds characterize echolocation calls during search phase. The CF component of second harmonic is ¢.64 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mexican Common Mustached Bats usually roost in caves; groups with up to 4000 individuals have been reported. Colony sizes change markedly throughout the year. Highest densities have been reported during the mating season when males and females share the same roosts. There is sexual segregation in roosts during gestation and lactation when males occupy bachelor roosts.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Mexican Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aimazan-Catalan et al. (2015), Bateman &amp; Vaughan (1974), Garrido et al. (1984), Lépez-Wilchis et al. (2016), Novick (1963), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Ruiz (2014), Smith (1972), Torres-Flores et al. (2012).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439150FFE3E1E6C1072BAAA348	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.text	03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus fuscus Cossmann 1903	<div><p>15.</p> <p>Allen’s Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pleronotus fuscus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote des Caraibes / German: Allen-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Allen</p> <p>Other common names: Allen's Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca J. A. Allen, 1911,</p> <p>“Las Quiguas, 5 miles [= 8 km] south of Puerto Cabello, altitude 650 feet [= 198 m], Venezuela.”</p> <p>Pteronotusfuscus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Its distribution potentially includes coastal and inland sites of Colombia and south-western Venezuela on the border with Colombia, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not yet been assessed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, NW Guyana, and St. Vincent, Trinidad, and Margarita Is in the Lesser Antilles.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.63-72 mm, tail 20-27 mm, ear 18-25 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm, forearm 56-62 mm; weight 13-4-22-4 g. Pelage color is brown to reddish; ventral fur is paler. Skull has narrow and delicate rostrum; nasal bones are parallel and flat. Condylo-basal lengths are 19-21 mm. Maxillary bones are not inflated in their suture with nasals; greatest width across molars is generally less than 8-1 mm in individuals from Guyana and Venezuela. It is larger externally and cranially on Trinidad Island, and noticeable reduction in overall size is noted in individuals from Margarita Island, Venezuela. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical dry forests, lower montane forests, and croplands with dense vegetation. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat occurs throughout Venezuela, except in most of the Llanos. It seems to be more tolerant of lower temperatures than smaller mormoopids, roosting in relatively colder caves at ¢.26°C. It is sensitive to temperatures lower than 8°C for long periods of time.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is insectivorous, but there is no specific information available on prey items in its diet.</p> <p>Breeding. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with most females giving birth in beginning of rainy season (May-June). On Trinidad Island, females with young have been found in May. In Venezuela, pregnant females have been reported in April and lactating females in July-August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls consist in long CF-FM pulses, with most energy at a frequency of ¢.62 kHz in Venezuelan populations; frequency used by Trinidadian individuals is lower at ¢.58-9 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat commonly roosts in large cave systems associated with other mormoopids and phyllostomids, butit is also found in smaller caves and other type of roosts. Fluctuations in colony sizes seem to be related to seasonal movements due to reproductive activity. Males and females roost together during mating season, but sexual segregation apparently occurs during gestation and lactation. Males select coolest areas of caves, and females select warmer roosts for nurseries.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat is included under Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat, which is classified as Least Concern.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso et al. (1992), Clare et al. (2013), Eshelman &amp; Morgan (1985), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Goodwin &amp; Greenhall (1961), Gutiérrez &amp; Molinari (2008), Handley (1976), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Pavan et al. (2018), Smith (1972), Vasquez-Parra et al. (2015).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A63743915FFFE3E4DFC5BF28E3A80A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.text	03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus mesoamericanus J. D. Smith 1972	<div><p>14.</p> <p>Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus mesoamericanus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote dAmérique Centrale / German: Mittelamerika-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de</p> <p>América Central</p> <p>Other common names: Mesoamerican Mustached Bat, Smith's Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pleronotus parnellic mesoamericanus]. D. Smith, 1972,</p> <p>“ 1 mi [= 1-6 km] § and 0-75 mi [= 1-2 km] E Yepocapa, 4280 ft [= 1305 m], Chimaltenango, Guatemala.”