identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D9879BE85E17657EFDFF316A09A61F.text	03D9879BE85E17657EFDFF316A09A61F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus confinis Prell 1913	<div><p>Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913</p> <p>(Figs. 2–37, 117–166)</p> <p>Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913: 114 (type locality: “ China: Shanghai ”), plates 1–2, fig. 8 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 83; Endrődi 1977: 103 (Annam: Phuc-son; Combodja; Siam); Endrődi 1985: 666, fig. 2009 (parameres); Zhang 1991: 179, fig. 3 (inner claw), figs. 4–5 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 63; Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 25, figs. 43–44 (male habitus), fig. 45 (male pronotum), fig. 46 (male elytra), figs. 47–48 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Li et al. 2014: 67; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Eophileurus decipiens Prell, 1913: 115 (type locality: “Casamanca, Franz, Senegal ”), plates 1–2, fig. 13 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 95 (synonymized with Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 63 (in synonymy).</p> <p>Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914: 261 (type locality: “ Siam: Bangkok, Chantabon”), plate 13, fig. 7 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi, 1977: 95 (synonymized with of Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 64 (in synonymy).</p> <p>Eophileurus takakuwai Yamaya &amp; Muramoto, 2008: 10 (type locality: “Dawana, Myanmar ”), figs. 167–168 (male habitus), fig. 169 (male pronotum), 170 (male elytra), figs. 171–172 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19; new synonym.</p> <p>Eophileurus malyi (nec Endrődi): Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 28 (Thailand, Laos), figs. 105–106 (male habitus), fig. 107 (male pronotum), fig. 108 (male elytra), figs. 109–110 (parameres). Misidentification.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype of Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 18–24), labeled: “Shangkai // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Holotype of E. decipiens Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 25–31), labeled: “ Senegal // Casamanca // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Lectotype of E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 (hereby designated; ♂, BMNH, Figs. 32–37), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // TYPE-H. T. // Bangkok. S. S. Flower. 98-48. // Eophileurus siamensis type arrow // NHMUK 014380700”, an additional red label will be provided labeling: “ Lectotype Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914 des. Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto.</p> <p>Additional material examined (41♂♂, 22♀♀). China: Yunnan: 1♂, 2♀♀ (CQZY), Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 555 m, 25. V.2016, Shuo-Cheng Liu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1200 m, 23.IX.2017, Xiao-Dong Yang leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1200 m, 13. V.2018, Chang-Chin Chen leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Jinoshanzhai, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1124 m, 19. V.2018, by light trap, Chang-Chin Chen leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1214 m, 4. VI.2018, Y.-Q. Lu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Jinuoshan, Jinuozu Township, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1100 m, 13–15. V.2018, by light trap, Jian-Yue Qiu &amp; Hao Xu leg.; 1♂ (CWXB), Xipian, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 600 m, 1–2. VI.2009, WenXuan Bi leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 21.938621°N, 100.661806°E, Near National Highway 214, 5 km east to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.661804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.938622" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.661804/lat 21.938622)">Manbonanga</a>, Menghai County, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.661804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.938622" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.661804/lat 21.938622)">Xishuangbanna Pref.</a>, alt. 761 m, 20.IV.2021, Ce Hui leg.; 1♀ (SHNU), Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Manfei, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 700 m, 04. V.2009, by light trap, Jia-Yao Hu &amp; Zi-Wei Yin leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Near Lancangjiang Brigde, Yun county, Lincang City, alt. 1400 m, 1. VI.2017, Zi-Chun Xiong leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (CQZY), F1 generation of female from locality close to Lancangjiang Brigde, Yun county, Lincang City, alt. 1400 m, 1. VI.2017, Zi-Chun Xiong leg., adult emerged in VIII.2017; 1♂ (CQZY), Rongshuwang, Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., 11. V.2017, Yu-Tang Wang leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., 19. V.2009, Hai-Cheng Shan leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Hydropower Station, Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., alt. 530 m, 22.IX.2016, collected during the night, Xiao-Dong Yang leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 24°21'49.5"N, 98°28'33.6"E, Rescue Centre, Mangshi County, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.476&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.36375" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.476/lat 24.36375)">Dehong Pref.</a>, alt. 827 m, 26.X.2019, Chen Zhang leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), 24.667592°N, 97.598480°E, Rongshuwang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59848&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.667591" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59848/lat 24.667591)">Nabang Town</a>, Yingjiang County, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59848&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.667591" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59848/lat 24.667591)">Dehong Pref.</a>, alt. 931 m, 5.X.2017, Yi-Zhou Liu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Secondary Hydropower Station, Hulukou, Xima Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., alt. 1200 m, VI –VII.2018, Wei-Zong Yang leg.; Thailand: 1♂ (CWT), Huay Pla Kang Village, Chiang Rai Prov., IX.2021, Shasawat Sirita leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Huay Pla Kang Village, Chiang Rai Prov., 8.X.2021, Shasawat Sirita leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Huai Chomphu Subdist., Chiang Rai Prov., IX.2014, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.; 2♂♂, 1♀ (CWT), Wiang Papao Dist., Chiang Rai Prov., 2019, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Phrao Dist., Chiang Mai Prov., VIII.2019, Local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Doi Pui, Chiang Mai Prov., 3.XI.2021, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mae Tha Dist., Lamphun Prov., V.2014, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), 19°11'13.35"N, 101°10'5.91"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.168304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.18704" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.168304/lat 19.18704)">Bo Kluea Dist.</a>, Nan Prov., 7.VII.2015, L. Khaton leg.; 1♂</p> <p>(CWT), 19°11'13.35"N, 101°10'5.91"E, Bo Kluea Dist., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.168304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.18704" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.168304/lat 19.18704)">Nan Prov.