</p> <p>Pteronotus mesoamericanus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnelliz, but here itis considered a distinct species. There is a potentially large zone of secondary contact between P. mesoamericanus and P. mexicanus north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec and on the Yucatan Peninsula. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mexico, along Gulf Coast, in Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and Yucatan Peninsula, S to Canal Zone, Panama.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.70-72 mm,tail 23-27 mm, ear 20-22 mm, hindfoot 14 mm, forearm 55-63 mm; weight c.16-19-5 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to ocherous; ventral hair tips are paler, giving a frosted appearance. Populations inhabiting the Yucatan Peninsula are noticeably small (forearm 55-56-5 mm), and individuals from Costa Rica and Panama are the largest (forearm 60-63 mm). Condylo-basal lengths are 19-21-5 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnelliz).</p> <p>Habitat. Continuous or fragmented forests and dense riparian vegetation with high canopies and croplands. Although Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bats prefer roosting in warm caves, they have less thermal specificity than smaller mormoopids and tolerate roost temperatures below 20°C in their northernmost distribution.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat feeds on coleopterans, besides lepidopterans, dipterans, orthopterans, and hymenopterans.</p> <p>Breeding. Seasonal polyestry has been suggested for the Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat. It seems to depend on hot caves for maternity roosts. In Yucatan, Mexico, pregnant females are reported in late April and early May, with embryos of 20-22 mm. In Veracruz, Mexico, pregnant females were observed in most parts of the year but in higher frequency in April-June and August-September. In Costa Rica, lactating females with young are reported in February. Lactation is most frequently reported in June-September, but a bimodal pattern has also been suggested.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat is often seen foraging together with smaller species of mormoopids butflies closer to the ground or within vegetation. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of long CF-FM pulses of 22-25 milliseconds and up to four harmonics. Most energy is in the second harmonic, but there seems to be variation in the CF component across the distribution. Individuals from the Yucatan Peninsula have higher frequency calls, with the CF component of 63-5 kHz; mean CF of individuals from Costa Rica 1s 60-5 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sizes of colonies of Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bats contain a few hundred individuals. They can range widely, with records of recaptures in areas located more than 2 km from the originalsite of capture.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat is relatively common throughoutits distribution and a generalist relative to its habitat requirements.</p> <p>Bibliography. Avila &amp; Medellin (2004), Birney et al. (1974), Clare et al. (2013), Deleva &amp; Chaverri (2018), Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada (2001), Fenton et al. (2001), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Lépez-Wilchis et al. (2016), O'Farrell &amp; Miller (1997), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Ruiz (2014), Rydell et al. (2002), Whitaker &amp; Findley (1980).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A63743915FFFE3E4D9CAA02B9CAC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.text	03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus paraguanensis (Linares & Ojasti 1974)	<div><p>16.</p> <p>Paraguana Common</p> <p>Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus paraguanensis</p> <p>French: Ptéronote de Paraguana / German: Paraguana-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus de Paraguana</p> <p>Other common names: Paraguana Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pleronotus parnellii paraguanensis Linares &amp; Ojasti, 1974,</p> <p>Cueva de Piedra Honda, 7 km SW Pueblo Nuevo, 120 m, Peninsula de Paraguana, Estado Falcon, Venezuela.</p> <p>Pteronotus paraguanensis has been originally described as a subspecies of P. parnelli. In 2008, it received specific status based on morphometric evidence. Its phylogenetic position in the subgenus Phyllodia is unknown. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon State, Venezuela.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c¢.61-64 mm, tail 17-26 mm, ear 19-24 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm, forearm 52-6-55-8 mm; weight 12-17 g. It averages smaller in size, externally and cranially, than Allen’s Common Mustached Bat (P. fuscus) that inhabits mainland Venezuela. Fur color is pale yellowish brown. Skull is comparatively broad, with proportionally higher braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 18-3— 19-5 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (PF. parnelli).</p> <p>Habitat. Dense vegetation in tropical thorn forests at elevations of 0-120 m. The Paraguana Common Mustached Bat is known from only three caves, where it roosts in temperatures of 33-36°C. It is sensitive to temperatures below 20°C.