</a>, 7.IX.2020, L. Khaton leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Khao Kho, Phetchabun Prov., 17.IV.2019, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Umphang Dist., Tak Prov., 17.XI.2020, local collector leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Bangkok, VIII.2015, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Phra Pradaeng Dist., Samut Prakan Prov., 25.IX.2021, Jaksawat Kowattanachai leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (CWT), Cho Po Ro Subdist., Kraburi Dist., Ranong Prov., 26.VII.2019, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CWT), Lang Suan Dist., Chumporn Prov., 15. V.2021, Uraiwan Abpamano leg.; 7♂♂, 3♀♀ (CWT), F1 generation of female from Lang Suan Dist., Chumporn Prov., 15. V.2021, Uraiwan Abpamano leg., adult emerged in IX.2021; Vietnam: 1♂ (CQZY), Bao Loc City, Lam Dong Prov., X.2019, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Bao Loc City, Lam Dong Prov., VIII.2017, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Dambri, Bao Lam Dist., Lam Dong Prov., V.2018, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Axan Mt., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Tay Giang Dist.</a>, Quang Nam Prov., alt. 1300 m, III.2019, local collector leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Axan Mt., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Tay Giang Dist.</a>, Quang Nam Prov., alt. 1300m, VII.2019, local collector leg.</p> <p>Distribution. Cambodia; China; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam.</p> <p>Variations. Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 is a widely distributed species, currently recorded from China and Indochina (Fig. 197). The external characters (Figs. 2–17) of the specimens are similar regardless of the localities. The shape of the parameres (Figs. 117–166), on the other hand, exhibits significant variations both individually and geographically, while the overall structure of the parameres being the same. Following the definitions of parts of the parameres in the material and method section, the following paragraphs demonstrate the individual and geographical variations of this species, how one geographical form transitions to another one, and why the various morphologies of parameres belong to the same species.</p> <p>Regarding the individual variations: while examining six males which were raised from eggs laid by the same female (the female was collected from the wild, without mating with any male after its collection), it is discovered that their parameres (Figs. 147–152) show rather large variations. The most distinct variations can be seen on BN, LP, apex of LP and apices of the parameres, although other parts, such as the slope of LIM and the overall slimness of the parameres also show slight variations. BN have both the left part overlapping the right part (Figs. 147, 148, 151, 152) and vice versa (Figs. 149, 151); the lower margin of BN can also be seen distinctly extend downward (Figs. 148, 149, 151) or rather horizontal (Figs. 147, 150, 152). LP present larger variations: some with rounded outer-most point (Figs. 147, 149, 152), while one almost forming a small individual process (Figs. 151, similar situation can be seen from parameres of E. confinis from other areas, such as in Fig. 125, 131), and some lies in between (Figs. 148, 150); the apices of LP all point inward, but can be upward (Fig. 148), horizontal (Figs. 149, 151, 152) or downward (Figs. 147, 150). The apices of the parameres are either slightly enlarged (Figs. 147, 148, 152), parallel-sided (Figs. 149, 151) or slightly contracted (Fig. 150). Some LIM have larger slope (Figs. 148, 151) and the remaining are with smaller slope (Figs. 147, 149, 150, 152). Some parameres are overall slenderer than the others (the set of Fig. 147 versus Figs. 151 and 152 being the most distinct). It is therefore demonstrated that the parameres of E. confinis have significant individual variations. This can be seen much extremer while examining males from the same area (same habitat), such as sets in Figs. 117–118 versus 119–120 and Figs. 125–126 versus 127–128. Overall, this led to a conclusion that LP bear the most distinct individual variations, as seen in both the offspring set and the local sets.</p> <p>Viewing in a larger geographical scale, it is seen that males with extremely similar or identical external characters (Figs. 2–17) but with differently shaped parameres (Figs. 117–146) can be found throughout the distribution. The general morphology of the parameres is usually similar when comparing males from the adjacent regions, while those from males of two opposite ends of the distribution are usually highly different from each other. In the next few paragraphs, the authors will demonstrate how the morphology of the parameres of the northern-most recorded individual (excluding the type locality “ Shanghai ” of E. confinis which is doubtful) gradually transitions to that of the southern-most recorded individual by showing parameres of four intermediate individuals linking the two in a geographically continuous line where the localities of the specimens have similarly distant gaps between them.</p> <p>The northern-most three individuals (L1: Lancangjiang Bridge, central Yunnan, China, Figs. 153–154; L 2: Jinghong, southern Yunnan, China, Figs. 155–156; L 3: Wiang Papao, northern Thailand, Figs. 157–158) have similarly shaped parameres. The most distinct difference is on the shape of LP, which is expected due to the large individual variations. Another noticeable difference between them is that BN are vertically long in L1, whereas slightly shorter in L2 and even shorter in L3. The general structure of these parameres can be summarized as: BN rather long and wide, with lower margin slightly upward; ULM almost straight; WP almost at middle; LIM mostly vertical, parallel to each other. The next form can be seen in L4 (Khao Kho, northern-central Thailand, Figs. 159– 160). Its BN is relatively shorter and narrower than the northern ones, the lower margin is parallel, even slightly extended downward; ULM is distinctly more rounded, especially near base; WP is slightly closer to the base; BP is larger and wider than the northern ones and LIM has a gap between the upper most part that is distinctly larger than the gap between the apices (the slope is larger). Going more south, the individual from L5 (Bangkok, central Thailand, Figs. 161–162) has much smaller and narrower BN, with the lower margin extending distinctly downward; ULM distinctly rounded; WP even closer to the base; BP significantly larger and wider; LIM with much larger slope. Finally, the southern-most individual from L6 (Kraburi, southern Thailand, Figs. 163–164) has similarly shaped BN; even more rounded ULM; WP closer to base; much larger BP and LIM with slightly larger slope.</p> <p>Thus, following the demonstration, it can be seen that except LP having different shape and no trace of any transition (which are expected due to the significant individual variations, even none of them has the exact same shape in the six specimens), the remaining parts is shown to have clear and gradual morphological transition from one to the other: from L1 to L6, BN goes smaller and narrower, with lower margin gradually extended more downward; ULM from almost straight to gradually more rounded; WP gradually closer to base in proportion to the length of the parameres; BP gradually larger and wider; LIM from vertical and parallel, to gradually having larger slope (larger gap near the opening than between the apices). The morphology of each parameres (except the outermost two) is intermediate to its adjacent others. Thus, based on this transition, most parts of the parameres is shown to have significant geographical variations, but can be linked via intermediate forms. The basic structure, however, is the same regardless of the variations: base of the parameres with a pair of overlapping notches; widest point excluding the lateral processes are close to the middle and the lateral margins are with a pair of outward processes which turn inward close to the middle, these processes can be rounded, angulate, or even with a small process-like protuberance at its outer-most point.</p> <p>Under these criteria, other geographical forms can be included, as those illustrated in Figs. 117–146. In those geographical forms, some (usually at the outer region of the distribution) cannot be shown delicate transition to other forms as the above demonstration yet. This is due to the lack of specimens from certain areas, forming gaps between known populations. For the Vietnamese specimens (Figs. 133–136), which are separated from the remaining ones by a large gap of eastern Thailand, the whole of Laos and Cambodia, and northern Vietnam.And the western Yunnan population (Figs. 117–120), although having the central Yunnan individuals not too far away as of direct distance, the riverside from which the parent individual was collected does not link to the area where the western Yunnan population distributes, but directly connects to southern Yunnan. The transition form of that population is speculated to be around eastern Myanmar. The Umphang individual (Figs. 141–142) is highly similar to the more southern individuals and the northern-central individual, but due to the lack of specimen between them, the transition cannot yet be shown. Again, based on the basic structure being the same and the external characters being highly similar and rather stable, they are treated as E. confinis. For the intraspecific relation, the authors follow Endrődi (1977) treating all geographical forms as the same species without separating out any subspecies. This is due to the large individual variations of the parameres, there seem not to be a very stable local form, only overall geographical forms which include many individuals with differently shaped but overall structurally similar parameres. These forms also do not present clear boundary between their adjacent forms. Most forms are linked to each other in a web-shaped relation, thus making it impossible to cut any part of the distribution out to form infraspecific taxa.</p> <p>Remarks. Prell (1913) named Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 (holotype Figs. 18–24) and E. decipiens Prell, 1913 (holotype Figs. 25–31) each based on one specimen. He noticed the high similarity between the two species and mentioned the possibility of a infraspecific relation between them. Arrow (1914) described E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 (lectotype Figs. 32–37) without mentioning Prell’s (1913) species. In the revisional work involving Eophileurus, Endrődi (1977) examined many additional specimens and treated both E. decipiens and E. siamensis as junior synonyms of E. confinis. The authors agree with the treatment by Endrődi based on material examined in this paper. Eophileurus takakuwai Yamaya &amp; Muramoto, 2008, whose characters also lie within the variations of E. confinis, is thereby treated as a junior synonym of E. confinis herein.</p> <p>Several historical issues remain for E. confinis, E. decipiens and E. siamensis. Firstly, the type locality of E. confinis is unclear since the locality label of the holotype (Fig. 24) states “Shangkai” (possibly referring to a village in Manipur, India) while original publication stated “ China (Shanghai)” instead. It is possible that Prell misread the label or Felsche personally informed its origin of China to Prell. Overall, the exact situation is now untraceable. The conclusion cannot be drawn currently because no specimen has been discovered from both localities subsequently. Until further discovery is made, the authors suggest that the type locality should be considered as “ Shanghai, China ” as originally stated in Prell (1913), although it is unlikely that a Eophileurus species mainly known from Indochina could distribute to Shanghai. Secondly, the type locality of E. decipiens is “Casamanca”, which is clearly falsely labeled (Prell 1913; Endrődi 1977). Considering the high similarity of the parameres of the holotype (Figs. 28–30) to those of the population from northern Thailand (Figs. 125–132), the possible origin of the holotype could be around that area. Lastly, E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 was described from “ Bangkok ” and “Chantabon” based on two syntypes. The originally dissected syntype (from Bangkok, Figs. 32–37) matches the original description and is therefore designated as the lectotype. The other syntype (from Chantabon) was dissected by Keita Matsumoto (BMNH) and proved to be E. quadratifovealis, new species. The spelling of “Chantabon” is likely a typo of “Chantaboon”, currently known as Chanthaburi, where the holotype of E. quadratifovealis was collected.</p> <p>Additionally, the authors noticed that E. confinis from Thailand and Laos was misidentified as E. malyi Endrődi, 1978 (type material examined) by Yamaya &amp; Muramoto (2008). Additional comments are presented in the remarks section of E. malyi.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE85E17657EFDFF316A09A61F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE85417677EFDFB686898A3A3.text	03D9879BE85417677EFDFB686898A3A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus felschei Prell 1913	<div><p>Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913</p> <p>(Figs. 1c, 38–53)</p> <p>Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913: 111 (type locality: “ Delhi Genji, Coromandel”), plates 1–2, fig. 4 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 101 (Coromandel; Delhi; Genji; Madras; Taniore; Bhadravati), fig. 4 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 664, fig. 2005 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 26; Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Eophileurus grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014: 13, (type locality: “ Inde Anglaise, Shimoga”), plate 13, fig. 7 (parameres); fig. 1 (male habitus), fig. 3 (parameres); Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19; new synonym.</p> <p>Type material examined. Lectotype of Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913 (♀, MFNB, Figs. 38–41), labeled: “ GENJI 25 août – 15 sept 1901 // COROMANDEL M. MAINDRON // Eophileurus felschei Prell ♀ - Type // Lectotypus Eophileurus felschei Prell SEndrődi”. Paralectotype of E. felschei Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 42–48), labeled: “Sum. Deli // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Holotype of E. grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014 (♂, MNHN, Figs. 49–53), labeled: “ INDE ANGLAISE Shimoga // Eophileurus sp. R.-P. Dechambre // Eophileurus grossepunctatus n.sp. Holotype F. Dupuis 2014 // HOLOTYPE // MNHN EC4413”, examined through website photographs provided by Antoine Mantilleri.</p> <p>Additional material examined (1♂). India: 1♂ (CQZY), Dwarakapuram Village, Naidupet Mandal, Nellore Dist., Andhra Pradesh, 6.X.2010, Local Collector leg.</p> <p>Distribution. India.</p> <p>Remarks. Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913 was described based on one pair of specimens from “Genji, India ”. The lectotype (Figs. 38–41) was designated by Endrődi (1977), which is the female specimen housed in MFNB. The paralectotype (Figs. 42–48) of this species is the male specimen housed in MTD. In recent years, Dupuis (2014) described E. grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014 from “Shimoga, India ” (Holotype: Figs. 49–53) without providing any comparison to E. felschei. After the examination of the type material of both taxa, it is clear that no major differences are present in both the appearance and the parameres other than slight differences on the lateral processes of the parameres of the two male types (the lateral processes are slightly more enlarged and expanded at their apices in the type of E. felschei and less so in E. grossepunctatus. This mild difference can be seen in Fig. 46 versus Fig. 52 for the front view, and Fig. 47 versus Fig. 51 for the lateral view). Following the conclusion of the discussion section at the end of this paper, it is observed that the lateral processes bare the largest individual and geographical variations, and with differences this mild, the differences are too insignificant to separate them from a single species. Hence, E. grossepunctatus is conspecific with E. felschei and thus synonymized here.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE85417677EFDFB686898A3A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE85617617EFDFA2D6821A3A3.text	03D9879BE85617617EFDFA2D6821A3A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus gracilis , Prell Determined 1913	<div><p>Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913</p> <p>(Figs. 54–64)</p> <p>Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913: 116 (type locality: “Andamanen”), plate 1–2, fig. 9 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 106 (Coromandel; Delhi; Genji; Madras; Taniore; Bhadravati), fig. 15 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2018 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 26, figs. 65–66 (female habitus), fig. 67 (female pronotum), fig. 68 (female elytra); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914: 261 (type locality: “Andaman Is.”; “Nicobar Is”.), plate 13, fig. 3 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 95 (synonymized with Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 64 (in synonymy).</p> <p>Type material examined. Lectotype of Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913 (♂, MFNB, Figs. 54–59), labeled: “Andamanen // Eophileurus gracilis Prell ♂ - Type // Lectotypus Eophileurus gracilis Prell SEndrődi”. Lectotype of E. andamanicus Arrow, 1914 (hereby designated; ♂, BMNH, Figs. 60–64), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Andaman Islands // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // Capt Wimberley // 45001 // NHMUK 014380703”, an additional red label will be provided labeling: “ Lectotype Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 des. Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto. Paralectotypes of E. andamanicus Arrow, 1914, 1♀ (BMNH), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Andaman Islands // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // Capt Wimberley // NHMUK014380707 ”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380704 ” and with an additional label: “ planatus, Wied. Puncture rather tiner than type compared with type. G. A. K. M. Sept. 1907.”; 1♂ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380705 ” and with an additional label: “ ♂ ”; 1♂ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380706 ” and with an additional label: “ Eophileurus gracilis, Prell Determined from description. G. J. A.”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380708 ” and with an additional label: “ ♀ ”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380708 ”; 1♂ (BMNH), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // TYPE H. T. // Roeþtorff // Sumatra Nicobar I. // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // NHMUK014380702 ”. An additional red label will be provided for each paralectotype labeling: “ Paralectotype Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 des. Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto.</p> <p>Additional material examined. None.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Andaman Is., Nicobar Is.</p> <p>Remarks. Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913 was described from Andaman Island. Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 was described from Andaman Island and Nicobar Island by Arrow (1914) without mentioning the species described by Prell one year prior, it is then treated as junior synonym of E. gracilis by Endrődi (1985). By examining the type material of E. gracilis (Figs. 54–59) and E. andamanicus (Figs. 60–64), the treatment by Endrődi is considered valid. Lectotype of E. andamanicus is designated for the only syntype originally dissected by Arrow. The paralectotype from Nicobar Island was dissected by Keita Matsumoto (BMNH) and confirmed to be conspecific, thus confirming its distribution on Nicobar Island.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE85617617EFDFA2D6821A3A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE85017627EFDFA4B6FB4A2FF.text	03D9879BE85017627EFDFA4B6FB4A2FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus heyrovskyi Kral & Strnad 1992	<div><p>Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král &amp; Strnad, 1992</p> <p>(Figs. 65–70, 167–168)</p> <p>Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král &amp; Strnad, 1992: 3 (type locality: “N. Vietnam, Tam Dao”), figs. 1 (male protarsi), 2–3 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 26 (Guangxi, China), figs. 69–70 (male habitus), 71 (male pronotum), 72 (male elytra), 73–74 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Eophileurus katsurai Muramoto, 1995: 223 (type locality: “ Vietnam, Tamdao”), figs. 1 (male habitus), 2–3 (parameres); Muramoto 2004: 23 (synonymized with Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král &amp; Strnad, 1992); Krajčik 2005: 64.</p> <p>Type material examined. None.</p> <p>Additional material examined (5♂♂, 1♀). China: Guangxi: 1♂ (CQZY), Longli Village, Renzhuang Township, Jingxi County, Baise City, 9.VII.2015, alt. 800 m, Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, Laibin City, alt. 1200 m, 2.VII.2015, Local collector leg.; 2♂♂, 1♀ (CQZY), Luoyingou, Dayaoshan Town, Jinxiu County, Laibin City, alt. 1100 m, 6.VII.2018, J.- T. Zhao leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Laoshan, Baise City, alt. 1500 m, 8. VI.2018, Local collector leg.; 2♀♀ (CQZY), Mt. Damingshan, Wuming Dist., Nanning City, alt. 1200 m, 15–18.VII.2007, Cheng-Hui Zhan leg.</p> <p>Distribution. China: Guangxi; Vietnam.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was originally recorded from northern Vietnam (Tam Dao). Yamaya &amp; Muramoto (2008) firstly reported this species from China, which is confirmed here with additional records.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE85017627EFDFA4B6FB4A2FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE853177D7EFDF9B269C0A337.text	03D9879BE853177D7EFDF9B269C0A337.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus malyi Endrodi 1978	<div><p>Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978</p> <p>(Figs. 71–78)</p> <p>Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978: 184 (type locality: “ Patani, Sudsiam”) fig. 2 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2017 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Krajčik 2012: 102; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype (♂, HNHM, Figs. 71–75), labeled: “ Patani Südsiam Friederichs // I. q. // Holotypus Eophileurus malyi Endr. ”, examined through photographs provided by Ottó Merkl. Paratype (♀, HNHM, Figs. 76–78), labeled: “ Patani Südsiam Friederichs // Paratypus Eophileurus malyi Endr. ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl.</p> <p>Additional material examined. None.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand.</p> <p>Remarks. Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978 was described from southern Thailand with no additional material known to literature since its discovery. The type series (Figs. 71–78) clearly suggest its close relationship to E. confinis Prell, 1913 but the parameres are structurally different in having an extra pair of backward process at the center of the parameres in frontal view (Fig. 73).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE853177D7EFDF9B269C0A337	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE84C177D7EFDFE8069D8A179.text	03D9879BE84C177D7EFDFE8069D8A179.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrodi 1977	<div><p>Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977</p> <p>(Figs. 79–85)</p> <p>Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977: 106 (type locality: “Nicobar Oerne”), fig. 16 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2019 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya &amp; Muramoto 2008: 28; Krajčik 2012: 102; Jákl &amp; Zídek 2015: 19.</p> <p>Type material examined. Holotype (♂, HNHM, Figs. 79–83), labeled: “Nicobar Oerne // Holotypus Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl. Allotype (♀, HNHM, Figs. 84–86), labeled: “Nicobar Oerne // Allotype Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl.</p> <p>Additional material examined. None.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Nicobar Is.</p> <p>Remarks. Hitherto, this species is only known from Nicobar Island. Photographs of the type material are illustrated here for the first time (Figs. 79–85).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE84C177D7EFDFE8069D8A179	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE84C177E7EFDFC4D6949A567.text	03D9879BE84C177E7EFDFC4D6949A567.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus minor Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022	<div><p>Eophileurus minor Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 87–92, 109–110, 169–172, 185–192)</p> <p>Type material. (14♂♂, 19♀♀). Holotype: (♂, THNHM), labeled: “ Bua Yai Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 5.IX.2020, S. Kongsukthana leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (THNHM), same label as the holotype; 1♀ (CYQZ), same label as the holotype; 1♂, 1♀ (CYQZ), “ Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 26.IX.2020, S. Watcharachod leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 2020, S. Watcharachod leg.”; 1♀ (CWP), “ 15°17’03"N, 104°51'48"E, Ubon Ratchathani Prov., Thailand, 20.XI.2020, T. Unnahachote leg.”; 1♂, 1♀ (CWP), “ Ban Mai Subdist., Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 2020, K. Pongsirisopaporn leg.”; 1♂ (CWP), “ Phanat Nikhom Dist., Chonburi Prov., Thailand, Pichaphop Junaime leg., adult emerged in VII.2021 ”; 1♀ (CWP), “ Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg.”; 3♂♂, 6♀♀ (CWT), “ F1 generation of female from Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg., adult emerged in XI.2021 ”; 2♂♂, 4♀♀ (CYQZ), “ F1 generation of female from Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg., adult emerged in XI.2021 ”; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (CWP), “ Khwan Mueang, Selaphum Dist., Roi Et Prov., Thailand, 18.IX.2021. Nattapat Kamhom leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Street Thanon Chaiyaphruek, Na Kluea Subdist., Bang Lamung Dist., Chon Buri Prov., Thailand, alt. 5 m, 2.II.2020, BoNing Li leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Dong Tien Commune, Ham Thuan Bac dist., Binh Thuan Prov., Vietnam, V.2020, Van Dang leg.”</p> <p>Holotype (male). General (Figs. 87–88, 109): Body black with very slight reddish color, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with very dense, long reddish yellow setae. Head: Clypeus densely punctate with rugopunctures, with a very short, slightly backward, conical horn at middle, an indistinct ridge from horn to apex and a more distinct ridge behind the horn; clypeal apex rounded. Frons slightly depressed, disk with dense, small punctures, becoming denser and larger near sides. Mandible slightly sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense, small punctures, becoming denser and larger near all margins. Anterior region with a small, very shallow, round fovea; punctures in fovea dense and large. All margins moderately beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface almost impunctate, with only a few small punctures at center. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, each with scale-liked seta, and dense and large, sub-U-shape or round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in two to three irregular rows combined at middle to one irregular row, interstice 2 with punctures in one irregular row. Primary costa A and primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbones slightly prominent. Margins of elytra parallel, strongly and horizontally dilated from base to posterior two-fifth. Pygidium: convex, with dense, small punctures throughout, punctures denser and smaller near apical margin. Metasternum: Surface mainly dark reddish, with darker color at posterior region; region near sides with dense and large punctures; central portion with only sparse and small punctures; setae reddish yellow, long, near all margins except posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side except on ventrite 6; ventrite 6 with large punctures throughout and a distinct, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw distinctly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur very long, strongly curved outward near apex; outer metatibial spur shorter, slightly curved. Parameres (Figs. 169–170): In frontal view (Fig. 169), inner margins overlapping from middle to near apex; outer sides strongly prominent outward at basal and middle regions; with a pair of wide processes close to middle extending almost to apex, apex of each process extending upward and curving inward, processes at asymmetric positions; apex extending outward; in lateral view (Fig. 170), processes near middle trapezoid; apex bent backward.</p> <p>Paratypes (male). Characters mainly stable, for paratypes from Thailand (Fig. 89): in general, compared to the holotype, elytral margin very rarely much less dilated; parameres sometimes more slender, overlapping area very rarely much smaller than the holotype, processes sometimes thinner, rarely wider, very rarely at symmetric positions; for individuals more well-developed than the holotype, clypeus and frons more sparsely punctate; clypeal horn longer; all margins of pronotum beaded; fovea slightly larger and deeper, with a very weak protuberance at each side at posterior part, punctures within fovea much sparser; for individuals more underdeveloped than the holotype, clypeus and frons more densely rugopunctate; clypeal horn shorter; fovea absent (Figs. 185–187, 190– 192); for the paratype from Vietnam (Fig. 92): slightly more well-developed than the holotype, characters generally identical to well-developed males from Thailand, except elytral margin slightly less dilated; processes of parameres much thinner, not extending to apex, at symmetric positions (Figs. 171–172).</p> <p>Paratypes (female). Similar to male, with clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent; all margins of pronotum beaded; elytral margin slightly more strongly enlarged and extended further posteriorly; depression absent on last ventrite; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated; Inner metatibial relatively shorter, spur less strongly curved outward, sometimes straight (Figs. 90–91, 110).