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Paraguana Common Mustached Bats feed on a high diversity of prey from nine insect orders and two families of chelicerates. It has been reported that 62% ofits diet is composed of insects harmful to agriculture.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Paraguana Common Mustached Bats have been collected in July-September. They establish maternity roosts in two of the three caves where they are known to occur: Cueva del Guano and Cueva de Piedra Honda.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of the Paraguana Common Mustached Bat consist of long CF-FM pulses, with most energy at frequency of ¢.68 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Paraguana Common Mustached Bats are found in association with other mormoopids, including Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyi) and Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the natalid Trinidadian Funnel-eared Bat (Natalus tumidirostris), and the phyllostomid Southern Longnosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae). Movements of Paraguana Common Mustached Bats might be limited to flight within major forested areas of the peninsula; xeric vegetation of the Isthmus of Médanos would preclude dispersal to mainland. Males and females seem to roost in the same areas of caves during mating season, but sexual segregation occurs at least during part ofthe year.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Paraguana Common Mustached Bat has a small distribution and faces continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat. Its known distribution is limited to only three caves, one of which is subject to frequent acts of vandalism (e.g. fires being lit in the cave with intent to destroy bats). Sexual segregation among caves, as consequence of the establishment of maternity roosts, is an additional threat because loss of one cave could kill most members of one sex or the other.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso et al. (1992), Gutiérrez &amp; Molinari (2008), Linares &amp; Ojasti (1974), Molinari et al. (2012), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Solari (2016a).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A63743915FFFE2E1DBC1E32DD4A4EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.text	03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus alitonus Pavan, Bobrowiec & Percequillo 2018	<div><p>18.</p> <p>Amazonian Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus alitonus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote alitone / German: Amazonas-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus biogotudo amazoénico</p> <p>Other common names: Amazonian Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pteronotus alitonus Pavan, Bobrowiec &amp; Percequillo, 2018,</p> <p>“Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) area, 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2°20’S, 60°6’W, elevation of 30- 125m).”</p> <p>Pteronotus alitonus was split from P. rubiginosus based on molecular, morphological, and acoustic evidence; it was referred to in some previous molecular studies as Pleronotus sp. 3 or Pteronotus sp. 1. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. The Guianas and N Brazil.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢.65-70 mm, tail 24-31 mm, ear 17-19 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm, forearm 59-64 mm; weight 18-26 g. Pelage is dense and short; color varies from pale brown to reddish. Skull rostrum is robust, and braincase is large and rounded. Condylo-basal lengths are 20-22 mm. Nasal bones form markedly concave area in rostrum at suture of maxillary and frontal bones; they are narrower and slightly upturned in their anterior part. Pterygoid canal has pair of foramina varying from almost indistinct perforations to small pits. Maxillary tooth row length is less than 9-7 mm. Greatest width across molars is more than 8: 1 mm. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).</p> <p>Habitat. Continuous forests in the Amazon.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat is insectivorous, but there is no specific information available on prey itemsin its diet.</p> <p>Breeding. In French Guiana, pregnant and lactating females were found in July, and post-lactating females between August and October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat shows highest activity levels in forests in contrast to foraging sites over water bodies. Its activity patterns seem to be similar between dry and wet season in the central Amazon. Echolocation calls consist of long CF-FM pulses of ¢.25 milliseconds. Second harmonic has maximum energy at 59-60 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Amazonian Common Mustached Bat exhibits high genetic structuring, which might be consequence of low dispersal capability related to limitations to cross open landscapes in the Amazon region.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Clare et al. (2013), Filippi-Codaccioni et al. (2018), Lépez-Baucells, Torrent et al. (2018), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Pavan et al. (2018), de Thoisy et al. (2014), Torrent et al. (2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A63743915EFFE2E1E0CC2F27B1ABC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.text	03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteronotus rubiginosus (Wagner 1843)	<div><p>17.