</p> <p>Measurements. Body length: male 17.3–22.5 mm (holotype 19.3 mm), female 18.1–22.0 mm; body width: male 8.8–11.3 mm (holotype 9.6 mm), female 9.2–11.2 mm.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Eophileurus by its overall small size, strongly horizontally enlarged elytral margin which extends beyond the level of midpoint of elytron (Figs. 87, 89–90, 92), significantly long and curved inner metatibial spur (Figs. 87–92) and the unique shape of the parameres (Figs. 169–172, 185–192).</p> <p>Etymology. The name refers to its uniquely small size compared to similarly developed individuals of all other Indochinese Eophileurus.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand, Vietnam.</p> <p>Variations. The phenomenon of unstable morphology of the parameres is also seen in this species. Indicated in Figs. 185–187, are parameres of males raised from eggs laid by the same wild female, in which variations such as the lateral processes are slightly differently shaped, and a pair of very small teeth can be seen on the lateral margin in the first two individuals but absent in the third. Distinct geographical variations can also be seen in Figs. 185–192, with slight variations on certain parts which are mentioned above in the paratypes (male) section.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is likely closely related to some Indian species due to the following two aspects. Firstly, the morphology of its parameres (Figs. 169–172, 185–192) has an overlapping region close to the center in front view which is shared in many Indian species such as E. felschei Prell, 1913, (Figs. 45–47, 51–52). Secondly, the small size of this species is unique amongst Indochinese species, whereas it is more commonly seen in Indian species. All specimens of this species examined are from low altitude regions. Additionally, the gap in its known distribution between eastern Thailand and southern Vietnam suggests probable occurrence in regions with similar environment in Cambodia and Laos.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE84C177E7EFDFC4D6949A567	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE84E17797EFDF94E68B5A77F.text	03D9879BE84E17797EFDF94E68B5A77F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus prelli Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022	<div><p>Eophileurus prelli Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 93–98, 111–112, 173–174)</p> <p>Type material. (2♂♂, 3♀♀). Holotype: (♂, MYNU), “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Mt. Axan</a>, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VIII.2017, local collector leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (MYNU) “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Mt. Axan</a>, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, XI.2017, local collector leg.”; 1♂, 1♀ (CYQZ), “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Mt. Axan</a>, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VII.2019, local collector leg.”; 1♀ (CYQZ) “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.43906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.964556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.43906/lat 15.964556)">Mt. Axan</a>, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VI.2020, local collector leg.”</p> <p>Holotype (male). General (Figs. 93–94): Body black, rather oblong, flattened, surface slightly shiny; ventral surface clads with dense, long reddish setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, punctures large, with a short, slightly backward horn at middle and a distinct ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly acute. Frons moderately depressed, disk with sparse micropunctures. Mandible sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense, fine punctures, becoming much denser and larger near all margins. Anterior region with a large, rather deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea very dense and large, round or in sub-U-shape, sometimes coalescent mostly at anterior region; with two very weak protuberances at each side. All margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides. Anterior angle acute, posterior angle rounded. Scutellum: Surface impunctate. Elytra: Surface with sparse micropunctures, and dense and large, round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in two irregular rows combined at middle to one irregular row, interstice 2 with punctures in one irregular row. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbones moderately prominent. Margin of elytron slightly curved outward, dilated horizontally from base to about posterior three-seventh. Pygidium: convex, almost impunctate, except regions near all sides sparsely punctate. Metasternum: Surface mainly black, with slight reddish color at medial portion; with a lance-shaped depression at center; region near all sides with dense and small punctures; central portion with sparse and small punctures; setae reddish, long, mainly at anterior region. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side; ventrite 6 with a shallow, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and moderately elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, moderately curved outward at middle; outer metatibial spur shorter, strongly curved outwards. Parameres (Figs. 173–174): Slender and symmetric; in frontal view (Fig. 173), outer sides prominent at anterior one-third; inner margins sinuate, slightly curved outward between middle and apex; with a pair of processes emerging from inner margins near apex, apices curved forward, and a pair of processes at middle of outer margins, curved inward at apices; apex enlarged, outer margins extending outward; a pair of triangular processes from lower base of parameres visible; in lateral view (Fig. 174), upper margin slightly depressed near base; outer processes bent backward; apex strongly bent backward.</p> <p>Paratype (male). Slightly underdeveloped than the holotype; characters stable, with clypeal horn slightly shorter; fovea slightly smaller and shallower, in longitudinal oval shape, widest at anterior one-third; scutellum sparsely punctate, with only a few punctures near base (Fig. 95, 111).</p> <p>Paratypes (female). Similar to male, except clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent, with a very shallow and densely punctate furrow on anterior region of pronotum; scutellum sparsely punctate near base; pygidium flattened at middle; depression on metasternum shallower and slightly narrower; ventrite 6 without depression, with dense rugopunctures near anterior margin; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated (Fig. 96–98, 112).</p> <p>Measurements. Body length: male 22.9–23.5 mm (holotype 22.9 mm), female 23.5–25.4 mm; body width: male 11.2–11.5 mm (holotype 11.2 mm), female 10.3–12.6 mm.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species resembles E. heyrovskyi Král &amp; Strnad, 1992 (Figs. 65–70) due to the similar external characters and the backward processes at the outer sides of the parameres. It can be distinguished from the latter by the following points: elytral punctures relatively smaller; elytral margin more weakly dilated (Figs. 93, 95–96, 98); metasternum with a lance-shaped depression at center (Figs. 94, 97), whereas absent in E. heyrovskyi (Figs. 66, 69); protarsi more strongly thickened (Figs. 93–95); shapes of parameres different (Figs. 167–168 for E. heyrovskyi, 173–174 for E. prelli, new species).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the German zoologist Prof. Heinrich Prell (1888–1962) for his significant contribution to the study of the subfamily Dynastinae.</p> <p>Distribution. Vietnam.</p> <p>Remarks. Amongst other Eophileurus from Vietnam, E. prelli, new species is related to both E. heyrovskyi Král &amp; Strnad, 1992 and E. baolocensis Muramoto, 2004 by the rounded posterior angle of pronotum. Although its type locality is closer to the distributing area of E. baolocensis, it is more closely related to E. heyrovskyi due to them both having backward processes on the outer sides of the parameres.Additionally, since its type locality is extremely close to Laos, occurrence of this species in Laos would not be surprising.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE84E17797EFDF94E68B5A77F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE848177B7EFDFA246E02A4CB.text	03D9879BE848177B7EFDFA246E02A4CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022	<div><p>Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 1b, 99–102, 113–114, 175–180)</p> <p>Type material. (3♂♂). Holotype: (♂, THNHM), “ Pluang Subdist., Khao Khitchakut Dist., Chanthaburi Prov., Thailand, 31.III.2019, T. Unnahachote &amp; T. Hongsuwong leg.” Paratype: 1♂ (CWT), “Mu Si Subdist., Pak Chong Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 12.VIII.2019, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.”; 1♂ (BMNH), Paralectotype of Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914, labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Chatabon S. S. Flower. 99-243. // NHMUK 014380701”, two additional red labels will be provided labeling: “ Paralectotype Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914 des. Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak 2022” and “ Paratype Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak, 2022 ”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto.</p> <p>Holotype (male). General (Figs. 99–100, 113): Body black with slight reddish color, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with extremely sparse, short reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, punctures minute, with a short, backward horn at center and a ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly rounded. Frons depressed, disk almost impunctate, with punctures at each side anteriorly only. Mandible slightly sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, becoming denser and larger close to all margins. Anterior region with a large, slightly deep, square-shape fovea; punctures in fovea spare and large, transverse, coalescent at anterior part, slightly denser and smaller at posterior region; sides of fovea almost parallel, with a very weak protuberance at each side at posterior part. Sides parallel at middle; all margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with dense punctures except region close to apex. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, and dense, U-shape, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in four irregular rows combined at middle to two irregular rows, interstice 2 with chaotic punctures, rows unrecognizable. Primary costa A highly distinct, primary costa B not distinct. Subapical umbones moderately prominent. Margins of elytra moderately horizontally dilated from base to middle. Pygidium: convex, with fine punctures throughout, punctures denser and smaller close to all margins, and slightly sparser near apex. Metasternum: Surface mainly black, with reddish color at central region; punctures dense and large near all sides; central portion with sparse and small punctures only; setae yellow, very sparse and short, only at posterior region close to each side. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side; last ventrite with rugose, large punctures at anterior region, micropunctures denser and larger than on other ventrites; ventrites 5 and 6 with very shallow, round depressions at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, more strongly curved outward. Parameres (Figs. 175–176): In frontal view (Fig. 175), base overlapped, extending upward; outer sides sinuate, prominent outward at posterior two-fifth, anterior one-seventh and near apex; inner sides also sinuate, prominent inward posterior to opening; in lateral view (Fig. 176), base projected upward and slightly backward; apex bent strongly backward, with a tiny, backward, triangular process near apex of each paramere; in ventral view, ventral base with a pair of short, outward, flat, semicircular processes.</p> <p>Paratypes (male). Underdeveloped, but characters mainly stable, except clypeal horn much shorter, clypeus and frons slightly denser punctate; Fovea much smaller and shallower, rather rounded, with denser punctures; micropunctures on elytra denser (Figs. 101–102, 114); Base of parameres wider and less upwardly extended in front view, region from middle to apex of parameres narrower, ventral basal processes visible in front view (Fig. 177), base of parameres more prominent and processes close to apex almost absent in lateral view (Fig. 178).</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. Body length: male 21.8–25.0 mm (holotype 25.0 mm), female unknown; body width: male 10.5–12.1 mm (holotype 12.1 mm), female unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This new species is most similar to E. confinis Prell, 1913, but differs by: middle of pronotum parallel (Figs. 99, 101) whereas usually not parallel in E. confinis; fovea square-shape for normally developed individual; interval 1 wider; parameres with different shape, especially without a pair of processes at the middle of the sides (Figs. 175–180).</p> <p>Etymology. This new species is named for the unique square-shaped fovea of the holotype, which is not present in other Indochina Eophileurus. The species epithet is a combination of the Latin adjective “ quadrate ” and noun “ fovea ”, to be used as noun in apposition.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is most closely related to E. confinis Prell, 1913, whose distribution surrounds its distribution in a large scale. Currently, whether they are sympatric is unknown. With only three specimens examined from adjacent but separated mountain ranges, their parameres show considerable variations. This is likely to be in similar situation as E. confinis where individuals tend to have distinct variation on the parameres both individually and geographically. Since the overall structures of the new species’ parameres can be traced, the three individuals are treated as the same species. Additionally, due to the high similarity between the males of E. quadratifovealis, new species and E. confinis, the author speculate that the females of this species might also be highly similar to each other and have elytral margin more strongly dilated than the males, as commonly seen in females of E. confinis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE848177B7EFDFA246E02A4CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