</p> <p>Womurs Common Mustached Bat</p> <p>Pteronotus rubiginosus</p> <p>French: Ptéronote rubigineux / German: \Wagner-Schnurrbartfledermaus / Spanish: Pteronotus rufo</p> <p>Other common names: \Wagner's Mustached Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chilonycteris rubiginosa Wagner, 1843,</p> <p>“Caicara,” Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p> <p>Pteronotus rubiginosus was formerly classified as a subspecies of P. parnellii, but here it is considered a distinct species. Distribution of P. rubiginosus has been restricted to South America. Molecular and morphological data confirm its occurrence in the Guianas, Brazil, and Bolivia; its distribution potentially extends to the Amazonian regions of Peru and Venezuela, but phylogenetic status of these populations has not been assessed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From S Venezuela and the Guianas S to C &amp; NE Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.63-79 mm, tail 24-31 mm, ear 18-21-5 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm, forearm 61-67 mm; weight 20-27 g. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat is the largest species of mormoopid. Dorsally, new pelage varies from light to extremely dark brown; hairs acquire an intense reddish color with age. Ventral hairs are also comparatively darker, with brownish white tips. Rostrum is robust, with nasals parallel and flattened throughout their extension. Pterygoid canal has large pair of foramina, as large as one-half the diameter of foramen ovale. Condylo-basal lengths are 21-23-5 mm. Ratio of interorbital breadth to palatal length is usually equal or less than 0-44. Maxillary tooth row is more than 9-8 mm in individuals from the Amazon region. There is geographical variation in external and cranial sizes of individuals; Wagner's Common Mustached Bat is overall larger in the Amazon region whereits distribution overlaps with that of the Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (P. alitonus). Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus Phyllodia are listed in descriptive notes for Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (P. parnellii).</p> <p>Habitat. Amazon rainforest and northern parts of Brazilian Cerrado.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Moths dominate diets of Wagner's Common Mustached Bats, but other prey items have been reported, including termites, homopterans, and many groups of coleopterans.</p> <p>Breeding. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat has been considered monoestrous, but seasonality in reproductive pattern is not clear. In central Amazon of Brazil, it has been suggested that mating occurs from November to January. In central Brazil (Cerrado biome), mating season apparently occurs in July-August, with parturition in December—January. Pregnant females are reported in April, August, and November in Brazil; in French Guiana, they are reported in June and July. Lactating females have been reported throughout the year (February, May, June, and August-October).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Overall, Wagner's Common Mustached Bat does not exhibit an activity peak and forages constantly throughout the night. It usually forages along manmade trails inside the forest and more intensely in places with greater insect availability, showing preference for vegetation clutter in non-riparian areas. In the central Amazon of Brazil, activity level increases two hours after sunset, which has been suggested to be correlated with lepidopteran availability. Activity is also positively related to moon intensity, increasing during bright nights, which suggests an activity pattern driven by prey abundance. Echolocation calls consist of long CF-FM pulses of more than 20 milliseconds. Second harmonic has the maximum energy at 53-55 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Clusters with hundreds to thousands of Wagner’s Common Mustached Bats have been reported in sandstone caves in the eastern Amazon of Brazil. Small groups of less than 100 individuals also have been reported roosting in limestone cavities and man-made structures in central Brazil, suggesting flexibility regarding roost requirements. Wagner's Common Mustached Bats probably fly large distances between day roosts and foraging sites, but there is no information available on how far they fly. In central Brazil, they were found sharing day roosts with Big Naked-backed Bats (P. gymnonotus) and many species of phyllostomids. Sexual segregation seems to exist at least during part of the year.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Wagner's Common Mustached Batis one of the most common insectivorous bats in Amazon lowlands.</p> <p>Bibliography. Appel et al. (2017), Bernard (2002), Bernard et al. (2011), Bowles et al. (1979), Bredt et al. (1999), Clare et al. (2013), Filippi-Codaccioni et al. (2018), Ibanez &amp; Ochoa (1989), Lima et al. (2017), Lépez-Baucells, Torrent et al. (2018), Oliveira et al. (2015), Pavan &amp; Marroig (2016), Pavan et al. (2018), Sampaio et al. (2003), Smith (1972), de Thoisy et al. (2014).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A63743915EFFE2E4E4CDC6284BA4B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781