03D9879BE84A17767EFDF8C969AFA34F.text	03D9879BE84A17767EFDF8C969AFA34F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eophileurus sidereus Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022	<div><p>Eophileurus sidereus Yang &amp; Pathomwattananurak, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 103–108, 115–116, 181–184, 193–196)</p> <p>Type material. (6♂♂, 12♀♀). Holotype: (♂, THNHM), “ F1 generation of female from 5°53'07.5"N, 101°01'17.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.02156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.8854165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.02156/lat 5.8854165)">Betong Dist.</a>, Yala Prov., Thailand, 18.X.2020, Suradet Sae-Liang leg., adult emerged in II.2021 ”. Paratypes: 1♀ (THNHM), “ 5°53'07.5"N, 101°01'17.6"E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.02156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.8854165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.02156/lat 5.8854165)">Betong Dist.</a>, Yala Prov., Thailand, 18.X.2020, Suradet Sae-Liang leg.”; 1♀ (THNHM), same label as the holotype; 3♂♂, 7♀♀ (CWT), same labels as the holotype; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (ZQZY), same labels as the holotype.</p> <p>Holotype (male). General (Figs. 103–104, 115): Body dark reddish-brown, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with slightly dense, long reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus with very sparse small punctures, with a long and backward horn at middle, as well as a ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly rounded. Frons depressed, disk almost impunctate, only with a few punctures at each side. Mandible sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, punctures becoming denser close to margins. Anterior region with a large, deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea semi-rounded, moderately sparse; margin with a weak protuberance at each side posteriorly. Side roundly curved; all margins beaded except before the fovea, more strongly at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with only a few punctures close to base. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, each with scale-liked seta, and dense, sub-U-shape, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in three irregular rows combined to two irregular rows at anterior third, and to one irregular row at middle, interstice 2 with one irregular row. Primary costa A and primary costa B rather distinct. Subapical umbones slightly prominent. Margin of elytron moderately dilated horizontally from base to posterior three-seventh. Pygidium: slightly convex, with dense punctures throughout, punctures denser near base and sparser near apex, each with scale-liked seta. Metasternum: Surface mainly reddish, with black region near sides and posterior margin; center with a small, shallow depression; punctures large and dense close to all sides; median region with sparser, slightly smaller punctures; setae yellow, short, at anterior region and each side. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with dense and small punctures throughout, punctures becoming slightly denser at each side; ventrite 6 with rugose and large punctures at anterior region, and a very shallow, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, apex slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, very slightly curved outward. Parameres (Figs. 181–182): In front view (Fig. 181), base very weakly overlapped; outer sides curved outward at anterior one-third, and curved inward at anterior two-third, with a pair of long, acute, outward processes near apex; inner sides curved outward near anterior one-third, with a pair of overlapped, triangular, inward processes at anterior two-third; apex rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 182), base extending backward; apex strongly bent backward, with a process near apex slightly backwards, and an upward process at upper margin; in ventral view, ventral base with a pair of short, outward, flat, semicircular processes.</p> <p>Paratypes (male). Extremely similar to holotype, characters mainly stable, except clypeal horn slightly shorter; fovea more sparsely punctate; scutellum sometimes impunctate; micropunctures on elytra slightly sparser (Fig. 105); processes at inner sides of parameres extended less upward in front view and less upward in lateral view (Figs. 183–184).</p> <p>Paratypes (female). Similar to male, except clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent, with an extremely shallow and narrow furrow on anterior region of pronotum; pronotum densely rugopunctate anteriorly; scutellum sometimes impunctate; elytral margin slightly more dilated; pygidium slightly flattened at center, with a small protuberance close to apex; ventrite 6 without depression, with slightly larger punctures throughout, rugopunctures denser near anterior margin; protarsi not thickened, inner protarsal claw not enlarged and elongated (Figs. 106–108, 116).</p> <p>Measurements. Body length: male 25.1–26.1 mm (holotype 26.1 mm), female 22.4–25.7 mm; body width: male 12.4–13.8 mm (holotype 13.2 mm), female 11.3–12.5 mm.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species is related to E. nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977 (Figs. 79–86), but differs in the following points: clypeal horn much larger; pronotum with denser and larger punctures throughout; fovea much larger, with denser and larger punctures; elytra with smaller and denser punctures and much denser micropunctures; elytral margin more strongly dilated (Figs. 103–108, 115–116); parameres wider, base much less significantly overlapped, apex slightly narrower; processes near apex smaller, apex of each process less backwardly extended (Figs. 181– 184, 193–196), inner overlapped processes absent in E. nicobarensis (Figs. 81–82). E. sidereus, new species also resembles E. gracilis Prell, 1913 for having similar external characters (Figs. 54–56, 60–61) and similarly shaped overlapped processes at the inner sides of the parameres. Although having these similarities, the new species can be easily distinguished from E. gracilis by the rest of the parameres: the base of the parameres extending backwards, overlapped processes at the inner sides near base absent, strongly backwardly curved process at the outer sides absent, but with an additional pair of outward processes at the outer sides near the apex (Figs. 181–184, 193–196 for E. sidereus, new species, Figs. 57–58, 62–63 for E. gracilis).</p> <p>Etymology. This new species is named for its shiny elytra with dense punctures and micropunctures, with the reflection of light onto the punctures and micropunctures giving the impression of a starry sky. The name “sidereus” means “full of stars”.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand.</p> <p>Variations. This species also has parameres with distinct individual variations. With four male offspring from the same wild female all having slightly differently shaped parameres, as shown in Figs. 193–196. The most significant variation here is the inner processes pointing different angles.</p> <p>Remarks. This species resembles both E. nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977 and E. gracilis Prell, 1913, but is more closely related to the former for an essential reason: the base of the parameres of E. sidereus, new species (Figs. 181–184, 193–196) and E. nicobarensis (Figs. 81–82) both backwardly extended, but not in E. gracilis (Figs. 57–58, 62–63). The rest of the parameres of the new species also shows much more similarity to E. nicobarensis than to E. gracilis as stated in the diagnosis. The morphology of the parameres also suggest relation to the insular species such as E. javanus Prell, 1913 due to them having extended backward base of the parameres, and the similar curvature of the middle and apex region of the parameres in lateral view, but since the overlapping of the base of the parameres rarely appears on any insular species, they are therefore less closely related than to the aforementioned two species. Overall, E. sidereus, new species might be an intermediating species between Indochinese and insular species since its parameres show similarity to both.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9879BE84A17767EFDF8C969AFA34F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yang, Qiao-Zhi;Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon	Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1
